常微分方程1:与方程联系的相流
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1.1 向量场
![技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/4e703feafef349e488fe44e8cf4ac8fc.jpg)
![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program. 技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/b6884c8d48b94b428791cc0edc8585e9.jpg)
![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program. 技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/c77680f2660b42cf81d3fe36edd5ad87.jpg)
![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program. 技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/b6884c8d48b94b428791cc0edc8585e9.jpg)
![技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/4b837fdc8cdf49f48cfc5914293d7701.jpg)
1.2 常微分方程
![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program. 技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/b6884c8d48b94b428791cc0edc8585e9.jpg)
![技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/6ffa6de1288140628a276358cca5890e.jpg)
![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program. 技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/4b10083e5ad94115b1e0fa24ac8c8dc7.jpg)
的方程,其中
是定义在![技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/156066c6f0bc489aac1167d0e2c4922f.jpg)
![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program. 技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/ec070255dab54fa3bc3417d17f1c82d0.jpg)
![技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/156066c6f0bc489aac1167d0e2c4922f.jpg)
上的向量场.若有
是定义在
中某个开集
上的向量值函数使上述方程成立,则称
是该方程在
上的解。
![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program. 技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/03194c7d4f914920a4353b5a02b78d24.jpg)
![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program. 技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/fbaf1e491d23462caa3c53bcd3972010.jpg)
![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program. 技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/dc4e6bded8834476bc1deffb086e14ce.jpg)
![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program. 技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/03194c7d4f914920a4353b5a02b78d24.jpg)
![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program. 技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/dc4e6bded8834476bc1deffb086e14ce.jpg)
1.3 右端自治情况下的意义
若
与
无关,则方程
的意思是:
![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program. 技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/ec070255dab54fa3bc3417d17f1c82d0.jpg=V(x))
![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program. 技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/0121f2d349064df89a7ab5fefa3ba0b7.jpg)
![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program. 技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/4b10083e5ad94115b1e0fa24ac8c8dc7.jpg)
是否存在这样的曲线
,使它在每一点处的切向量正好是给定的向量场在这一点处的取值?
![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program. 技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/03194c7d4f914920a4353b5a02b78d24.jpg)
从运动学角度来看,如果左端和右端都是一维的情形,方程的意思是,是否存在
上的这样一种运动,使得在每一点的运动速度是给定的数值?
![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program. 技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/b6884c8d48b94b428791cc0edc8585e9.jpg)
右端与t无关的情形,称方程是一个自治系统,否则是非自治的。
1.4 微分方程的基本问题
一般来说,方程需要一个定解条件,更具体一点,是形如:
![技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/a369fd76145242ff9bb67c24ae710bd7.jpg)
![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program. 技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/16c935c83c5748bfa098fd2d83e44404.jpg)
的限制条件。它指的是曲线或者运动在某一刻的位置,常常取![技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/1f5bc9f09266421196577c325b8edde5.jpg)
=0,表示初始时刻的运动状态。
![技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/1f5bc9f09266421196577c325b8edde5.jpg)
显然我们会碰到这样的问题:
1.方程是否存在满足
和
在![技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/1f5bc9f09266421196577c325b8edde5.jpg)
附近的一个解?
![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program. 技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/4b10083e5ad94115b1e0fa24ac8c8dc7.jpg)
![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program. 技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/16c935c83c5748bfa098fd2d83e44404.jpg)
![技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/1f5bc9f09266421196577c325b8edde5.jpg)
2.这个解是否在其存在区间上是唯一的?
3.这个解能在多大的范围内存在?
我们可以先看两个例子:
1.![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program. 技术分享]()
![技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/19440d3794ae48b3ac60090e6200a021.jpg)
显然,![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program. 技术分享]()
是方程的解,并且它在整个区间上存在。它实际上是唯一的解(初等积分法可以求出)
![技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/6f673c746b51457994164f7f507706c5.jpg)
2.![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program. 技术分享]()
![技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/11caf8a07293443d9b9126501d704353.jpg)
方程在
附近存在唯一解
![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program. 技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/0121f2d349064df89a7ab5fefa3ba0b7.jpg=0)
![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program. 技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/03194c7d4f914920a4353b5a02b78d24.jpg=-1/(t-1))
注意到解不能延拓到1的右侧,所以该方程的解的存在区间是有限的。
1.5 微分同胚
双射:
和![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program. 技术分享]()
都是
光滑映射。
![技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/239253e142c842febb2b3585bd1c8bd1.jpg)
是微分同胚,如果
![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program. 技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/b82036bbd5d743f8a6566651edc15f3f.jpg)
![技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/a0696563197f439fb1cb7f8e8f0bd14a.jpg)
微分同胚的存在性必然表明
.或者说,维数是微分同胚意义下的不变量.
![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program. 技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/d993c58925954f91b7813f0ca03f8975.jpg)
1.6 相流
相流
是
上的一族自微分同胚
,满足以下两个条件:
![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program. 技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/b6884c8d48b94b428791cc0edc8585e9.jpg)
![技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/13ff8fed8cb84757aeadba1fb274737b.jpg)
1.![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program. 技术分享]()
是自微分同胚族,![技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/32f8fe9b6e9f480683198e378450dece.jpg)
![技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/8e4ab0102e65455cadc0f8145d5092fc.jpg)
![技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/32f8fe9b6e9f480683198e378450dece.jpg)
2.(群条件) ![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program. 技术分享]()
![技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/5f5a3f0afe0e4bc380ae0f11ced6f0ed.jpg)
1.7 由特殊的自治方程所决定的相流
若自治方程在初始条件下
均在整个实轴上存在唯一的解,则这样的自治方程可以确定相流.
定义
:
![技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/ea35ba4d941444f68af18098e2296929.jpg)
其中
是自治方程在初始条件
![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program. 技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/326cdf136f6c404fa83771c0d2f258ec.jpg)
![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program. 技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/bb9a2b35a6c1452f847d1c3f7d194d41.jpg)
的解在时刻
时的位置。
![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program. 技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/0121f2d349064df89a7ab5fefa3ba0b7.jpg)
定理1.7.1
1.由上述方法确定
的
是微分同胚
![技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/13ff8fed8cb84757aeadba1fb274737b.jpg)
2.![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program. 技术分享]()
是一族相流.
![技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/13ff8fed8cb84757aeadba1fb274737b.jpg)
注意到
是方程在初始条件
![技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/9c8eeb25e8e8476d8396d38f286e28d1.jpg)
![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program. 技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/bb9a2b35a6c1452f847d1c3f7d194d41.jpg)
下的解。
它是无限延伸的曲线,称为过
点处的相曲线。可以知道,过每一点处只有唯一的一条相曲线(由假定的唯一性).
![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program. 技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/98e23a37b937459a87bc258640f4f647.jpg)
1.7.1的2证明是容易的,只需注意到这样一件事实:
如果
是自治方程的解,则
同样是方程的解.
![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program. 技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/03194c7d4f914920a4353b5a02b78d24.jpg)
![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program. 技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/98e23a37b937459a87bc258640f4f647.jpg(t+T))
而1我们目前还没法证明
的可微性,这实际上是解对初值条件的可微依赖性,我们先假定自治方程满足大范围存在性和整体唯一性的时候是成立的。过后我们会用常微分方程基本定理来证明它。
1.8 相流决定的向量场
给定![技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/13ff8fed8cb84757aeadba1fb274737b.jpg)
,考虑
![技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/13ff8fed8cb84757aeadba1fb274737b.jpg)
![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program. 技术分享](https://image.cha138.com/20210823/b6884c8d48b94b428791cc0edc8585e9.jpg)
1.9 相流,向量场和自治方程的关系
思考以下三句话:
1.相流可以确定向量场(在1.8的意义下)
2.向量场可以得到自治方程
3.特殊的自治方程可以得到相流
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