COBBLER无人值守安装
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1. Cobbler介绍
Cobbler是一个Linux服务器安装的服务，可以通过网络启动(PXE)的方式来快速安装、重装物理服务器和虚拟机，同时还可以管理DHCP，DNS等。
Cobbler可以使用命令行方式管理，也提供了基于Web的界面管理工具(cobbler-web)，还提供了API接口，可以方便二次开发使用。
Cobbler是较早前的kickstart的升级版，优点是比较容易配置，还自带web界面比较易于管理。
Cobbler内置了一个轻量级配置管理系统，但它也支持和其它配置管理系统集成，如Puppet，暂时不支持SaltStack。
Cobbler官网
1.1 Cobbler集成的服务
PXE服务支持
DHCP服务管理
DNS服务管理(可选bind,dnsmasq)
电源管理
Kickstart服务支持
YUM仓库管理
TFTP(PXE启动时需要)
Apache(提供kickstart的安装源，并提供定制化的kickstart配置)
1.2 系统环境准备
[[email protected] ~]# sed -i ‘s/enforcing/disabled/g‘ /etc/selinux/config [[email protected]-node1 ~]# setenforce 0 [[email protected]-node1 ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release CentOS release 6.7 (Final) [[email protected]-node1 ~]# uname -r 2.6.32-573.el6.x86_64 [[email protected]-node1 ~]# getenforce Disabled [[email protected]-node1 ~]# /etc/init.d/iptables status iptables: Firewall is not running. [[email protected]-node1 ~]# ifconfig eth0|awk -F "[ :]+" ‘NR==2 {print $4}‘ 10.0.0.7 [[email protected]-node1 ~]# hostname linux-node1.example.com # 配置阿里云的epel源 [[email protected]-node1 ~]# wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/epel-6.repo [[email protected] ~]# wget http://vault.centos.org/6.6/updates/x86_64/Packages/PyYAML-3.10-3.1.el6.x86_64.rpm [[email protected] ~]# yum install PyYAML-3.10-3.1.el6.x86_64.rpm –y
2. Cobbler安装配置
2.1 安装Cobbler
[[email protected] ~]# yum -y install cobbler cobbler-web dhcp tftp-server pykickstart httpd [[email protected]-node1 ~]# rpm -ql cobbler # 查看安装的文件，下面列出部分。 /etc/cobbler # 配置文件目录 /etc/cobbler/settings # cobbler主配置文件，这个文件是YAML格式，Cobbler是python写的程序。 /etc/cobbler/dhcp.template # DHCP服务的配置模板 /etc/cobbler/tftpd.template # tftp服务的配置模板 /etc/cobbler/rsync.template # rsync服务的配置模板 /etc/cobbler/iso # iso模板配置文件目录 /etc/cobbler/pxe # pxe模板文件目录 /etc/cobbler/power # 电源的配置文件目录 /etc/cobbler/users.conf # Web服务授权配置文件 /etc/cobbler/users.digest # 用于web访问的用户名密码配置文件 /etc/cobbler/dnsmasq.template # DNS服务的配置模板 /etc/cobbler/modules.conf # Cobbler模块配置文件 /var/lib/cobbler # Cobbler数据目录 /var/lib/cobbler/config # 配置文件 /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts # 默认存放kickstart文件 /var/lib/cobbler/loaders # 存放的各种引导程序 /var/www/cobbler # 系统安装镜像目录 /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror # 导入的系统镜像列表 /var/www/cobbler/images # 导入的系统镜像启动文件 /var/www/cobbler/repo_mirror # yum源存储目录 /var/log/cobbler # 日志目录 /var/log/cobbler/install.log # 客户端系统安装日志 /var/log/cobbler/cobbler.log # cobbler日志
2.2 配置Cobbler
[[email protected] ~]# /etc/init.d/httpd restart 停止 httpd： [失败] 正在启动 httpd： [确定] [[email protected]-node1 ~]# /etc/init.d/cobblerd start Starting cobbler daemon: [确定] [[email protected]-node1 ~]# cobbler check # 检查Cobbler的配置，如果看不到下面的结果，再次执行/etc/init.d/cobblerd restart The following are potential configuration items that you may want to fix: 1 : The ‘server‘ field in /etc/cobbler/settings must be set to something other than localhost, or kickstarting features will not work. This should be a resolvable hostname or IP for the boot server as reachable by all machines that will use it. 2 : For PXE to be functional, the ‘next_server‘ field in /etc/cobbler/settings must be set to something other than 127.0.0.1, and should match the IP of the boot server on the PXE network. 3 : some network boot-loaders are missing from /var/lib/cobbler/loaders, you may run ‘cobbler get-loaders‘ to download them, or, if you only want to handle x86/x86_64 netbooting, you may ensure that you have installed a *recent* version of the syslinux package installed and can ignore this message entirely. Files in this directory, should you want to support all architectures, should include pxelinux.0, menu.c32, elilo.efi, and yaboot. The ‘cobbler get-loaders‘ command is the easiest way to resolve these requirements. 4 : change ‘disable‘ to ‘no‘ in /etc/xinetd.d/rsync 5 : debmirror package is not installed, it will be required to manage debian deployments and repositories 6 : The default password used by the sample templates for newly installed machines (default_password_crypted in /etc/cobbler/settings) is still set to ‘cobbler‘ and should be changed, try: "openssl passwd -1 -salt ‘random-phrase-here‘ ‘your-password-here‘" to generate new one 7 : fencing tools were not found, and are required to use the (optional) power management features. install cman or fence-agents to use them Restart cobblerd and then run ‘cobbler sync‘ to apply changes. # 看着上面的结果，一个一个解决。 # 第1、2、6个问题，顺便修改其他功能 [[email protected]-node1 ~]# cp /etc/cobbler/settings{,.ori} # 备份 # server，Cobbler服务器的IP。 sed -i ‘s/server: 127.0.0.1/server: 10.0.0.7/‘ /etc/cobbler/settings # next_server，如果用Cobbler管理DHCP，修改本项，作用不解释，看kickstart。 sed -i ‘s/next_server: 127.0.0.1/next_server: 10.0.0.7/‘ /etc/cobbler/settings # 用Cobbler管理DHCP sed -i ‘s/manage_dhcp: 0/manage_dhcp: 1/‘ /etc/cobbler/settings # 防止循环装系统，适用于服务器第一启动项是PXE启动。 sed -i ‘s/pxe_just_once: 0/pxe_just_once: 1/‘ /etc/cobbler/settings # 设置新装系统的默认root密码123456。下面的命令来源于提示6。random-phrase-here为干扰码，可以自行设定。 [[email protected]-node1 ~]# openssl passwd -1 -salt ‘oldboy‘ ‘123456‘ $1$oldboy$Npg9Pt9k98Mlg0ZeqHAuN1 [[email protected]-node1 ~]# vim /etc/cobbler/settings default_password_crypted: "$1$oldboy$Npg9Pt9k98Mlg0ZeqHAuN1" # 第3个问题 [[email protected]-node1 ~]# cobbler get-loaders # 会自动从官网下载 [[email protected]-node1 ~]# cd /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/ # 下载的内容 [[email protected]-node1 loaders]# ls COPYING.elilo COPYING.yaboot grub-x86_64.efi menu.c32 README COPYING.syslinux elilo-ia64.efi grub-x86.efi pxelinux.0 yaboot # 第4个问题 [[email protected]-node1 ~]# vim /etc/xinetd.d/rsync disable = no [[email protected]-node1 ~]# /etc/init.d/xinetd restart 停止 xinetd： [确定] 正在启动 xinetd： [确定] [[email protected]-node1 ~]# /etc/init.d/cobblerd restart Stopping cobbler daemon: [确定] Starting cobbler daemon: [确定] [[email protected]-node1 ~]# cobbler check The following are potential configuration items that you may want to fix: 1 : debmirror package is not installed, it will be required to manage debian deployments and repositories # 和debian系统相关，不需要 2 : fencing tools were not found, and are required to use the (optional) power management features. install cman or fence-agents to use them # fence设备相关，不需要 Restart cobblerd and then run ‘cobbler sync‘ to apply changes.
2.3 配置DHCP
# 修改cobbler的dhcp模版，不要直接修改dhcp本身的配置文件，因为cobbler会覆盖。[[email protected] ~]# vim /etc/cobbler/dhcp.template # 仅列出修改过的字段 …… subnet 10.0.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { option routers 10.0.0.2; option domain-name-servers 10.0.0.2; option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0; range dynamic-bootp 10.0.0.100 10.0.0.200; ……
2.4 同步cobbler配置
# 同步最新cobbler配置，它会根据配置自动修改dhcp等服务。[[email protected] ~]# cobbler sync # 同步所有配置，可以仔细看一下sync做了什么。 task started: 2015-12-03_204822_sync task started (id=Sync, time=Thu Dec 3 20:48:22 2015) running pre-sync triggers cleaning trees removing: /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default removing: /var/lib/tftpboot/grub/images copying bootloaders trying hardlink /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/pxelinux.0 -> /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.0 copying: /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/pxelinux.0 -> /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.0 trying hardlink /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/menu.c32 -> /var/lib/tftpboot/menu.c32 trying hardlink /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/yaboot -> /var/lib/tftpboot/yaboot trying hardlink /usr/share/syslinux/memdisk -> /var/lib/tftpboot/memdisk trying hardlink /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/grub-x86.efi -> /var/lib/tftpboot/grub/grub-x86.efi trying hardlink /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/grub-x86_64.efi -> /var/lib/tftpboot/grub/grub-x86_64.efi copying distros to tftpboot copying images generating PXE configuration files generating PXE menu structure rendering DHCP files generating /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf rendering TFTPD files generating /etc/xinetd.d/tftp cleaning link caches running post-sync triggers running python triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/sync/post/* running python trigger cobbler.modules.sync_post_restart_services running: dhcpd -t -q received on stdout: received on stderr: running: service dhcpd restart received on stdout: 关闭 dhcpd：[确定] 正在启动 dhcpd：[确定] received on stderr: running shell triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/sync/post/* running python triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/change/* running python trigger cobbler.modules.scm_track running shell triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/change/* *** TASK COMPLETE *** # 再看一下dhcp的配置文件。 [[email protected] ~]# less /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf # ****************************************************************** # Cobbler managed dhcpd.conf file # generated from cobbler dhcp.conf template (Thu Dec 3 12:48:23 2015) # Do NOT make changes to /etc/dhcpd.conf. Instead, make your changes # in /etc/cobbler/dhcp.template, as /etc/dhcpd.conf will be # overwritten. # ****************************************************************** ddns-update-style interim; …………
2.5 开机启动
# 启动相关服务并设置开机启动(可选) 与第二种方法二选一# chmod +x /etc/init.d/cobbler # chkconfig cobbler onchkconfig httpd on chkconfig xinetd on chkconfig cobblerd on chkconfig dhcpd on /etc/init.d/httpd restart /etc/init.d/xinetd restart /etc/init.d/cobblerd restart /etc/init.d/dhcpd restart # 编写Cobbler相关服务启动脚本(可选) cat >>/etc/init.d/cobbler<<EOF #!/bin/bash # chkconfig: 345 80 90 # description:cobbler case \$1 in start) /etc/init.d/httpd start /etc/init.d/xinetd start /etc/init.d/dhcpd start /etc/init.d/cobblerd start ;; stop) /etc/init.d/httpd stop /etc/init.d/xinetd stop /etc/init.d/dhcpd stop /etc/init.d/cobblerd stop ;; restart) /etc/init.d/httpd restart /etc/init.d/xinetd restart /etc/init.d/dhcpd restart /etc/init.d/cobblerd restart ;; status) /etc/init.d/httpd status /etc/init.d/xinetd status /etc/init.d/dhcpd status /etc/init.d/cobblerd status ;; sync) cobbler sync ;; *) echo "Input error,please in put ‘start|stop|restart|status|sync‘!" exit 2 ;; esac EOF
3. Cobbler的命令行管理
3.1 查看命令帮助
[[email protected] ~]# cobbler usage ===== cobbler <distro|profile|system|repo|image|mgmtclass|package|file> ... [add|edit|copy|getks*|list|remove|rename|report] [options|--help] cobbler <aclsetup|buildiso|import|list|replicate|report|reposync|sync|validateks|version|signature|get-loaders|hardlink> [options|--help] [[email protected]-node1 ~]# cobbler import --help # 导入镜像 Usage: cobbler [options] Options: -h, --help show this help message and exit --arch=ARCH OS architecture being imported --breed=BREED the breed being imported --os-version=OS_VERSION the version being imported --path=PATH local path or rsync location --name=NAME name, ex ‘RHEL-5‘ --available-as=AVAILABLE_AS tree is here, don‘t mirror --kickstart=KICKSTART_FILE assign this kickstart file --rsync-flags=RSYNC_FLAGS pass additional flags to rsync cobbler check 核对当前设置是否有问题 cobbler list 列出所有的cobbler元素 cobbler report 列出元素的详细信息 cobbler sync 同步配置到数据目录,更改配置最好都要执行下 cobbler reposync 同步yum仓库 cobbler distro 查看导入的发行版系统信息 cobbler system 查看添加的系统信息 cobbler profile 查看配置信息
3.2 导入镜像
[[email protected] ~]# mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/ # 挂载CentOS6的系统镜像。 # 导入系统镜像 [[email protected]-node1 ~]# cobbler import --path=/mnt/ --name=CentOS-6.6-x86_64 --arch=x86_64 # --path 镜像路径 # --name 为安装源定义一个名字 # --arch 指定安装源是32位、64位、ia64, 目前支持的选项有: x86│x86_64│ia64 # 安装源的唯一标示就是根据name参数来定义，本例导入成功后，安装源的唯一标示就是：CentOS-6.6-x86_64，如果重复，系统会提示导入失败。 [[email protected]-node1 ~]# cobbler distro list # 查看镜像列表 CentOS-6.6-x86_64 # 镜像存放目录，cobbler会将镜像中的所有安装文件拷贝到本地一份，放在/var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror下的CentOS-6.6-x86_64目录下。因此/var/www/cobbler目录必须具有足够容纳安装文件的空间。 [[email protected]-node1 ~]# cd /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/ [[email protected]-node1 ks_mirror]# ls CentOS-6.6-x86_64 config [[email protected]-node1 ks_mirror]# ls CentOS-6.6-x86_64/ CentOS_BuildTag GPL LiveOS RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7 EFI images Packages RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Testing-7 EULA isolinux repodata TRANS.TBL
3.3 指定ks.cfg文件及调整内核参数
# Cobbler的ks.cfg文件存放位置[[email protected] ks_mirror]# cd /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/ [[email protected]-node1 kickstarts]# ls # 自带很多 default.ks install_profiles sample_autoyast.xml sample_esxi4.ks sample_old.seed esxi4-ks.cfg legacy.ks sample_end.ks（默认使用的ks文件） sample_esxi5.ks sample.seed esxi5-ks.cfg pxerescue.ks sample_esx4.ks sample.ks [[email protected]-node1 kickstarts]# rz # 上传准备好的ks文件 rz waiting to receive. Starting zmodem transfer. Press Ctrl+C to cancel. Transferring Cobbler-CentOS-6.6-x86_64.cfg... 100% 1 KB 1 KB/sec 00:00:01 0 Errors [[email protected]-node1 kickstarts]# mv Cobbler-CentOS-6.6-x86_64.cfg CentOS-6.6-x86_64.cfg # 在第一次导入系统镜像后，Cobbler会给镜像指定一个默认的kickstart自动安装文件在/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts下的sample_end.ks。 [[email protected]-node1 ~]# cobbler list distros: CentOS-6.6-x86_64 profiles: CentOS-6.6-x86_64 systems: repos: images: mgmtclasses: packages: files: # 查看安装镜像文件信息 [[email protected]-node1 ~]# cobbler distro report --name=CentOS-6.6-x86_64 Name : CentOS-6.6-x86_64 Architecture : x86_64 TFTP Boot Files : {} Breed : redhat Comment : Fetchable Files : {} Initrd : /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-6.6-x86_64/images/pxeboot/initrd.img Kernel : /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-6.6-x86_64/images/pxeboot/vmlinuz Kernel Options : {} Kernel Options (Post Install) : {} Kickstart Metadata : {‘tree‘: ‘http://@@[email protected]@/cblr/links/CentOS-6.6-x86_64‘} Management Classes : [] OS Version : rhel7 Owners : [‘admin‘] Red Hat Management Key : <<inherit>> Red Hat Management Server : <<inherit>> Template Files : {} # 查看所有的profile设置 [[email protected]-node1 ~]# cobbler profile report # 查看指定的profile设置 [[email protected]-node1 ~]# cobbler profile report --name=CentOS-6.6-x86_64 Name : CentOS-6.6-x86_64 TFTP Boot Files : {} Comment : DHCP Tag : default Distribution : CentOS-6.6-x86_64 Enable gPXE? : 0 Enable PXE Menu? : 1 Fetchable Files : {} Kernel Options : {} Kernel Options (Post Install) : {} Kickstart : /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/sample_end.ks -->默认ks文件 Kickstart Metadata : {} Management Classes : [] Management Parameters : <<inherit>> Name Servers : [] Name Servers Search Path : [] Owners : [‘admin‘] Parent Profile : Internal proxy : Red Hat Management Key : <<inherit>> Red Hat Management Server : <<inherit>> Repos : [] Server Override : <<inherit>> Template Files : {} Virt Auto Boot : 1 Virt Bridge : xenbr0 Virt CPUs : 1 Virt Disk Driver Type : raw Virt File Size(GB) : 5 Virt Path : Virt RAM (MB) : 512 Virt Type : kvm # 编辑profile，修改关联的ks文件 [[email protected]-node1 ~]# cobbler profile edit --name=CentOS-6.6-x86_64 --kickstart=/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS-6.6-x86_64.cfg # 修改安装系统的内核参数，在CentOS7系统有一个地方变了，就是网卡名变成eno16777736这种形式，但是为了运维标准化，我们需要将它变成我们常用的eth0，因此使用下面的参数。但要注意是CentOS7才需要下面的步骤，CentOS6不需要。 [[email protected]-node1 ~]# cobbler profile edit --name=CentOS-6.6-x86_64 --kopts=‘net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0‘ [[email protected]-node1 ~]# cobbler profile report CentOS-6.6-x86_64 Name : CentOS-6.6-x86_64 TFTP Boot Files : {} Comment : DHCP Tag : default Distribution : CentOS-6.6-x86_64 Enable gPXE? : 0 Enable PXE Menu? : 1 Fetchable Files : {} Kernel Options : {‘biosdevname‘: ‘0‘, ‘net.ifnames‘: ‘0‘} Kernel Options (Post Install) : {} Kickstart : /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS-6.6-x86_64.cfg Kickstart Metadata : {} Management Classes : [] Management Parameters : <<inherit>> Name Servers : [] Name Servers Search Path : [] Owners : [‘admin‘] Parent Profile : Internal proxy : Red Hat Management Key : <<inherit>> Red Hat Management Server : <<inherit>> Repos : [] Server Override : <<inherit>> Template Files : {} Virt Auto Boot : 1 Virt Bridge : xenbr0 Virt CPUs : 1 Virt Disk Driver Type : raw Virt File Size(GB) : 5 Virt Path : Virt RAM (MB) : 512 Virt Type : kvm # 每次修改完都要同步一次 [[email protected]-node1 ~]# cobbler sync
3.4 安装系统
4. ks.cfg文件简析
install url --url=$tree # 这些$开头的变量都是调用配置文件里的值。 text lang en_US.UTF-8 keyboard us zerombr bootloader --location=mbr --driveorder=sda --append="crashkernel=auto rhgb quiet" # Network information ##$SNIPPET变量默认是cobbler主机/var/lib/cobbler/snippets,参数即为目录下对应的文件. $SNIPPET(‘network_config‘) timezone --utc Asia/Shanghai authconfig --enableshadow --passalgo=sha512 rootpw --iscrypted $default_password_crypted clearpart --all --initlabel part /boot --fstype ext4 --size 1024 # CentOS7系统磁盘默认格式xfs part swap --size 1024 part / --fstype ext4 --size 1 --grow firstboot --disable selinux --disabled firewall --disabled logging --level=info reboot %pre $SNIPPET(‘log_ks_pre‘) $SNIPPET(‘kickstart_start‘) $SNIPPET(‘pre_install_network_config‘) # Enable installation monitoring $SNIPPET(‘pre_anamon‘) %end %packages @base @compat-libraries @debugging @development tree nmap sysstat lrzsz dos2unix telnet iptraf ncurses-devel openssl-devel zlib-devel OpenIPMI-tools screen %end %post %end
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