Django-分页和中间件

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分页

Django的分页器(paginator)

view

from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse

# Create your views here.
from app01.models import *
from django.core.paginator import Paginator, EmptyPage, PageNotAnInteger

def index(request):

    \'\'\'
    批量导入数据:

    Booklist=[]
    for i in range(100):
        Booklist.append(Book(title="book"+str(i),price=30+i*i))
    Book.objects.bulk_create(Booklist)
    \'\'\'

    \'\'\'
分页器的使用:

    book_list=Book.objects.all()

    paginator = Paginator(book_list, 10)

    print("count:",paginator.count)           #数据总数
    print("num_pages",paginator.num_pages)    #总页数
    print("page_range",paginator.page_range)  #页码的列表



    page1=paginator.page(1) #第1页的page对象
    for i in page1:         #遍历第1页的所有数据对象
        print(i)

    print(page1.object_list) #第1页的所有数据


    page2=paginator.page(2)

    print(page2.has_next())            #是否有下一页
    print(page2.next_page_number())    #下一页的页码
    print(page2.has_previous())        #是否有上一页
    print(page2.previous_page_number()) #上一页的页码



    # 抛错
    #page=paginator.page(12)   # error:EmptyPage

    #page=paginator.page("z")   # error:PageNotAnInteger

    \'\'\'


    book_list=Book.objects.all()

    paginator = Paginator(book_list, 10)
    page = request.GET.get(\'page\',1)
    currentPage=int(page)


    try:
        print(page)
        book_list = paginator.page(page)
    except PageNotAnInteger:
        book_list = paginator.page(1)
    except EmptyPage:
        book_list = paginator.page(paginator.num_pages)


    return render(request,"index.html",{"book_list":book_list,"paginator":paginator,"currentPage":currentPage})

index.html:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.bootcss.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css" 
    integrity="sha384-BVYiiSIFeK1dGmJRAkycuHAHRg32OmUcww7on3RYdg4Va+PmSTsz/K68vbdEjh4u" crossorigin="anonymous">
</head>
<body>

<div class="container">

    <h4>分页器</h4>
    <ul>

        {% for book in book_list %}
             <li>{{ book.title }} -----{{ book.price }}</li>
        {% endfor %}

     </ul>


    <ul class="pagination" id="pager">

                 {% if book_list.has_previous %}
                    <li class="previous"><a href="/index/?page={{ book_list.previous_page_number }}">上一页</a></li>
                 {% else %}
                    <li class="previous disabled"><a href="#">上一页</a></li>
                 {% endif %}


                 {% for num in paginator.page_range %}

                     {% if num == currentPage %}
                       <li class="item active"><a href="/index/?page={{ num }}">{{ num }}</a></li>
                     {% else %}
                       <li class="item"><a href="/index/?page={{ num }}">{{ num }}</a></li>

                     {% endif %}
                 {% endfor %}



                 {% if book_list.has_next %}
                    <li class="next"><a href="/index/?page={{ book_list.next_page_number }}">下一页</a></li>
                 {% else %}
                    <li class="next disabled"><a href="#">下一页</a></li>
                 {% endif %}

            </ul>
</div>



</body>
</html>

扩展

def index(request):


    book_list=Book.objects.all()

    paginator = Paginator(book_list, 15)
    page = request.GET.get(\'page\',1)
    currentPage=int(page)

    #  如果页数十分多时,换另外一种显示方式
    if paginator.num_pages>30:

        if currentPage-5<1:
            pageRange=range(1,11)
        elif currentPage+5>paginator.num_pages:
            pageRange=range(currentPage-5,paginator.num_pages+1)

        else:
            pageRange=range(currentPage-5,currentPage+5)

    else:
        pageRange=paginator.page_range


    try:
        print(page)
        book_list = paginator.page(page)
    except PageNotAnInteger:
        book_list = paginator.page(1)
    except EmptyPage:
        book_list = paginator.page(paginator.num_pages)


    return render(request,"index.html",locals())

例子

views

def StudentList(request):
    # l=[]
    # for i in range(50):
    #     l.append(models.Student(sname="stu"+str(i),age=21,sex="male",email="stu@qq.com",phone="1478955",addr="北京",classes_id=2,headmaster_id=1))
    # models.Student.objects.bulk_create(l)

    studentlist=models.Student.objects.all()
    paginator=Paginator(studentlist,6)
    pageNums=paginator.num_pages
    num=request.GET.get("page",1)
    currentPage=int(num)
    if pageNums>9:
        if currentPage-5<1:
            page_range=range(1,10)
        elif currentPage+5>pageNums:
            page_range=range(currentPage-5,pageNums+1)
        else:
            page_range=range(currentPage-5,currentPage+5)
    else:
        page_range = paginator.page_range
    studentlist=paginator.page(num)
    return render(request,"StudentList.html",{"studentlist":studentlist,"page_range":page_range,"pageNums":pageNums,"currentPage":currentPage})

html

 <nav aria-label="Page navigation" id="paging">
        <ul class="pagination">
        <li><a href="/appStudent/StudentList/?page=1">首页</a></li>
            {% if studentlist.has_previous %}
                <li>
                    <a href="/appStudent/StudentList/?page={{ studentlist.previous_page_number }}" aria-label="Previous">
                        <span aria-hidden="true">&laquo;</span>
                    </a>
                </li>
            {% else %}
                <li class="disabled">
                    <a href="#" aria-label="Previous">
                        <span aria-hidden="true">&laquo;</span>
                    </a>
                </li>
            {% endif %}
            {% for page in page_range %}
                {% if currentPage == page %}
                    <li class="active"><a href="/appStudent/StudentList/?page={{ page }}">{{ page }}</a></li>
                {% else %}
                    <li><a href="/appStudent/StudentList/?page={{ page }}">{{ page }}</a></li>
                {% endif %}


            {% endfor %}
            {% if BookList.has_next %}
                <li>
                    <a href="/appStudent/StudentList/?page={{ studentlist.next_page_number }}" aria-label="Next">
                        <span aria-hidden="true">&raquo;</span>
                    </a>
                </li>
            {% else %}

                <li class="disabled">
                    <a href="#" aria-label="Next">
                        <span aria-hidden="true">&raquo;</span>
                    </a>
                </li>
            {% endif %}

        <li><a href="/appStudent/StudentList/?page={{ pageNums }}">尾页</a></li>
        <li> <span>共{{ pageNums }}页</span></li>
        </ul>
    </nav>

中间件

中间件的概念

中间件顾名思义,是介于request与response处理之间的一道处理过程,相对比较轻量级,并且在全局上改变django的输入与输出。因为改变的是全局,所以需要谨慎实用,用不好会影响到性能。

Django的中间件的定义:

Middleware is a framework of hooks into Django’s request/response processing. <br>It’s a light, low-level “plugin” system for globally altering Django’s input or output.

如果你想修改请求,例如被传送到view中的HttpRequest对象。 或者你想修改view返回的HttpResponse对象,这些都可以通过中间件来实现。

可能你还想在view执行之前做一些操作,这种情况就可以用 middleware来实现。

大家可能频繁在view使用request.user吧。 Django想在每个view执行之前把user设置为request的属性,于是就用了一个中间件来实现这个目标。所以Django提供了可以修改request 对象的中间件 AuthenticationMiddleware

Django默认的Middleware

MIDDLEWARE = [
    \'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware\',
    \'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware\',
    \'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware\',
    \'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware\',
    \'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware\',
    \'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware\',
    \'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware\',
]

每一个中间件都有具体的功能

自定义中间件

中间件中一共有四个方法:

process_request

process_view

process_exception

process_response

process_request,process_response

当用户发起请求的时候会依次经过所有的的中间件,这个时候的请求时process_request,最后到达views的函数中,views函数处理后,在依次穿过中间件,这个时候是process_response,最后返回给请求者。

上述截图中的中间件都是django中的,我们也可以自己定义一个中间件,我们可以自己写一个类,但是必须继承MiddlewareMixin

方法一:

需要导入

from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin

方法二(推荐):在自己定义的中间件中把MiddlewareMixin这个类粘过来

class MiddlewareMixin(object):
    def __init__(self, get_response=None):
        self.get_response = get_response
        super(MiddlewareMixin, self).__init__()

    def __call__(self, request):
        response = None
        if hasattr(self, \'process_request\'):
            response = self.process_request(request)
        if not response:
            response = self.get_response(request)
        if hasattr(self, \'process_response\'):
            response = self.process_response(request, response)
        return response


class RbacMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
     方法。。。。。。

 

in views:

def index(request):

    print("view函数...")
    return HttpResponse("OK")

in Mymiddlewares.py:

from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin
from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse

class Md1(MiddlewareMixin):

    def process_request(self,request):
        print("Md1请求")
 
    def process_response(self,request,response):
        print("Md1返回")
        return response

class Md2(MiddlewareMixin):

    def process_request(self,request):
        print("Md2请求")
        #return HttpResponse("Md2中断")
    def process_response(self,request,response):
        print("Md2返回")
        return response

结果:

Md1请求
Md2请求
view函数...
Md2返回
Md1返回
注意:如果当请求到达请求2的时候直接不符合条件返回,即return HttpResponse("Md2中断"),程序将把请求直接发给中间件2返回,然后依次返回到请求者,结果如下:

返回Md2中断的页面,后台打印如下:
Md1请求
Md2请求
Md2返回
Md1返回
 

流程图如下:

 

process_view

process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs)

 Mymiddlewares.py修改如下

from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin
from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse

class Md1(MiddlewareMixin):

    def process_request(self,request):
        print("Md1请求")
        #return HttpResponse("Md1中断")
    def process_response(self,request,response):
        print("Md1返回")
        return response

    def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs):
        print("Md1view")

class Md2(MiddlewareMixin):

    def process_request(self,request):
        print("Md2请求")
        return HttpResponse("Md2中断")
    def process_response(self,request,response):
        print("Md2返回")
        return response

    def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs):
        print("Md2view")

结果如下:

Md1请求
Md2请求
Md1view
Md2view
view函数...
Md2返回
Md1返回

下图进行分析上面的过程:

当最后一个中间的process_request到达路由关系映射之后,返回到中间件1的process_view,然后依次往下,到达views函数,最后通过process_response依次返回到达用户。

process_view可以用来调用视图函数:

class Md1(MiddlewareMixin):

    def process_request(self,request):
        print("Md1请求")
        #return HttpResponse("Md1中断")
    def process_response(self,request,response):
        print("Md1返回")
        return response

    def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs):

        # return HttpResponse("hello")

        response=callback(request,*callback_args,**callback_kwargs)
        return response

结果如下:

Md1请求
Md2请求
view函数...
Md2返回
Md1返回

注意:process_view如果有返回值,会越过其他的process_view以及视图函数,但是所有的process_response都还会执行。、

process_exception

1
process_exception(self, request, exception)

示例修改如下:

class Md1(MiddlewareMixin):

    def process_request(self,request):
        print("Md1请求")
        #return HttpResponse("Md1中断")
    def process_response(self,request,response):
        print("Md1返回")
        return response

    def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs):

        # return HttpResponse("hello")

        # response=callback(request,*callback_args,**callback_kwargs)
        # return response
        print("md1 process_view...")

    def process_exception(self):
        print("md1 process_exception...")



class Md2(MiddlewareMixin):

    def process_request(self,request):
        print("Md2请求")
        # return HttpResponse("Md2中断")
    def process_response(self,request,response):
        print("Md2返回")
        return response
    def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs):
        print("md2 process_view...")

    def process_exception(self):
        print("md1 process_exception...")

结果如下:

Md1请求
Md2请求
md1 process_view...
md2 process_view...
view函数...

Md2返回
Md1返回

流程图如下:

当views出现错误时:

 将md2的process_exception修改如下:

  def process_exception(self,request,exception):

        print("md2 process_exception...")
        return HttpResponse("error")

结果如下:

Md1请求
Md2请求
md1 process_view...
md2 process_view...
view函数...
md2 process_exception...
Md2返回
Md1返回

 总结:

- 中间件是什么?

Django 中的中间件时一个类 包括四个方法, process_view,process_exception,priocess_request,process_response,process_template_response()

- 返回值注意

Django中最需要   注意的是process_request(self,request)的返回值,如果request方法没有返回值则继续向下执行,如果有返回值的话则从同级 的response返回,不执行后面的 request方法后views中的方法


- 做过什么:
- 用户认证
- 日志记录
- csrf

-cors跨域

- session
- 权限管理***

-缓存

客户端请求来了,中间件去缓存看看有没有数据,有直接返回给用户,没有再去逻辑层 执行视图函数

好文链接:https://www.cnblogs.com/huchong/p/7819296.html

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