分页
自定义分页
from django.shortcuts import render
# Create your views here.
data = []
for i in range(1, 302):
tmp = {"id": i, "name": "alex-{}".format(i)}
data.append(tmp)
# data
def user_list(request):
try:
page_num = int(request.GET.get("page")) # 字符串类型,所以要转成int
except Exception as e:
page_num = 1
# 没有传页码, 默认展示第一页
# if not page_num:
# page_num = 1
# 每一页显示10条记录
per_page_num = 10
# user_list = data[0:10] 1 (1-1) *10 1*10
# user_list = data[10:20] 2 (2-1) *10 2*10
# user_list = data[20:30] 3 (n-1)*10 n*10
# 总数据个数
total_count = len(data)
# 总共有多少页
total_page_num, more = divmod(total_count, per_page_num)
if more:
total_page_num += 1
# 如果你输入的页码数超过我的总页数,我默认返回最后一页
if page_num > total_page_num:
page_num = total_page_num
# 最多显示多少页码
max_show = 11
half_show = int((max_show-1)/2)
# 页面上页码从哪儿开始
page_start = page_num - half_show
# 页面上页码最多展示到哪一个
page_end = page_num + half_show
# 如果当前页小于等于half_show, 默认从第一页展示到max_show
if page_num <= half_show:
page_start = 1
page_end = max_show
# 如果当前页大于等于总页数-half_show
if page_num >= total_page_num - half_show:
page_end = total_page_num
page_start = total_page_num - max_show
# 生成前页码的html
page_html_list = []
# 放置一个首页按钮
page_first_tmp = ‘<li><a href="/user_list/?page=1">首页</a></li>‘
page_html_list.append(page_first_tmp)
# 加上一页按钮
if page_num - 1 <= 0: # 表示没有上一页
page_prev_tmp = ‘<li class="disabled" ><a href="#">上一页</a></li>‘
else:
page_prev_tmp = ‘<li><a href="/user_list/?page={}">上一页</a></li>‘.format(page_num - 1)
page_html_list.append(page_prev_tmp)
for i in range(page_start, page_end+1):
# 如果是当前页,就加一个active的样式
if i == page_num:
tmp = ‘<li class="active"><a href="/user_list/?page={0}">{0}</a></li>‘.format(i)
else:
tmp = ‘<li><a href="/user_list/?page={0}">{0}</a></li>‘.format(i)
page_html_list.append(tmp)
# 加下一页按钮
if page_num+1 > total_page_num:
page_next_tmp = ‘<li class="disabled"><a href="#">下一页</a></li>‘
else:
page_next_tmp = ‘<li><a href="/user_list/?page={}">下一页</a></li>‘.format(page_num+1)
page_html_list.append(page_next_tmp)
# 添加一个尾页
page_last_tmp = ‘<li><a href="/user_list/?page={}">尾页</a></li>‘.format(total_page_num)
page_html_list.append(page_last_tmp)
page_html = "".join(page_html_list)
# 去数据库取数据
start = (page_num - 1) * per_page_num
end = page_num * per_page_num
user_list = data[start:end]
return render(request, "user_list.html", {"user_list": user_list, "page_html": page_html})
"""
这个文件的使用指南
"""
class MyPage(object):
def __init__(self, page_num, total_count, base_url, per_page_num=10, max_show=11):
"""
:param page_num: 当前页
:param total_count: 数据总个数
:param base_url: 分页页码跳转的URL
:param per_page_num: 每一页显示多少条数据
:param max_show: 页面上最多显示多少页码
"""
# 实例化时传进来的参数
try:
self.page_num = int(page_num) # 字符串类型,所以要转成int
except Exception as e:
self.page_num = 1
self.total_count = total_count
self.base_url = base_url
self.per_page_num = per_page_num
self.max_show = max_show
# 根据传进来的参数,计算的几个值
self.half_show = int((self.max_show - 1) / 2)
# 总共有多少页
self.total_page_num, more = divmod(self.total_count, self.per_page_num)
if more:
self.total_page_num += 1
@property
def start(self):
return (self.page_num - 1) * self.per_page_num
@property
def end(self):
return self.page_num * self.per_page_num
def page_html(self):
"""
返回页面上可以用的一段HTML
一段可用的分页页码的HTML
:return:
"""
# 页面上页码从哪儿开始
page_start = self.page_num - self.half_show
# 页面上页码最多展示到哪一个
page_end = self.page_num + self.half_show
# 如果当前页小于等于half_show, 默认从第一页展示到max_show
if self.page_num <= self.half_show:
page_start = 1
page_end = self.max_show
# 如果当前页大于等于总页数-half_show
if self.page_num >= self.total_page_num - self.half_show:
page_end = self.total_page_num
page_start = self.total_page_num - self.max_show
# 生成前页码的HTML
page_html_list = []
# 放置一个首页按钮
page_first_tmp = ‘<li><a href="{}?page=1">首页</a></li>‘.format( self.base_url)
page_html_list.append(page_first_tmp)
# 加上一页按钮
if self.page_num - 1 <= 0: # 表示没有上一页
page_prev_tmp = ‘<li class="disabled" ><a href="#">上一页</a></li>‘
else:
page_prev_tmp = ‘<li><a href="{0}?page={1}">上一页</a></li>‘.format( self.base_url, self.page_num - 1)
page_html_list.append(page_prev_tmp)
for i in range(page_start, page_end+1):
# 如果是当前页,就加一个active的样式
if i == self.page_num:
tmp = ‘<li class="active"><a href="{0}?page={1}">{1}</a></li>‘.format( self.base_url, i)
else:
tmp = ‘<li><a href="{0}?page={1}">{1}</a></li>‘.format( self.base_url, i)
page_html_list.append(tmp)
# 加下一页按钮
if self.page_num+1 > self.total_page_num:
page_next_tmp = ‘<li class="disabled"><a href="#">下一页</a></li>‘
else:
page_next_tmp = ‘<li><a href="{0}?page={1}">下一页</a></li>‘.format( self.base_url, self.page_num+1)
page_html_list.append(page_next_tmp)
# 添加一个尾页
page_last_tmp = ‘<li><a href="{0}?page={1}">尾页</a></li>‘.format( self.base_url, self.total_page_num)
page_html_list.append(page_last_tmp)
return "".join(page_html_list)
def user_list(request):
page_num = request.GET.get("page")
path = request.path_info
# request.get_full_path() # 带参数的URL
from tools.mypage import MyPage
page = MyPage(page_num, len(data), path)
page_html = page.page_html()
return render(request, "user_list.html", {"user_list": data[page.start:page.end], "page_html": page_html})
{% load static %}
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh-CN">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="{% static "bootstrap-3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css" %}">
<title>用户列表</title>
</head>
<body>
<div class="container">
<table class="table table-bordered">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>ID</th>
<th>姓名</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
{% for user in user_list %}
<tr>
<td>{{ user.id }}</td>
<td>{{ user.name }}</td>
</tr>
{% endfor %}
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="pull-right">
<nav aria-label="Page navigation">
<ul class="pagination">
{# {% for i in total_page_num %}#}
{# <li><a href="/user_list/?page={{ i }}">{{ i }}</a></li>#}
{# {% endfor %}#}
{{ page_html|safe }}
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
<script src="{% static "jquery-3.2.1.min.js" %}"></script>
<script src="{% static "bootstrap-3.3.7/js/bootstrap.min.js" %}"></script>
</body>
</html>
Cookie和Session
简介
1、cookie不属于http协议范围,由于http协议无法保持状态,但实际情况,我们却又需要“保持状态”,因此cookie就是在这样一个场景下诞生。
cookie的工作原理是:由服务器产生内容,浏览器收到请求后保存在本地;当浏览器再次访问时,浏览器会自动带上cookie,这样服务器就能通过cookie的内容来判断这个是“谁”了。
2、cookie虽然在一定程度上解决了“保持状态”的需求,但是由于cookie本身最大支持4096字节,以及cookie本身保存在客户端,可能被拦截或窃取,因此就需要有一种新的东西,它能支持更多的字节,并且他保存在服务器,有较高的安全性。这就是session。
问题来了,基于http协议的无状态特征,服务器根本就不知道访问者是“谁”。那么上述的cookie就起到桥接的作用。
我们可以给每个客户端的cookie分配一个唯一的id,这样用户在访问时,通过cookie,服务器就知道来的人是“谁”。然后我们再根据不同的cookie的id,在服务器上保存一段时间的私密资料,如“账号密码”等等。
3、总结而言:cookie弥补了http无状态的不足,让服务器知道来的人是“谁”;但是cookie以文本的形式保存在本地,自身安全性较差;所以我们就通过cookie识别不同的用户,对应的在session里保存私密的信息以及超过4096字节的文本。
4、另外,上述所说的cookie和session其实是共通性的东西,不限于语言和框架
COOKIE
获取Cookie
request.COOKIES[‘key‘] request.get_signed_cookie(key, default=RAISE_ERROR, salt=‘‘, max_age=None)
参数:
default: 默认值
salt: 加密盐
max_age: 后台控制过期时间
设置Cookie
rep = HttpResponse(...) rep = render(request, ...) rep.set_cookie(key,value,...) rep.set_signed_cookie(key,value,salt=‘加密盐‘,...)
参数:
key, 键
value=‘‘, 值
max_age=None, 超时时间
expires=None, 超时时间(IE requires expires, so set it if hasn‘t been already.)
path=‘/‘, Cookie生效的路径,/ 表示根路径,特殊的:根路径的cookie可以被任何url的页面访问
domain=None, Cookie生效的域名
secure=False, https传输
httponly=False 只能http协议传输,无法被javascript获取(不是绝对,底层抓包可以获取到也可以被覆盖)
使用示例
def login(request):
if request.method == "POST":
user = request.POST.get("user")
pwd = request.POST.get("pwd")
# 校验用户名密码
if user == "alex" and pwd == "dashabi":
rep = redirect("/index/")
# rep.set_cookie("user", user) 明文的
# import datetime
# now = datetime.datetime.now()
# d = datetime.timedelta(seconds=10)
# rep.set_signed_cookie("user", user, salt="S8", expires=now+d) # 加盐处理,expires失效的具体时间
rep.set_signed_cookie("user", user, salt="S8", max_age=10) # 加盐处理,max_age有效期10秒
return rep
return render(request, "login.html")
def index(request):
# username = request.COOKIES.get("user") 取明文
username = request.get_signed_cookie("user", None, salt="S8") # 取加盐的
if not username:
# 表示没有登录
return redirect("/login/")
return render(request, "index.html", {"username": username})
Cookie版登陆校验
def check_login(func):
@wraps(func)
def inner(request, *args, **kwargs):
next_url = request.get_full_path()
if request.get_signed_cookie("login", salt="SSS", default=None) == "yes":
# 已经登录的用户...
return func(request, *args, **kwargs)
else:
# 没有登录的用户,跳转刚到登录页面
return redirect("/login/?next={}".format(next_url))
return inner
def login(request):
if request.method == "POST":
username = request.POST.get("username")
passwd = request.POST.get("password")
if username == "xxx" and passwd == "dashabi":
next_url = request.GET.get("next")
if next_url and next_url != "/logout/":
response = redirect(next_url)
else:
response = redirect("/class_list/")
response.set_signed_cookie("login", "yes", salt="SSS")
return response
return render(request, "login.html")