三大家族轻松管理CentOS 7网络属性配置
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一、简单介绍
在CentOS 7中对网络管理还是有不少变化的，例如管理服务的命令变为systemctl，许多命令可以更改后直接生效，还有许多独有的工具，本文以CentOS 6与CentOS 7对比进行讲解，下面现总体介绍一下网络属性配置工具。
ifcfg家族
ifcofnig：配置IP，NETMASK
route：路由
netstat：状态及统计数据查看
iproute家族
ip OBJECT：
addr： 地址和掩码
link：接口
route：路由
ss：状态及统计数据查看
CentOS 7：nm（Network Manager）家族
nmcli：命令行工具
nmtui：text window工具
二、ifcfg家族配置管理
1、ifconfig命令：配置网络接口（configure a network interface）
查看网络配置：ifconfig [-a] [interface]
-a：查看当前系统上所有网络接口的状态及详细信息，包括inactive状态的接口
# ifconfig eno16777736: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 inet 172.18.250.108 netmask 255.255.0.0 broadcast 172.18.255.255 inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fedd:c19c prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link> ether 00:0c:29:dd:c1:9c txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet) RX packets 267796 bytes 27852817 (26.5 MiB) RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 4268 bytes 556507 (543.4 KiB) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0 lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536 inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0 inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host> loop txqueuelen 0 (Local Loopback) RX packets 56 bytes 4760 (4.6 KiB) RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 56 bytes 4760 (4.6 KiB) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
CentOS 7：ifconfig命令显示参数详解
eno1677736:网卡名称
inet：ip地址
netmask：子网掩码
broadcast：广播地址
UP：网卡表示激活状态
BROADCAST：支持广播功能
MULTICAST：支持组播功能
RUNNING：处于运行状态
mtu：网卡的最大传输单元
inet6：表示IPV6地址
ether：以太网地址，表示mac地址
txqueuelen：传输队列长度
RX packets 267796 bytes 27852817 (26.5 MiB)：接收到报文的数量，后面表示接 收到所有报文的大小
RX errors：接收到错误报文的个数
dropped：丢包的数量
overruns：溢出的
TX packets 4268 bytes 556507 (543.4 KiB)：传出到报文的数量，后面表示传出所 有报文的大小
TX errors：传出报文的错误数量
dropped：发送出去丢包数量
此处为CentOS 6上使用ifconfig的显示（注意：不标明的都默认指CentOS7，当与CentOS不同时会标注）
# ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:69:45:7B inet addr:172.18.251.87 Bcast:172.18.255.255 Mask:255.255.0.0 inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe69:457b/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:303612 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:2296 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:31934172 (30.4 MiB) TX bytes:261862 (255.7 KiB) eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:69:45:85 inet addr:192.168.200.3 Bcast:192.168.200.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe69:4585/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:292609 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:202 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:30767674 (29.3 MiB) TX bytes:26126 (25.5 KiB) lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:65536 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)
CentOS 6：ifconfig命令显示参数详解
eth0:网卡名称
Link encap：接口类型
inet addr：ip地址
Bcast：广播地址
Mask：子网掩码
inet6 addr：IPV6地址
UP：网卡表示激活状态
BROADCAST：支持广播功能
MULTICAST：支持组播功能
RUNNING：处于运行状态
mtu：网卡的最大传输单元
ether：以太网地址，表示mac地址
txqueuelen：传输队列长度
RX packets 接收到报文的数量
errors：接收到错误报文的个数
dropped：丢包的数量
overruns：溢出的
TX packets 传出到报文的数量
errors：传出报文的错误数量
dropped：丢包的数量
overruns：溢出的
RX bytes: 接收到报文的总大小
TX bytes: 传输报文的总大小
# ifconfig -a eno16777736: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 inet 172.18.250.108 netmask 255.255.0.0 broadcast 172.18.255.255 inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fedd:c19c prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link> ether 00:0c:29:dd:c1:9c txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet) RX packets 267877 bytes 27861934 (26.5 MiB) RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 4283 bytes 559025 (545.9 KiB) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0 eno33554984: flags=4098<BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 ether 00:0c:29:dd:c1:a6 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet) RX packets 257603 bytes 26825123 (25.5 MiB) RX errors 0 dropped 269 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 38 bytes 3900 (3.8 KiB) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0 lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536 inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0 inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host> loop txqueuelen 0 (Local Loopback) RX packets 56 bytes 4760 (4.6 KiB) RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 56 bytes 4760 (4.6 KiB) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
可以指定接口名称，进行单独查看
# ifconfig eno33554984 eno33554984: flags=4098<BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 ether 00:0c:29:dd:c1:a6 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet) RX packets 257603 bytes 26825123 (25.5 MiB) RX errors 0 dropped 269 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 38 bytes 3900 (3.8 KiB) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
修改网络配置：ifconfig [-v] interface [aftype] options | address ...
方式一：
# ifconfig eno33554984 192.168.200.5/24 up # ifconfig eno33554984 eno33554984: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 inet 192.168.200.5 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.200.255 ether 00:0c:29:dd:c1:a6 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet) RX packets 259004 bytes 26985088 (25.7 MiB) RX errors 0 dropped 271 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 40 bytes 4020 (3.9 KiB) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
# 注意此配置仅限临时生效，重启网络服务或者重启系统，内核会重读配置文件，将配置文件中的参数在执行一遍.
方式二：
# ifconfig eno33554984 192.168.100.5 netmask 255.255.255.0 up # ifconfig eno33554984 eno33554984: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 inet 192.168.100.5 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.100.255 ether 00:0c:29:dd:c1:a6 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet) RX packets 260398 bytes 27138591 (25.8 MiB) RX errors 0 dropped 273 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 40 bytes 4020 (3.9 KiB) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
2、route命令：查看及管理路由（route - show / manipulate the IP routing table）
命令格式：route add [-net|-host] target [netmask Nm] [gw GW] [[dev] If]
-net：表示添加网络路由
-host：表示添加主机路由
gw：为默认网关
查看：
route -n
# route -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 0.0.0.0 172.18.0.1 0.0.0.0 UG 100 0 0 eno16777736 172.18.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 100 0 0 eno16777736 192.168.100.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eno33554984
添加路由：
# route add -net 10.0.0.0/8 gw 192.168.100.5 dev eno33554984 # route -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 0.0.0.0 172.18.0.1 0.0.0.0 UG 100 0 0 eno16777736 10.0.0.0 192.168.100.5 255.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eno33554984 172.18.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 100 0 0 eno16777736 192.168.100.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eno33554984
删除路由：
# route -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 0.0.0.0 172.18.0.1 0.0.0.0 UG 100 0 0 eno16777736 10.0.0.0 192.168.100.5 255.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eno33554984 172.18.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 100 0 0 eno16777736 192.168.100.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eno33554984 # route del -net 10.0.0.0/8 # route -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 0.0.0.0 172.18.0.1 0.0.0.0 UG 100 0 0 eno16777736 172.18.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 100 0 0 eno16777736 192.168.100.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eno33554984
3、netstat命令：打印网络连接，路由表，接口等信息（Print network connections, routing tables, interface statis﹖ics, masquerade connections, and multicast memberships）
显示网络连接：
netstat [--tcp|-t] [--udp|-u] [--udplite|-U] [--sctp|-S] [--raw|-w] [--listening|-l] [--all|-a] [--numeric|-n] [--extend|-e[--extend|-e]] [--program|-p]
-t：TCP协议的相关连接，连接均有其状态
-u：UDP协议相关的连接
-w：raw socket相关的；连接
-l：处于监听状态的连接
-a：所有状态
-n：以数字格式显示IP和Port
-e：扩展格式
-p：显示相关的进程及PID
# 常用组合：
-tan，-una，-tnl，-unl，-tunlp，-antup
# netstat -tan Active Internet connections (servers and established) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:631 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:25 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:6010 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:6011 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN tcp 0 52 172.18.250.108:22 172.18.4.1:49701 ESTABLISHED tcp 0 0 172.18.250.108:22 172.18.4.1:49924 ESTABLISHED tcp6 0 0 :::22 :::* LISTEN tcp6 0 0 ::1:631 :::* LISTEN tcp6 0 0 ::1:25 :::* LISTEN tcp6 0 0 ::1:6010 :::* LISTEN tcp6 0 0 ::1:6011 :::* LISTEN # netstat -uan Active Internet connections (servers and established) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:10042 0.0.0.0:* udp 0 0 127.0.0.1:323 0.0.0.0:* udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:68 0.0.0.0:* udp6 0 0 ::1:323 :::* udp6 0 0 :::50626 :::* # netstat -tunlp Active Internet connections (only servers) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1054/sshd tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:631 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1052/cupsd tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:25 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1143/master tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:6010 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1190/sshd: [email protected] tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:6011 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 5116/sshd: roo[email protected] tcp6 0 0 :::22 :::* LISTEN 1054/sshd tcp6 0 0 ::1:631 :::* LISTEN 1052/cupsd tcp6 0 0 ::1:25 :::* LISTEN 1143/master tcp6 0 0 ::1:6010 :::* LISTEN 1190/sshd: [email protected] tcp6 0 0 ::1:6011 :::* LISTEN 5116/sshd: [email protected] udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:10042 0.0.0.0:* 4399/dhclient udp 0 0 127.0.0.1:323 0.0.0.0:* 752/chronyd udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:68 0.0.0.0:* 4399/dhclient udp6 0 0 ::1:323 :::* 752/chronyd udp6 0 0 :::50626 :::* 4399/dhclient # netstat -antup Active Internet connections (servers and established) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1054/sshd tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:631 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1052/cupsd tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:25 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1143/master tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:6010 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1190/sshd: [email protected] tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:6011 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 5116/sshd: [email protected] tcp 0 52 172.18.250.108:22 172.18.4.1:49701 ESTABLISHED 1190/sshd: [email protected] tcp 0 0 172.18.250.108:22 172.18.4.1:49924 ESTABLISHED 5116/sshd: [email protected] tcp6 0 0 :::22 :::* LISTEN 1054/sshd tcp6 0 0 ::1:631 :::* LISTEN 1052/cupsd tcp6 0 0 ::1:25 :::* LISTEN 1143/master tcp6 0 0 ::1:6010 :::* LISTEN 1190/sshd: [email protected] tcp6 0 0 ::1:6011 :::* LISTEN 5116/sshd: [email protected] udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:10042 0.0.0.0:* 4399/dhclient udp 0 0 127.0.0.1:323 0.0.0.0:* 752/chronyd udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:68 0.0.0.0:* 4399/dhclient udp6 0 0 ::1:323 :::* 752/chronyd udp6 0 0 :::50626 :::* 4399/dhclient
显示路由表：netstat -rn
-r：显示内核路由表
-n：数字格式显示
# netstat -rn Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface 0.0.0.0 172.18.0.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eno16777736 10.0.0.0 192.168.100.5 255.0.0.0 UG 0 0 &nbs以上是关于三大家族轻松管理CentOS 7网络属性配置的主要内容，如果未能解决你的问题，请参考以下文章