Scrapy基础
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一 介绍
Scrapy 是基于twisted框架开发而来,twisted是一个流行的事件驱动的python网络框架。因此Scrapy使用了一种非阻塞(又名异步)的代码来实现并发。整体架构大致如下
The data flow in Scrapy is controlled by the execution engine, and goes like this:
- The Engine gets the initial Requests to crawl from the Spider.
- The Engine schedules the Requests in the Scheduler and asks for the next Requests to crawl.
- The Scheduler returns the next Requests to the Engine.
- The Engine sends the Requests to the Downloader, passing through the Downloader Middlewares (see
process_request()
). - Once the page finishes downloading the Downloader generates a Response (with that page) and sends it to the Engine, passing through the Downloader Middlewares (see
process_response()
). - The Engine receives the Response from the Downloader and sends it to the Spider for processing, passing through the Spider Middleware (see
process_spider_input()
). - The Spider processes the Response and returns scraped items and new Requests (to follow) to the Engine, passing through the Spider Middleware (see
process_spider_output()
). - The Engine sends processed items to Item Pipelines, then send processed Requests to the Scheduler and asks for possible next Requests to crawl.
- The process repeats (from step 1) until there are no more requests from the Scheduler.
Components:
- 引擎(EGINE)
引擎负责控制系统所有组件之间的数据流,并在某些动作发生时触发事件。有关详细信息,请参见上面的数据流部分。
- 调度器(SCHEDULER)
用来接受引擎发过来的请求, 压入队列中, 并在引擎再次请求的时候返回. 可以想像成一个URL的优先级队列, 由它来决定下一个要抓取的网址是什么, 同时去除重复的网址 - 下载器(DOWLOADER)
用于下载网页内容, 并将网页内容返回给EGINE,下载器是建立在twisted这个高效的异步模型上的 - 爬虫(SPIDERS)
SPIDERS是开发人员自定义的类,用来解析responses,并且提取items,或者发送新的请求 - 项目管道(ITEM PIPLINES)
在items被提取后负责处理它们,主要包括清理、验证、持久化(比如存到数据库)等操作 - 下载器中间件(Downloader Middlewares)
位于Scrapy引擎和下载器之间,主要用来处理从EGINE传到DOWLOADER的请求request,已经从DOWNLOADER传到EGINE的响应response,你可用该中间件做以下几件事- process a request just before it is sent to the Downloader (i.e. right before Scrapy sends the request to the website);
- change received response before passing it to a spider;
- send a new Request instead of passing received response to a spider;
- pass response to a spider without fetching a web page;
- silently drop some requests.
- 爬虫中间件(Spider Middlewares)
位于EGINE和SPIDERS之间,主要工作是处理SPIDERS的输入(即responses)和输出(即requests)
官网链接:https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/architecture.html
二 安装
#Windows平台 1、pip3 install wheel #安装后,便支持通过wheel文件安装软件,wheel文件官网:https://www.lfd.uci.edu/~gohlke/pythonlibs 3、pip3 install lxml 4、pip3 install pyopenssl 5、下载并安装pywin32:https://sourceforge.net/projects/pywin32/files/pywin32/ 6、下载twisted的wheel文件:http://www.lfd.uci.edu/~gohlke/pythonlibs/#twisted 7、执行pip3 install 下载目录\\Twisted-17.9.0-cp36-cp36m-win_amd64.whl 8、pip3 install scrapy #Linux平台 1、pip3 install scrapy
三 命令行工具
Global commands: scrapy + (下面的命令)
scrapy startproject *** #创建项目 ***(这是项目名,不是爬虫名) cd myproject
scrapy genspider baidu www.baidu.com #创建爬虫程序baidu.py,以及爬虫名称 #百度网址是域名,不一定非要有,有的话只能爬百度开头的网址
# 一个项目可以有多个爬虫,使用 scrapy list 查看
scrapy settings #如果是在项目目录下,则得到的是该项目的配置 scrapy runspider baidu.py # 爬虫文件的绝对路径(不是项目文件)
#运行一个独立的python文件,不必创建项目 scrapy shell http://www.baidu.com #在交互式调试,如选择器规则正确与否 response.status / text / body
response.xpth() scrapy view(response) #下载到本地,完毕后直接弹出浏览器,以此可以分辨出哪些数据是ajax请求
Project-only commands:
scrapy crawl baidu (爬虫名称) #运行爬虫,必须创建项目才行,确保配置文件中ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = False scrapy check #检测项目中有无语法错误 scrapy list #列出项目中所包含的爬虫名 scrapy parse http://www.baodu.com/ --callback parse #以此可以验证我们的回调函数是否正确 scrapy bench #scrapy bentch压力测试,看每分钟爬多少页面 官网链接 https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/commands.html
#1、执行全局命令:请确保不在某个项目的目录下,排除受该项目配置的影响 scrapy startproject MyProject cd MyProject scrapy genspider baidu www.baidu.com scrapy settings --get XXX #如果切换到项目目录下,看到的则是该项目的配置 scrapy runspider baidu.py scrapy shell https://www.baidu.com response response.status response.body view(response) scrapy view https://www.taobao.com #如果页面显示内容不全,不全的内容则是ajax请求实现的,以此快速定位问题 scrapy fetch --nolog --headers https://www.taobao.com scrapy version #scrapy的版本 scrapy version -v #依赖库的版本 #2、执行项目命令:切到项目目录下 scrapy crawl baidu scrapy check scrapy list scrapy parse http://quotes.toscrape.com/ --callback parse scrapy bench
四 项目结构以及爬虫应用简介
project_name/ scrapy.cfg project_name/ __init__.py items.py pipelines.py settings.py spiders/ __init__.py 爬虫1.py 爬虫2.py 爬虫3.py
文件说明:
- scrapy.cfg 项目的主配置信息,用来部署scrapy时使用,爬虫相关的配置信息在settings.py文件中。
- items.py 设置数据存储模板,用于结构化数据,如:Django的Model
- pipelines 数据处理行为,如:一般结构化的数据持久化
- settings.py 配置文件,如:递归的层数、并发数,延迟下载等。强调:配置文件的选项必须大写否则视为无效,正确写法USER_AGENT=\'xxxx\'
- spiders 爬虫目录,如:创建文件,编写爬虫规则
注意:一般创建爬虫文件时,以网站域名命名
#在项目目录下新建:entrypoint.py from scrapy.cmdline import execute execute([\'scrapy\', \'crawl\', \'xiaohua\'])
import sys,os sys.stdout=io.TextIOWrapper(sys.stdout.buffer,encoding=\'gb18030\')
五 Spiders
1、介绍
#1、Spiders是由一系列类(定义了一个网址或一组网址将被爬取)组成,具体包括如何执行爬取任务并且如何从页面中提取结构化的数据。 #2、换句话说,Spiders是你为了一个特定的网址或一组网址自定义爬取和解析页面行为的地方
2、Spiders会循环做如下事情
#1、生成初始的Requests来爬取第一个URLS,并且标识一个回调函数 第一个请求定义在start_requests()方法内默认从start_urls列表中获得url地址来生成Request请求,默认的回调函数是parse方法。回调函数在下载完成返回response时自动触发 #2、在回调函数中,解析response并且返回值 返回值可以4种: 包含解析数据的字典 Item对象 新的Request对象(新的Requests也需要指定一个回调函数) 或者是可迭代对象(包含Items或Request) #3、在回调函数中解析页面内容 通常使用Scrapy自带的Selectors,但很明显你也可以使用Beutifulsoup,lxml或其他你爱用啥用啥。 #4、最后,针对返回的Items对象将会被持久化到数据库 通过Item Pipeline组件存到数据库:https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html#topics-item-pipeline) 或者导出到不同的文件(通过Feed exports:https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/feed-exports.html#topics-feed-exports)
3、Spiders总共提供了五种类:
#1、scrapy.spiders.Spider #scrapy.Spider等同于scrapy.spiders.Spider #2、scrapy.spiders.CrawlSpider #3、scrapy.spiders.XMLFeedSpider #4、scrapy.spiders.CSVFeedSpider #5、scrapy.spiders.SitemapSpider
4、导入使用
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- import scrapy from scrapy.spiders import Spider,CrawlSpider,XMLFeedSpider,CSVFeedSpider,SitemapSpider class AmazonSpider(scrapy.Spider): #自定义类,继承Spiders提供的基类 name = \'amazon\' allowed_domains = [\'www.amazon.cn\'] start_urls = [\'http://www.amazon.cn/\'] def parse(self, response): pass
5、class scrapy.spiders.Spider
这是最简单的spider类,任何其他的spider类都需要继承它(包含你自己定义的)。
该类不提供任何特殊的功能,它仅提供了一个默认的start_requests方法默认从start_urls中读取url地址发送requests请求,并且默认parse作为回调函数
class AmazonSpider(scrapy.Spider): name = \'amazon\' allowed_domains = [\'www.amazon.cn\'] start_urls = [\'http://www.amazon.cn/\'] custom_settings = { \'BOT_NAME\' : \'Egon_Spider_Amazon\', \'REQUEST_HEADERS\' : { \'Accept\': \'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8\', \'Accept-Language\': \'en\', } } def parse(self, response): pass
#1、name = \'amazon\' 定义爬虫名,scrapy会根据该值定位爬虫程序 所以它必须要有且必须唯一(In Python 2 this must be ASCII only.) #2、allowed_domains = [\'www.amazon.cn\'] 定义允许爬取的域名,如果OffsiteMiddleware启动(默认就启动), 那么不属于该列表的域名及其子域名都不允许爬取 如果爬取的网址为:https://www.example.com/1.html,那就添加\'example.com\'到列表. #3、start_urls = [\'http://www.amazon.cn/\'] 如果没有指定url,就从该列表中读取url来生成第一个请求 #4、custom_settings 值为一个字典,定义一些配置信息,在运行爬虫程序时,这些配置会覆盖项目级别的配置 所以custom_settings必须被定义成一个类属性,由于settings会在类实例化前被加载 #5、settings 通过self.settings[\'配置项的名字\']可以访问settings.py中的配置,如果自己定义了custom_settings还是以自己的为准 #6、logger 日志名默认为spider的名字 self.logger.debug(\'=============>%s\' %self.settings[\'BOT_NAME\']) #5、crawler:了解 该属性必须被定义到类方法from_crawler中 #6、from_crawler(crawler, *args, **kwargs):了解 You probably won’t need to override this directly because the default implementation acts as a proxy to the __init__() method, calling it with the given arguments args and named arguments kwargs. #7、start_requests() 该方法用来发起第一个Requests请求,且必须返回一个可迭代的对象。它在爬虫程序打开时就被Scrapy调用,Scrapy只调用它一次。 默认从start_urls里取出每个url来生成Request(url, dont_filter=True) #针对参数dont_filter,请看自定义去重规则 如果你想要改变起始爬取的Requests,你就需要覆盖这个方法,例如你想要起始发送一个POST请求,如下 class MySpider(scrapy.Spider): name = \'myspider\' def start_requests(self): return [scrapy.FormRequest("http://www.example.com/login", formdata={\'user\': \'john\', \'pass\': \'secret\'}, callback=self.logged_in)] def logged_in(self, response): # here you would extract links to follow and return Requests for # each of them, with another callback pass #8、parse(response) 这是默认的回调函数,所有的回调函数必须返回an iterable of Request and/or dicts or Item objects. #9、log(message[, level, component]):了解 Wrapper that sends a log message through the Spider’s logger, kept for backwards compatibility. For more information see Logging from Spiders. #10、closed(reason) 爬虫程序结束时自动触发 定制scrapy.spider属性与方法详解
去重规则应该多个爬虫共享的,但凡一个爬虫爬取了,其他都不要爬了,实现方式如下 #方法一: 1、新增类属性 visited=set() #类属性 2、回调函数parse方法内: def parse(self, response): if response.url in self.visited: return None ....... self.visited.add(response.url) #方法一改进:针对url可能过长,所以我们存放url的hash值 def parse(self, response): url=md5(response.request.url) if url in self.visited: return None ....... self.visited.add(url) #方法二:Scrapy自带去重功能 配置文件: DUPEFILTER_CLASS = \'scrapy.dupefilter.RFPDupeFilter\' #默认的去重规则帮我们去重,去重规则在内存中 DUPEFILTER_DEBUG = False JOBDIR = "保存范文记录的日志路径,如:/root/" # 最终路径为 /root/requests.seen,去重规则放文件中 scrapy自带去重规则默认为RFPDupeFilter,只需要我们指定 Request(...,dont_filter=False) ,如果dont_filter=True则告诉Scrapy这个URL不参与去重。 #方法三: 我们也可以仿照RFPDupeFilter自定义去重规则, from scrapy.dupefilter import RFPDupeFilter,看源码,仿照BaseDupeFilter #步骤一:在项目目录下自定义去重文件dup.py class UrlFilter(object): def __init__(self): self.visited = set() #或者放到数据库 @classmethod def from_settings(cls, settings): return cls() def request_seen(self, request): if request.url in self.visited: return True self.visited.add(request.url) def open(self): # can return deferred pass def close(self, reason): # can return a deferred pass def log(self, request, spider): # log that a request has been filtered pass #步骤二:配置文件settings.py: DUPEFILTER_CLASS = \'项目名.dup.UrlFilter\' # 源码分析: from scrapy.core.scheduler import Scheduler 见Scheduler下的enqueue_request方法:self.df.request_seen(request)
#例一: import scrapy class MySpider(scrapy.Spider): name = \'example.com\' allowed_domains = [\'example.com\'] start_urls = [ \'http://www.example.com/1.html\', \'http://www.example.com/2.html\', \'http://www.example.com/3.html\', ] def parse(self, response): self.logger.info(\'A response from %s just arrived!\', response.url) #例二:一个回调函数返回多个Requests和Items import scrapy class MySpider(scrapy.Spider): name = \'example.com\' allowed_domains = [\'example.com\'] start_urls = [ \'http://www.example.com/1.html\', \'http://www.example.com/2.html\', \'http://www.example.com/3.html\', ] def parse(self, response): for h3 in response.xpath(\'//h3\').extract(): yield {"title": h3} for url in response.xpath(\'//a/@href\').extract(): yield scrapy.Request(url, callback=self.parse) #例三:在start_requests()内直接指定起始爬取的urls,start_urls就没有用了, import scrapy from myproject.items import MyItem class MySpider(scrapy.Spider): name = \'example.com\' allowed_domains = [\'example.com\'] def start_requests(self): yield scrapy.Request(\'http://www.example.com/1.html\', self.parse) yield scrapy.Request(\'http://www.example.com/2.html\', self.parse) yield scrapy.Request(\'http://www.example.com/3.html\', self.parse) def parse(self, response): for h3 in response.xpath(\'//h3\').extract(): yield MyItem(title=h3) for url in response.xpath(\'//a/@href\').extract(): yield scrapy.Request(url, callback=self.parse)
我们可能需要在命令行为爬虫程序传递参数,比如传递初始的url,像这样 #命令行执行 scrapy crawl myspider -a category=electronics #在__init__方法中可以接收外部传进来的参数 import scrapy class MySpider(scrapy.Spider): name = \'myspider\' def __init__(self, category=None, *args, **kwargs): super(MySpider, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs) self.start_urls = [\'http://www.example.com/categories/%s\' % category] #... #注意接收的参数全都是字符串,如果想要结构化的数据,你需要用类似json.loads的方法
6、其他通用Spiders:https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spiders.html#generic-spiders
#1 //与/ #2 text #3、extract与extract_first:从selector对象中解出内容 #4、属性:xpath的属性加前缀@ #4、嵌套查找 #5、设置默认值 #4、按照属性查找 #5、按照属性模糊查找 #6、正则表达式 #7、xpath相对路径 #8、带变量的xpath
response.selector.css() response.selector.xpath() 可简写为 response.css() response.xpath() #1 //与/ response.xpath(\'//body/a/\')# response.css(\'div a::text\') >>> response.xpath(\'//body/a\') #开头的//代表从整篇文档中寻找,body之后的/代表body的儿子 [] >>> response.xpath(\'//body//a\') #开头的//代表从整篇文档中寻找,body之后的//代表body的子子孙孙 [<Selector xpath=\'//body//a\' data=\'<a href="image1.html">Name: My image 1 <\'>, <Selector xpath=\'//body//a\' data=\'<a href="image2.html">Name: My image 2 <\'>, <Selector xpath=\'//body//a\' data=\'<a href=" image3.html">Name: My image 3 <\'>, <Selector xpath=\'//body//a\' data=\'<a href="image4.html">Name: My image 4 <\'>, <Selector xpath=\'//body//a\' data=\'<a href="image5.html">Name: My image 5 <\'>] #2 text >>> response.xpath(\'//body//a/text()\') >>> response.css(\'body a::text\') #3、extract与extract_first:从selector对象中解出内容 >>> response.xpath(\'//div/a/text()\').extract() [\'Name: My image 1 \', \'Name: My image 2 \', \'Name: My image 3 \', \'Name: My image 4 \', \'Name: My image 5 \'] >>> response.css(\'div a::text\').extract() [\'Name: My image 1 \', \'Name: My image 2 \', \'Name: My image 3 \', \'Name: My image 4 \', \'Name: My image 5 \'] >>> response.xpath(\'//div/a/text()\').extract_first() \'Name: My image 1 \' >>> response.css(\'div a::text\').extract_first() \'Name: My image 1 \' #4、属性:xpath的属性加前缀@ >>> response.xpath(\'//div/a/@href\').extract_first() \'image1.html\' >>> response.css(\'div a::attr(href)\').extract_first() \'image1.html\' #4、嵌套查找 >>> response.xpath(\'//div\').css(\'a\').xpath(\'@href\').extract_first() \'image1.html\' #5、设置默认值 >>> response.xpath(\'//div[@id="xxx"]\').extract_first(default="not found") \'not found\' #4、按照属性查找 response.xpath(\'//div[@id="images"]/a[@href="image3.html"]/text()\').extract() response.css(\'#images a[@href="image3.html"]/text()\').extract() #5、按照属性模糊查找 response.xpath(\'//a[contains(@href,"image")]/@href\').extract() response.css(\'a[href*="image"]::attr(href)\').extract() response.xpath(\'//a[contains(@href,"image")]/img/@src\').extract() response.css(\'a[href*="imag"] img::attr(src)\').extract() response.xpath(\'//*[@href="image1.html"]\') response.css(\'*[href="image1.html"]\') #6、正则表达式 response.xpath(\'//a/text()\').re(r\'Name: (.*)\') response.xpath(\'//a/text()\').re_first(r\'Name: (.*)\') #7、xpath相对路径 >>> res=response.xpath(\'//a[contains(@href,"3")]\')[0] >>> res.xpath(\'img\') [<Selector xpath=\'img\' data=\'<img src="image3_thumb.jpg">\'>] >>> res.xpath(\'./img\') [<Selector xpath=\'./img\' data=\'<img src="image3_thumb.jpg">\'>] >>> res.xpath(\'.//img\') [<Selector xpath=\'.//img\' data=\'<img src="image3_thumb.jpg">\'>] >>> res.xpath(\'//img\') #这就是从头开始扫描 [<Selector xpath=\'//img\' data=\'<img src="image1_thumb.jpg">\'>, <Selector xpath=\'//img\' data=\'<img src="image2_thumb.jpg">\'>, <Selector xpath=\'//img\' data=\'<img src="image3_thumb.jpg">\'>, <Selector xpa th=\'//img\' data=\'<img src="image4_thumb.jpg">\'>, <Selector xpath=\'//img\' data=\'<img src="image5_thumb.jpg">\'>] #8、带变量的xpath >>> response.xpath(\'//div[@id=$xxx]/a/text()\',xxx=\'images\').extract_first() \'Name: My image 1 \' >>> response.xpath(\'//div[count(a)=$yyy]/@id\',yyy=5).extract_first() #求有5个a标签的div的id \'images\'
https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/selectors.html
https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/items.html
八 Item Pipeline
#一:可以写多个Pipeline类 #1、如果优先级高的Pipeline的process_item返回一个值或者None,会自动传给下一个pipline的process_item, #2、如果只想让第一个Pipeline执行,那得让第一个pipline的process_item抛出异常raise DropItem() #3、可以用spider.name == \'爬虫名\' 来控制哪些爬虫用哪些pipeline 二:示范 from scrapy.exceptions import DropItem class CustomPipeline(object): Scrapy Spider没有返回所有元素