数据类型的种类
常用的:
1、数字
2、字符串
3、列表
4、元祖
5、集合
不常用的:
队列
有序字典
默认字典
集合的特点
创建集合
(一)、回顾:创建列表的2中方法: 1、li = [] #直接创建 2、list() #可以将其他数据类型转换成列表(相当于在内存有创建一个) 注意: 它会自动去执行list里面的构造方法__init__。 list __init__,内部执行for循环(11,22,33,44)转换成[11,22,33,44] 在定义 li=[]的时候,会内部调用list()这种方式。
一、创建集合的注意事项:
1、无序,不重复的序列
1 set = {11,22,11,22} 2 print(set) 3 4 输出结果: 5 {11, 22}
2、用“{}”来代替,里面每个元素就是一个值,跟字典的区别就是无需key:values。
3、set的功能: set() == list()
4、将列表转换成集合的方法:
1 li = [11,22,11,22] 2 s1 = set(li) 3 print(s1,type(s1)) 4 5 显示结果: 6 {11, 22} <class ‘set‘>
二、创建集合的三种方式:
1、普通创建方法:
1 1、se = {11,22} 2 例如:se = {"123","456"}
2、创建空集合:
1 s2 = set() 2 这个是通过__init__进行转换的
3、转其他数据类型换成集合
1 s3 = set([11,22,33,4])
操作集合
一、添元素:
1 创建空集合: 2 s = set() 3 s.add(123) 4 s.add(123) 5 s.add(123) 6 print(s) 7 8 显示结果: 9 {123}
注意:上面示例添加了3次123,但是只能显示一个,因为set集合有去重功能。
扩展:爬虫访问过的url放到一个set()中,可以通过去重功能,过滤掉访问过的url。
二、清空set里的所有内容:
1 s.clear() 2 print(s) 3 4 显示结果: 5 set()
三、A中存在B中不存在的
注意:
B就是被调用的表(s2的位置);
1 #s1中存在s2中不存在的: 2 s1 = {11,22,33} 3 s2 = {22,33,44} 4 s3 = s1.difference(s2) 5 print(s3) 6 7 8 #s2中存在s1中不存在的 9 s3 = s2.difference(s1) 10 print(s3) 11 12 显示结果: 13 {11} 14 {44}
四、取出A中存在,B中不存在的,然后将结果替换掉A中的元素:
1 s1.difference_update(s2) 2 print("s1:",s1) 3 4 显示结果: 5 s1: {11}
注意:如果后续的代码不需要s1里面的元素时,可以使用带有Update方法来替换掉
五、对称差距
把A中存在的B中不存在的取出,
在把B中存在的A中不存在的取出;
1 s1 = {11,22,33} 2 s2 = {22,33,44} 3 4 s3 = s1.symmetric_difference(s2) 5 print(s3) 6 print(s1) 7 print(s2) 8 9 显示结果: 10 {11, 44} 11 {33, 11, 22} 12 {33, 44, 22}
六、对称差距更新s1
取出A中存在B中不存在的元素,
取出B中存在A中不存在的元素,
将结果更新到A中
1 s1.symmetric_difference_update(s2) 2 print("更新s1",s1) 3 4 显示结果: 5 更新s1 {11, 44}
注意:如果后续的代码不需要s1里面的元素时,可以使用带有Update方法来替换掉
七、移除元素:
#移除指定元素,不存在不报错:(以后推荐使用这个避免bug) s1 = {11,22,33} s1.discard(1111) print("移除1111,数据不存在,不会报错:",s1) #移除指定元素,如果不存在就直接报错。 s1 = {11,22,33} s1.remove(22) print("移除指定元素,有就不报错:",s1) # s1.remove(111) # print("移除指定元素,没有就报错:",s1) #移除某个元素,并获取移除元素的值。(随机移除,不需要加参数,因为集合是无序的) s1 = {11,22,33,44} ret = s1.pop() #不用加参数 print("集合无序,随机移除,返回移除的数据",s1) print("显示pop移除的元素:",ret) 显示结果: 移除1111,数据不存在,不会报错: {33, 11, 22} 移除指定元素,有就不报错: {33, 11} 集合无序,随机移除,返回移除的数据 {11, 44, 22} 显示pop移除的元素: 33
注意:使用pop的场景:以后再学到队列的时候会使用到,一般情况下移除一个元素,然后把移除的这个元素赋值到一个变量,然后在其他引用。
八、取出A和B之间的交集:
1 s1 = {11,22,33} 2 s2 = {22,33,44} 3 s3 = s1.intersection(s2) 4 print("取出s1和s2的交集:",s3) 5 6 7 显示结果: 8 取出s1和s2的交集: {33, 22}
九、取出A和B之间的交集,并更新到A里:
1 s1 = {11,22,33} 2 s2 = {22,33,44} 3 4 s1.intersection_update(s2) 5 print("取出A和B之间的交集,并更新到A里:",s1) 6 7 输出结果: 8 取出A和B之间的交集,并更新到A里: {33, 22}
十、判断是否为包含于被包含的关系:
1 s1 = {11,22,33} 2 s2 = {22,33} 3 s3 = s1.issuperset(s2) 4 print("s1是s2的父序列:",s3) 5 6 s3 = s2.issubset(s1) 7 print("s2是s1的子序列:",s3) 8 9 10 输出结果: 11 s1是s2的父序列: True 12 s2是s1的子序列: True
十一、取出A和B的并集:
1 s1 = {11,22,33} 2 s2 = {22,33,44} 3 s3 = s1.union(s2) 4 print("显示A和B的并集:",s3) 5 6 显示结果: 7 显示A和B的并集: {33, 22, 11, 44}
十二、批量添加,批量更新(对可循环和可迭代的对象有效)
1 #批量添加,批量更新(对可循环和可迭代的对象有效) 2 s1 = {11,22,33} 3 s1.add(44) 4 s1.add(55) 5 s1.add(66) 6 print("往s1里添加记录",s1) 7 8 #eg:列表 9 li = [11,22,3,11,2] 10 s1.update(li) 11 print("将li列表中的元素加入到s1里:",s1) 12 13 #eg:元祖 14 tuples = (66,77,8,10,2) 15 s1.update(tuples) 16 print("将元祖加入到s1里:",s1) 17 18 #eg:字符串 19 st = "abiao" 20 s1.update(st) 21 print("将字符串加入到s1里:",s1) 22 23 24 显示结果: 25 往s1里添加记录 {33, 66, 11, 44, 22, 55} 26 将li列表中的元素加入到s1里: {33, 66, 3, 2, 11, 44, 22, 55} 27 将元祖加入到s1里: {33, 66, 3, 2, 8, 10, 11, 44, 77, 22, 55} 28 将字符串加入到s1里: {33, 66, 3, 2, ‘o‘, 8, ‘i‘, 10, 11, 44, 77, ‘a‘, ‘b‘, 22, 55}
集合的源代码:
1 class set(object): 2 """ 3 set() -> new empty set object 4 set(iterable) -> new set object 5 6 Build an unordered collection of unique elements. 7 """ 8 def add(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 9 """ 10 Add an element to a set,添加元素 11 12 This has no effect if the element is already present. 13 """ 14 pass 15 16 def clear(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 17 """ Remove all elements from this set. 清除内容""" 18 pass 19 20 def copy(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 21 """ Return a shallow copy of a set. 浅拷贝 """ 22 pass 23 24 def difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 25 """ 26 Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set. A中存在,B中不存在 27 28 (i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.) 29 """ 30 pass 31 32 def difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 33 """ Remove all elements of another set from this set. 从当前集合中删除和B中相同的元素""" 34 pass 35 36 def discard(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 37 """ 38 Remove an element from a set if it is a member. 39 40 If the element is not a member, do nothing. 移除指定元素,不存在不保错 41 """ 42 pass 43 44 def intersection(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 45 """ 46 Return the intersection of two sets as a new set. 交集 47 48 (i.e. all elements that are in both sets.) 49 """ 50 pass 51 52 def intersection_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 53 """ Update a set with the intersection of itself and another. 取交集并更更新到A中 """ 54 pass 55 56 def isdisjoint(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 57 """ Return True if two sets have a null intersection. 如果没有交集,返回True,否则返回False""" 58 pass 59 60 def issubset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 61 """ Report whether another set contains this set. 是否是子序列""" 62 pass 63 64 def issuperset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 65 """ Report whether this set contains another set. 是否是父序列""" 66 pass 67 68 def pop(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 69 """ 70 Remove and return an arbitrary set element. 71 Raises KeyError if the set is empty. 移除元素 72 """ 73 pass 74 75 def remove(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 76 """ 77 Remove an element from a set; it must be a member. 78 79 If the element is not a member, raise a KeyError. 移除指定元素,不存在保错 80 """ 81 pass 82 83 def symmetric_difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 84 """ 85 Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set. 对称差集 86 87 (i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.) 88 """ 89 pass 90 91 def symmetric_difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 92 """ Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another. 对称差集,并更新到a中 """ 93 pass 94 95 def union(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 96 """ 97 Return the union of sets as a new set. 并集 98 99 (i.e. all elements that are in either set.) 100 """ 101 pass 102 103 def update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 104 """ Update a set with the union of itself and others. 更新 """ 105 pass