linux基本命令

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  1. 建立新目录:mkdir 

    格式为 mkdir [目录名]

    mkdir 可以建立多层目录

    [[email protected] ~]$ mkdir C

    [[email protected] C]$ mkdir -p  c1/c2/c3

  2. 建立新文档 ：touch

    [[email protected] C]$ touch pri

    [[email protected] C]$ ls

    c1  pri

  3. 设置文件的访问权限 chmod

    格式：用户符号+(-)权限   文件名

    u:拥有者 g:组 o:其他

    给u加权限：

    [[email protected] C]$ chmod u+r+w pri

    -rw-rw-r--. 1 caibei caibei    0 May 14 04:55 pri

    给u减权限：

    [[email protected] C]$ chmod u-r pri

    [[email protected] C]$ ll

    total 4

    --w-rw-r--. 1 caibei caibei    0 May 14 04:55 pri

    也可以利用八进制表示权限，0表示没有，1表示具有这个权限

    给u，g，o加上所有的权限：

    [[email protected] C]$ chmod 777 pri

    [[email protected] C]$ ll

    total 4

    -rwxrwxrwx. 1 caibei caibei    0 May 14 04:55 pri

  4. 改变文件拥有者 chown

    注：只有root才有权限使用

    将pri文件改成caibei拥有：

    [[email protected] C]$ chown root pri

    chown: changing ownership of `pri‘: Operation not permitted

    [[email protected] C]$ su

    Password: 

    [[email protected] C]# chown caibei pri

    [[email protected] C]# ll

    total 4

    drwxrwxr-x. 3 caibei caibei 4096 May 14 04:44 c1

    -rwxrwxrwx. 1 caibei caibei    0 May 14 04:55 pri

  5. 改变文件的所属组 chgrp

    [[email protected] C]# chgrp caibei pri

    [[email protected] C]# ll

    total 4

    drwxrwxr-x. 3 caibei caibei 4096 May 14 04:44 c1

    -rwxrwxrwx. 1 caibei caibei    0 May 14 04:55 pri

  6. 查看或者修改掩码 umask

    新建文件夹默认权限：0666-掩码

    新建目录默认权限：0777-掩码

    [[email protected] C]# umask 0422

    [[email protected] C]# ll

    total 4

    drwxrwxr-x. 3 caibei caibei 4096 May 14 04:44 c1

    -rwxrwxrwx. 1 caibei caibei    0 May 14 04:55 pri

    -rw-r--r--. 1 caibei root      0 May 14 05:32 pro

    [[email protected] C]# umask

    0422

  7. 文件和目录的显示 ls

    ls -a 显示全部文件名包括以.开头隐藏的文件名

    ls -i 列出文件inode号码

    ls -F 在每个文件名后附上一个字符说明文件类型，‘*‘可执行普通文件，‘/‘目录，‘@’链接

    [[email protected] C]# ls -a

    .  ..  c1  pri  pro

    [[email protected] C]# ls -i

    787323 c1  787332 pri  787304 pro

    [[email protected] C]# ls -F

    c1/  pri*  pro

  8. 变换目录 cd

    格式;cd 文件名

    cd.. 返回上级目录

    cd ~ 返回自己家

    cd - 返回刚刚的目录

    [[email protected] C]# cd

    [[email protected] ~]# cd..

    bash: cd..: command not found

    [[email protected] ~]# cd ~

  9. 时间 date

    格式： date +%Y_%m_%d_%H:%M:%S

    [[email protected] ~]# date

    Sat May 14 05:59:19 PDT 2016

    [[email protected] ~]# date +%Y_%m_%d_%H:%M:%S

    2016_05_14_06:00:19

  10. 时间戳 ：从开始到现在总秒数

    [[email protected] ~]# date +%s

    1463231013

    [[email protected] ~]# date +%Y:%m:%d -d @1463231013

    2016:05:14

  11. 删除空目录 rmdir

    -p 连上层目录一起删除

    [[email protected] ~]# mkdir p

    [[email protected] ~]# rmdir p

  12. 删除文件 rm

    rm -r 删除目录及以下所有文件

    rm -i 删除时会询问

    rm -f 强制删除

    [[email protected] ~]# rm -i c

    rm: remove regular empty file `c‘? 

  13. 复制文件或者目录 cp

    格式; cp 源文件 目录

    cp 源文件 源文件

    [[email protected] ~]# cp c c1

    [[email protected] ~]# touch b

    [[email protected] ~]# cp c b

    cp: overwrite `b‘? 

  14. 返回文件名和目录名 dirname basename

    格式:basename 文件名

    [[email protected] ~]# basename c

    c

    [[email protected] ~]# dirname c

    .

  15. 移动文件或目录或者更名 mv

    mv -f强制移动

    mv -i会询问是否移动

    [[email protected] ~]# mv c c2

16.显示文件内容 more  

    [[email protected] ~]# count=0; while [ $count -lt 100 ];do echo "$count">>file;

    > let count++; done

17.查看文件 less

    格式：less 文件名

    [[email protected] ~]# less file

18.日历  cal 

    [[email protected] ~]# cal

           May 2016      

    Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa

    1  2  3  4  5  6  7

    8  9 10 11 12 13 14

    15 16 17 18 19 20 21

    22 23 24 25 26 27 28

    29 30 31

19.查看文件头几行  head

[[email protected] ~]# head file

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

20.查看文件类型 file 

   [[email protected] ~]# file file

   file: ASCII text

21.查看文件位置 which

 whereis:

  [[email protected] ~]# which file

  /usr/bin/file

  [[email protected] ~]# whereis file

  file: /usr/bin/file /usr/share/file /usr/share/man/man1/file.1.gz      /usr/share/man/man1p/file.1p.gz

22.find 寻找特定文件路径

  find . -name 文件名

 .表示当前目录 /表示根目录

find / -mtime n 按n天以前修改查找文件

find / -atime n 按访问文件时间查找文件

find / -ctime n 按文件创建时间查找


[[email protected] ~]# find . -name file

./file

[[email protected] ~]# find / -name file

/root/file

/usr/share/file

/usr/bin/file

/usr/src/kernels/2.6.32-431.el6.i686/include/config/pnfs/file

/usr/src/kernels/2.6.32-431.el6.i686/include/config/security/file

/usr/src/kernels/2.6.32-431.el6.i686/include/config/file

/selinux/class/file

/selinux/initial_contexts/file

/file

find -print:将匹配的文件输出

[[email protected] ~]$ find -print

.

./c

./c/3

./c/.file

./c/2

./c/1

./c/b

./c/pei

./c/pri

./test

 find -user username:按username查找

[[email protected] ~]$ find -user caibei

.

./c

./test

./.pulse

find -nouser ：按没有username查找

[[email protected] ~]$ find -nouser caibei

find: paths must precede expression: caibei

Usage: find [-H] [-L] [-P] [-Olevel] [-D help|tree|search|stat|rates|opt|exec] [path...] [expression]

find -newer f1 !f2 查找比f1新比f2旧的文件

[[email protected] ~]$ find -newer test.c !c

find -newer test.c chown root pri

find: paths must precede expression: chown

Usage: find [-H] [-L] [-P] [-Olevel] [-D help|tree|search|stat|rates|opt|exec] [path...] [expression]

find -type b  按照文件的类型查找

[[email protected] ~]$ find -type d

.

./c

./c/pei

./.pulse

./Videos

./.gnote

./.gnote/addins

./.gnome2

./.gnome2/keyrings

./.gnome2/gedit

./.gnome2/panel2.d

./.gnome2/panel2.d/default

./.gnome2/panel2.d/default/launchers

./.gnome2/nautilus-scripts

./.dbus

./.dbus/session-bus

./Templates

./Music

./.config

./.config/gtk-2.0

./.config/gnome-session

./.config/gnome-session/saved-session

./.config/gnome-disk-utility

./.config/gnome-disk-utility/ata-smart-ignore

./.gstreamer-0.10

./.mozilla

./.mozilla/plugins

./.mozilla/extensions

./Pictures

./Documents

./.local

./.local/share

./.local/share/applications

./.local/share/gvfs-metadata

./.local/share/Trash

./.local/share/Trash/expunged

./.local/share/Trash/info

./.local/share/Trash/files

./.gconf

./.gconf/desktop

./.gconf/desktop/gnome

./.gconf/desktop/gnome/accessibility

find -size n 查找文件是n块的文件

[[email protected] ~]$ find -size  2

./.pulse/f844858f676102d9b6631da400000039-card-database.tdb

./.xsession-errors

./.config/user-dirs.dirs

./.local/share/gvfs-metadata/home

./.viminfo

./.gconf/apps/gnome-terminal/profiles/Default/%gconf.xml

./.gconf/apps/panel/applets/window_list/prefs/%gconf.xml

./.bash_history

find _depth 使文件在查找子目录前先查找本目录

[[email protected] ~]$ find -depth

./c/3

./c/.file

./c/2

./c/1

./c/b

./c/pei

./c/pri

./c

./test

find -follow 遇到符号链接文件，就跟踪链接所指的文件

[[email protected] ~]$ find -follow

.

./c

./c/3

./c/.file

./c/2

./c/1

./c/b

./c/pei

./c/pri

./test

find -mount 查找文件的时候不跨越文件系统mount点

[[email protected] ~]$ find -mount

.

./c

./c/3

./c/.file

./c/2

./c/1

./c/b

./c/pei

./c/pri

./test


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