数据库表关系相关案例
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一、一对一(一条记录对应一条记录)
看了很多网上的案例,现在汇总如下:
一张表的一条记录只能与另一张表的一条记录相对应,反之,另一张表的一条记录只能对应这张表的一条记录;
将常用的和不常用的字段分离,如果每次查询都是查询所有的记录会影响效率(分表设计),当数据量很大时会影响查询效率,所以将大字段的不常用的字段分离,可以减轻数据库的压力;
简单设计如下:
总表:
CREATE TABLE person( id INT PRIMARY KEY, NAME VARCHAR(10), sex CHAR(1), wife INT, husband INT ); INSERT INTO person VALUES(1,\'小花\',\'0\', 0,3); INSERT INTO person VALUES(2,\'玉芬\',\'0\', 0,4); INSERT INTO person VALUES(3,\'张三\',\'1\', 1,0); INSERT INTO person VALUES(4,\'李四\',\'1\', 2,0); INSERT INTO person VALUES(5,\'王五\',\'0\', 0,0); INSERT INTO person VALUES(6,\'张五\',\'2\', 0,0);
可以分解为如下两个表:
CREATE TABLE wife( id INT PRIMARY KEY, NAME VARCHAR(10), sex CHAR(1) ); CREATE TABLE husband( id INT PRIMARY KEY, NAME VARCHAR(10), sex CHAR(1), wid INT UNIQUE, CONSTRAINT husband_fk FOREIGN KEY(wid) REFERENCES wife(id) );
数据表间一对一关系的表现有两种,一种是外键关联(上面是外键关联),一种是主键关联,这样就确保一对一的关系了,如下:
CREATE TABLE woman( id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT, NAME VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL, sex VARCHAR(6) NOT NULL ); --主键自增 INSERT INTO woman VALUES(0,\'小红\',\'女\'); INSERT INTO woman VALUES(0,\'小紫\',\'女\'); INSERT INTO woman VALUES(0,\'小橙\',\'女\'); INSERT INTO woman VALUES(0,\'小蓝\',\'女\'); CREATE TABLE man( id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT, NAME VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL, sex VARCHAR(6) NOT NULL, wife_id INT ); --主键自增 INSERT INTO man VALUES(0,\'张三\',\'男\',1); INSERT INTO man VALUES(0,\'张飞\',\'男\',2); INSERT INTO man VALUES(0,\'张鱼\',\'男\',3); INSERT INTO man VALUES(0,\'张放\',\'男\',4); SELECT w.name AS \'妻子\', m.name AS \'丈夫\' FROM woman w,man m WHERE w.id=m.wife_id
如果懒得建表可以建立两个视图(表的一个窗口)来处理
CREATE VIEW women AS SELECT * FROM person WHERE sex=\'0\'; CREATE VIEW men AS SELECT * FROM person WHERE sex=\'1\';
查询的话用(和查询表的命令语句一样):
SELECT women.name AS 妻子, men.name AS 丈夫 FROM women,men WHERE women.husband = men.id;
或
SELECT women.name AS 妻子, men.name AS 丈夫 FROM women INNER JOIN men ON women.husband = men.id;
二、一对多(一条记录对应多条记录):
部门与员工
CREATE TABLE dep( id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT, NAME VARCHAR(30) ); INSERT INTO dep VALUES (0,\'市场部\'); INSERT INTO dep VALUES (0,\'技术部\'); INSERT INTO dep VALUES (0,\'财务部\'); INSERT INTO dep VALUES (0,\'开发部\'); CREATE TABLE emp( id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT, NAME VARCHAR(50), did INT, FOREIGN KEY(did) REFERENCES dep(id) ); INSERT INTO emp VALUES(0,\'张三\',1); INSERT INTO emp VALUES(0,\'张飞\',1); INSERT INTO emp VALUES(0,\'张牛\',1); INSERT INTO emp VALUES(0,\'张鱼\',1); --一对多,一个部门对应多个员工 SELECT d.name AS \'部门\',e.name \'员工\' FROM dep d,emp e WHERE e.`did`=d.`id`;
三、多对多的关系(多条记录对应多条记录):
老师和学生表,一个老师教过很多学生,一个学生被很多老师教过,多对多成立;
CREATE TABLE teacher( t_id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT, NAME VARCHAR(50), sex VARCHAR(6) ); INSERT INTO teacher VALUES(0,\'李明\',\'男\'); INSERT INTO teacher VALUES(0,\'李黑\',\'男\'); INSERT INTO teacher VALUES(0,\'李白\',\'男\'); DROP TABLE student; CREATE TABLE student( s_id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT, NAME VARCHAR(50), sex VARCHAR(6) ); INSERT INTO student VALUES(0,\'杰克\',\'男\'); INSERT INTO student VALUES(0,\'红克\',\'男\'); INSERT INTO student VALUES(0,\'橙克\',\'男\'); INSERT INTO student VALUES(0,\'蓝克\',\'男\'); INSERT INTO student VALUES(0,\'绿克\',\'男\'); DROP TABLE teacher_student; CREATE TABLE teacher_student( id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT, tid INT, sid INT, FOREIGN KEY(tid) REFERENCES teacher(t_id), FOREIGN KEY(sid) REFERENCES student(s_id) );
INSERT INTO teacher_student VALUES(0,1,1); INSERT INTO teacher_student VALUES(0,1,2); INSERT INTO teacher_student VALUES(0,1,3); INSERT INTO teacher_student VALUES(0,1,4);
--查询tid为1的老师(李明)教过学生的姓名 SELECT s.`NAME` FROM student s JOIN (SELECT sid FROM teacher_student WHERE tid=1) ts ON s.s_id=ts.sid;
--查询教过学生(sid=1)的老师都有谁
SELECT t.name FROM teacher t LEFT JOIN (SELECT tid FROM teacher_student WHERE sid=1)ts ON t.`t_id`=ts.tid
INSERT INTO teacher_student VALUES(0,2,1); INSERT INTO teacher_student VALUES(0,3,1); DELETE FROM teacher_student WHERE id=5
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