1,基于文件的单例模式：
import pymysql import threading from DBUtils.PooledDB import PooledDB class SingletonDBPool(object): _instance_lock = threading.Lock() def __init__(self): self.pool = PooledDB( creator=pymysql, # 使用链接数据库的模块 maxconnections=6, # 连接池允许的最大连接数，0和None表示不限制连接数 mincached=2, # 初始化时，链接池中至少创建的空闲的链接，0表示不创建 maxcached=5, # 链接池中最多闲置的链接，0和None不限制 maxshared=3, # 链接池中最多共享的链接数量，0和None表示全部共享。PS: 无用，因为pymysql和MySQLdb等模块的 threadsafety都为1，所有值无论设置为多少，_maxcached永远为0，所以永远是所有链接都共享。 blocking=True, # 连接池中如果没有可用连接后，是否阻塞等待。True，等待；False，不等待然后报错 maxusage=None, # 一个链接最多被重复使用的次数，None表示无限制 setsession=[], # 开始会话前执行的命令列表。如：["set datestyle to ...", "set time zone ..."] ping=0, # ping MySQL服务端，检查是否服务可用。# 如：0 = None = never, 1 = default = whenever it is requested, 2 = when a cursor is created, 4 = when a query is executed, 7 = always host=‘127.0.0.1‘, port=3306, user=‘root‘, password=‘123456‘, database=‘pooldb‘, charset=‘utf8‘ ) def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs): if not hasattr(SingletonDBPool, "_instance"): with SingletonDBPool._instance_lock: if not hasattr(SingletonDBPool, "_instance"): SingletonDBPool._instance = object.__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs) return SingletonDBPool._instance def connect(self): return self.pool.connection()
from pool import SingletonDBPool
def run():
pool = SingletonDBPool()
con = pool.connect()
# xxxxxx
con.close()
if __name__ == ‘__main__‘:
run()
# 单例模式：无法支持多线程情况
"""
class Singleton(object):
def __init__(self):
import time
time.sleep(1)
@classmethod
def instance(cls, *args, **kwargs):
if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"):
Singleton._instance = Singleton(*args, **kwargs)
return Singleton._instance
import threading
def task(arg):
obj = Singleton.instance()
print(obj)
for i in range(10):
t = threading.Thread(target=task,args=[i,])
t.start()
"""
# # 单例模式：支持多线程情况
"""
import time
import threading
class Singleton(object):
_instance_lock = threading.Lock()
def __init__(self):
time.sleep(1)
@classmethod
def instance(cls, *args, **kwargs):
if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"):
with Singleton._instance_lock:
if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"):
Singleton._instance = Singleton(*args, **kwargs)
return Singleton._instance
def task(arg):
obj = Singleton.instance()
print(obj)
for i in range(10):
t = threading.Thread(target=task,args=[i,])
t.start()
time.sleep(20)
obj = Singleton.instance()
print(obj)
"""
基于__new__方法实现单例模式
# class Singleton(object):
# def __init__(self):
# print(‘init‘,self)
#
#
# def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
# o = object.__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
# print(‘new‘,o)
# return o
#
# obj = Singleton()
#
# print(‘xxx‘,obj)
import time
import threading
class Singleton(object):
_instance_lock = threading.Lock()
def __init__(self):
pass
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"):
with Singleton._instance_lock:
if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"):
Singleton._instance = object.__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
return Singleton._instance
obj1 = Singleton()
obj2 = Singleton()
print(obj1,obj2)
# def task(arg):
# obj = Singleton()
# print(obj)
#
# for i in range(10):
# t = threading.Thread(target=task,args=[i,])
# t.start()
基于metaclass
"""
1.对象是类创建，创建对象时候类的__init__方法自动执行，对象()执行类的 __call__ 方法
2.类是type创建，创建类时候type的__init__方法自动执行，类() 执行type的 __call__方法(类的__new__方法,类的__init__方法)
# 第0步: 执行type的 __init__ 方法【类是type的对象】
class Foo:
def __init__(self):
pass
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
pass
# 第1步: 执行type的 __call__ 方法
# 1.1 调用 Foo类（是type的对象）的 __new__方法，用于创建对象。
# 1.2 调用 Foo类（是type的对象）的 __init__方法，用于对对象初始化。
obj = Foo()
# 第2步：执行Foodef __call__ 方法
obj()
"""
"""
class SingletonType(type):
def __init__(self,*args,**kwargs):
super(SingletonType,self).__init__(*args,**kwargs)
def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
obj = cls.__new__(cls,*args, **kwargs)
cls.__init__(obj,*args, **kwargs) # Foo.__init__(obj)
return obj
class Foo(metaclass=SingletonType):
def __init__(self,name):
self.name = name
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
return object.__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
obj = Foo(‘name‘)
"""
import threading
class SingletonType(type):
_instance_lock = threading.Lock()
def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
if not hasattr(cls, "_instance"):
with SingletonType._instance_lock:
if not hasattr(cls, "_instance"):
cls._instance = super(SingletonType,cls).__call__(*args, **kwargs)
return cls._instance
class Foo(metaclass=SingletonType):
def __init__(self,name):
self.name = name
obj1 = Foo(‘name‘)
obj2 = Foo(‘name‘)
print(obj1,obj2)
# ######################## 基于 类方法实现 ######################### """ import time import threading class Singleton(object): _instance_lock = threading.Lock() def __init__(self): time.sleep(1) @classmethod def instance(cls, *args, **kwargs): if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"): with Singleton._instance_lock: if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"): Singleton._instance = Singleton(*args, **kwargs) return Singleton._instance # 使用先说明，以后用单例模式，obj = Singleton.instance() # 示例： # obj1 = Singleton.instance() # obj2 = Singleton.instance() # print(obj1,obj2) # 错误示例 # obj1 = Singleton() # obj2 = Singleton() # print(obj1,obj2) """ # ######################### 基于__new__方式实现 ######################### """ import time import threading class Singleton(object): _instance_lock = threading.Lock() def __init__(self): pass def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs): if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"): with Singleton._instance_lock: if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"): Singleton._instance = object.__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs) return Singleton._instance # 使用先说明，以后用单例模式，obj = Singleton() # 示例 # obj1 = Singleton() # obj2 = Singleton() # print(obj1,obj2) """ # ######################### 基于metaclass方式实现 ################### """ import threading class SingletonType(type): _instance_lock = threading.Lock() def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs): if not hasattr(cls, "_instance"): with SingletonType._instance_lock: if not hasattr(cls, "_instance"): cls._instance = super(SingletonType,cls).__call__(*args, **kwargs) return cls._instance class Foo(metaclass=SingletonType): def __init__(self,name): self.name = name obj1 = Foo(‘name‘) obj2 = Foo(‘name‘) print(obj1,obj2) """ # PS: 为了保证线程安全在内部加入锁