求大学入学英语考试试卷（含答案）

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最好是根据体验英语这套教材出的谢谢拉！！！急需

参考技术A 答案还有解析喔.

SectionⅠUse of English

Directions:

Read the following text.Choose the best word（s） for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.（ 10 points ）

Most people who travel long distance complain of jetlag. Jetlag makes business travelers less productive and more prone 1 making mistakes. It is actually caused by 2 of your"body clock"—a small cluster of brain cells that controls the timing of biological 3. The body clock is designed for a 4 rhythm of daylight and darkness, so that it is thrown out of balance when it 5 daylight and darkness at the"wrong"times in a new time zone. The 6 of jetlag often persist for days 7 the internal body clock slowly adjusts to the new time zone.

Now a new anti-jetlag system is 8 that is based on proven 9 pioneering scientific research. Dr. Martin Moore Ede had 10 a practical strategy to adjust the body clock much sooner to the new time zone 11 controlled exposure to bright light. The time zone shift is easy to accomplish and eliminates 12 of the discomfort of jetlag.

A successful time zone shift depends on knowing the exact times to either 13 or avoid bright light. Exposure to light at the wrong time can actually make jetlag worse. The proper schedule 14 light exposure depends a great deal on 15 travel plans.

Data on a specific flight itinerary and the individual's sleep 16 are used to produce a Trip Guide with 17 on exactly when to be exposed to bright light.

When the Trip Guide calls 18 bright light you should spend time outdoors if possible. If it is dark outside, or the weather is bad, 19 you are on an aeroplane, you can use a special light device to provide the necessary light 20 for a range of activities such as reading, watching TV or working.

1. A. from B. of C. for D. to

2. A. eruption B. disruption C. rupture D. corruption

3. A. actions B. functions C. behavior D. reflection

4. A. formal B. continual C. regular D. circular

5. A. experiences B. possesses C. encounters D. retains

6. A. signs B. defects C. diseases D. symptoms

7. A. if B. whereas C. while D. although

8. A. agreeable B. available C. adaptable D. approachable

9. A. extensive B. tentative C. broad D. inclusive

10. A. devised B. scrutinized C. visualized D. recognized

11. A. in B. as C. at D. through

12. A. more B. little C. most D. least

13. A. shed B. retrieve C. seek D. attain

14. A. inB. for C. on D. with

15. A. specific B. complicated C. unique D. peculiar

16. A. mode B. style C. norm D. pattern

17. A. directories B. commentaries C. instructions D. specifications

18. A. up B. off C. on D. for

19. A. or B. but C. and D. while

20. A. spur B. stimulus C. agitation D. acceleration

SectionⅡReading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.（40 points）

Text 1

Anthropologists commonly distinguish three forms of marriage: monogamy, the marriage of one man to one woman, polygyny, the marriage of one man to two or more women, and polyandry, the marriage of one woman to two or more men. Polygyny and polyandry are often linked under the single term"polygamy", a marriage of one individual to two or more spouses.

Though there are many societies which permit, or even encourage, polygamous marriages, it does not follow, in such societies, that every married individual, or even that a majority of them, has more than one spouse. Quite the contrary is true, for in most, if not all, of so-called polygamous societies monogamy is statistically the prevailing form. The reason for this is clear: the proportion of male to female births in any human society is roughly the same, and if this proportion is maintained among the sexually mature, a preponderance of plural marriages means that a considerable number of either men or women must remain unmarried. No society can maintain itself under such conditions; the emotional stresses would be too great to be survived. Accordingly, even where the cultural ideals do not prohibit plural marriages, these may occur on any notable scale only societies where for one reason or another, one sex markedly outnumbers the other. In short, monogamy not only prevails in most of the world's societies, either as the only approved form of marriage or as the only feasible form, but it may also prevail within a polygamous society where, very often, only a minority of the population can actually secure more than one spouse.

In a polygynous household, the husband must supply a house and garden for each of his wives. The wives live with him in turn, cooking and serving for him during the period of his visit. The first wife takes precedence over the others. Polyandry is much rarer than polygyny. It is often the result of a disproportion in the ratio of men to women.

In sum, polygamy is not, as so frequently indicated, universally a result of human immorality. It is simply not true, in this aspect of culture as in many others, that people who follow patterns of culture deemed immoral in our society are thereby lacking in morality. Our ideal and compulsory pattern of marriage, which holds that monogamy is the only appropriate form of marriage, is not shared by all peoples, even by some of those who regularly practice monogamy. In a great many societies, monogamy is only one possible form of marriage, with polygyny or polyandry as perfectly possible, though less frequent, alternatives.

21. A marriage between several men and women should be called .

A�polygyny B�polyandry C�monogamy D�not mentioned

22. According to the second paragraph, in societies that encourage polygamous marriages, .

A�polygamy is the predominant form of marriages

B�most of the individuals usually have multiple spouses

C�there are usually a greater of proportion of men than women

D�people are not necessarily married to multiple partners

23. The author believes that plural marriages occur on substantial scales only in societies in which .

A�polygyny is not prohibited

B�one sex greatly outnumbers the other

C�most people are undereducated

D�a minority of people are very rich and powerful

24. According to the third paragraph, polyandry .

A�means the husband must provide for the livelihood of his wives

B�is a marriage tradition in which the first husband takes precedence over the others

C�is much rarer than other marriage forms

D�is often the result of women outnumbering men

25. We can infer from the last paragraph that .

A�many people believe that plural marriages denote immorality of other societies

B�those societies that do not uphold monogamy as the dominant marriage form are immoral

C�polygyny or polyandry are possible alternative marriage forms in most societies

D�the author lives in a society where plural marriages are socially accepted

Text 2

More and more, the operations of our businesses, governments, and financial institutions are controlled by information that exists only inside computer memories. Anyone clever enough to modify this information for his purpose can reap substantial rewards. Even worse, a number of people who have done this and been caught at it have managed to get away without punishment.

It's easy for computer crimes to go undetected if no one checks up on what the computer is doing. But even if the crime is detected, the criminal may walk away not only unpunished but with a growing recommendation from his former employers.

Of course, we have no statistics on crime that go undetected. But it's disturbing to note how many of the crimes we do know about were detected by accident, not by systematic inspections or other security procedures. The computer criminals who have been caught may have been the victims of uncommonly bad luck.

For example, a certain keypunch operator complained of having to stay overtime to punch extra cards. Investigation revealed that the extra cards she was being asked to punch were for dishonest transactions. In another case, dissatisfied employees of the thief tipped off the company that was being robbed.

Unlike other lawbreakers, who must leave the country, commit suicide, or go to jail, computer criminals sometimes escape punishment demanding not only that they not be charged but that they be given good recommendations and perhaps other benefits.

All too often, their demands have been met. Why? Because company executives are afraid of the bad publicity that would result if the public found out that their computer had been misused. They hesitate at the thought of a criminal boasting in open court of how he juggled the most confidential records right under the noses of the company's executives, accountants, and security staff. And so another computer criminal departs with just the recommendations he needs to continue his crimes elsewhere.

26�It is implied in the third paragraph that .

A. most computer criminals who are caught have only to have only to blame their bad luck

B. the rapid increase of computer crimes is a troublesome problem

C. most computer criminals are smart enough to cover up their crimes

D. many more computer crimes go undetected than those discovered

27�Which of the following is mentioned in the passage?

A. A strict law against computer crimes must be enforced.

B. Companies usually hesitate to uncover computer crimes.

C. Companies will guard against computer crimes to protect their reputation.

D. Companies need to impose restrictions on confidential information

28�What may happen to computer criminals once they are set free without being charged?

A. With a bad reputation they can hardly find other jobs.

B. They may walk away and easily find another jobs.

B. They will be denied access to confidential records.

D. They must leave the country or go to jail.

29�The passage is mainly about .

A. why computer criminals are often able to escape punishment

B. why computer crimes are difficult to detect by systematic inspections

C. how computer criminals manage to get good recommendations from their former employers

D. why computer crimes can't be eliminated

30. Which of the following results that the computer criminals might get is different from other lawbreakers?

A. To be driven out of the country. B. To become a prisoner.

C. To commit suicide. D. To be recommended somewhere else.

Text 3

Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem, to the health of the Earth and human being. Much has been written about the diversity of terrestrial organisms, particularly the exceptionally rich life associated with tropical rain forest habitats. Relatively little has been said, however, about diversity of life in the sea even though coral reef systems are comparable to rain forests in terms of richness of life.

An alien exploring Earth would probably give priority to the planet's dominant, most distinctive feature——the ocean. Humans have a bias toward land that sometimes gets in the way of truly examining global issues. Seen from far away, it is easy to realize that landmasses occupy one third of the Earth's surface. Given that two thirds of the Earth's surface is water and that marine life lives at all levels of the ocean, the total three dimensional living space of the ocean is perhaps 100 times greater than that of land and contains more than 90 percent of all life on Earth even though the ocean has fewer distinct species.

The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forests does not seem surprising, considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species. One scientist found many different species of ants in just one tree from a rain forest. While every species is different from every other species, their genetic makeup constrains them to be insects and to share similar characteristics with 750,000 species of insects. If basic, broad categories such as phyla and classes are given more emphasis than differentiating between species, then the greatest diversity of life is unquestionably the sea. Nearly every major type of plant and animal has some representation there.

To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea, it helps to think small. Every spoonful of ocean water contains life on the order of 100 to 100, 000 bacterial cells plus assorted microscopic plants and animals, including larvas of organisms ranging from sponges and corals to starfish and clams and much more.

31.What is the main point of the passage?

A. Humans are destroying thousands of species.

B. There are thousands of insect species.

C. The sea is even richer in life than the rain forests.

D. Coral reefs are similar to rain forests.

32.Why does the author compare rain forests and coral reefs （lines 4~6） ?

A. They are approximately the same size. B. They share many similar species.

C. Most of their inhabitants require water. D. Both have many different forms of life.

33.The passage suggests that most rain forest species are .

A. insects B. bacteria C. mammals D. birds

34.The author argues that there is more diversity of life in the sea than in the rain forests because .

A. more phyla and classes of life are represented in the sea

B. there are too many insects to make meaningful distinctions

C. many insect species are too small to divide into categories

D. marine life forms reproduce at a faster rate

35.Which of the following conclusions is supported by the passage?

A.Ocean life in highly adaptive.

B.More attention needs to be paid to preserving ocean species and habitats.

C.Ocean life is primarily composed of plants.

D.The sea is highly resistant to the damage done by pollutants.

Text 4

Rewards and punishments are used in different ways by different communities to maintain social order and preserve cultural values. In all cultures, parents must teach their children to avoid danger and to observe the community's moral precepts. Adults also condition each other's observance of social norms, using methods ranging from mild forms of censure, such as looking away when someone makes an inappropriate remark, to imprisoning or executing individuals for behavior considered deviant or dangerous. The caning of American teenager Michael Fay in Singapore for vandalism in 1994 brought wide media attention to cultural differences in the application of punishment. Faced with increasing violence at home, many Americans endorsed Singapore's use of corporal punishment to maintain social order. Was Fay's punishment effective? Whether he subsequently avoids vandalism is unknown, but the punishment did apparently lead to his avoidance of Singapore—which he left promptly.

The operant techniques societies use to maintain social control vary in part with the dangers and threats that confront them. The Gusii of Kenya, with a history of tribal warfare, face threats not only from outsiders but also from natural forces, including wild animals. Gusii parents tend to rely more on punishment and fear than on rewards in conditioning appropriate social behavior in their children. Caning, food deprivation, and withdrawing shelter and protection are common forms of punishment.

In contrast, the Mixtecans of Juxtlahuaca, Mexico, are a highly cohesive community, with little internal conflict, and social norms that encourage cooperation. Their social patterns appear adaptive, for the Mixtecans are dominated by the nearby Spanish Mexicans, who control the official government and many economic resources in their region. The Mixtecans do not generally impose fines or jail sentences or use physical punishment to deter aggression in either adults or children. Rather, they tend to rely on soothing persuasion. Social ostracism is the most feared punishment, and social ties within the community are very strong, so responses that reinforce these ties are effective in maintaining social order.

In the United States, fear of social ostracism or stigma was once a more powerful force in maintaining control over antisocial behavior, especially in small communities. Today, even imprisonment does not appear to be an adequate deterrent to many forms of crime, especially violent crime. Although one reason is the inconsistent application of punishment, another may be the fact that imprisonment no longer carries the intense stigma it once had, so that prison is no longer as an effective punishment.

36. The best title of this passage would be .

A�Crime and Punishment

B�Reward and Punishment

C�Social Order

D�Two Case Studies: Gusii of Kenya and Mixtecans of Juxtlahuaca

37. According to the passage, what is a universal cultural norm in maintaining social order?

A�Children must be obedient to their parents.

B�People must publicly complain when someone misbehaves.

C�People should do their parts to ensure that others comply with social rules.

D�People should publicly humiliate the wrongdoers.

38. What can be inferred from the Michael Fay case?

A�Many Americans were opposed to the corporal punishment that Michael Fay received in Singapore.

B�The American media did not pay any attention to cultural differences until 1994.

C�The caning was effective because Michael Fay subsequently refrained from vandalism.

D�Michael Fay left Singapore immediately after the caning punishment.

39. What would a Gusii mother from Kenya most likely do to punish her children?

A�To stop giving them pocket money.

B�To persuade them in a gentle way.

C�To verbally humiliate them.

D�To threaten to expel them from the home.

40. The word"stigma"（fourth paragraph） most probably means .

A�ironyB�verbal abuseC�persuasionD�bad reputation

Part B

Directions:

In the following article, some sentences have been removed .For Questions 41-45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.

I had a man tell me that the problem women have is that we get more hung up on a man's words than we do their actions. He meant that we don't always see if a man walks his talk. We get all caught up in the words, and ignore the value of his actions.

How many of us get snowballed by what a man says to us? 41）__________________.But how many of us actually put more weight or at least equal weight on what they display for actions? I'd venture to say not many of us.

And why do we do that? That is the real question. Perhaps some of us just get so caught up in the fact that a man is merely talking to begin with. And even more so the fact that they are talking to us. How many of us walk around life starving from lack of conversation, stimulating conversation, with a man?

When we first meet someone we are intrigued by what makes them click how they view life. We compare interests and goals. We even analyze whether or not we can see ourselves sharing our life with them. 42）________________________.

So why don't we look at a man's actions? Probably because very few actions mirror the words we hear. 43）_______________________________________.Does that make us terrible people? No, but it sure doe本回答被提问者采纳

湘潭大学博士研究生入学考试有机合成科目波谱解析部分解答

湘潭大学2016年博士研究生入学考试

考试科目及代码：3529 有机合成

适用专业：有机化学

摘要：对湘潭大学2016年博士研究生入学考试有机合成科目波谱解析部分进行解答，指出了试题的部分错误，旨在帮助备考者。

该科目较为简单，虽然明面上说是博士入学考试题目，但是难度只有本科低年级。除此以外还有一点错误。波谱解析共有20分，现进行简要分析。

1.（6分）已知化合物A (C10H12O3)难溶于水、碳酸氢钠溶液和稀HCl中，但可以溶于氢氧化钠溶液。A与氢氧化钠溶液通过蒸馏，发现馏液可发生碘仿反应,残余物经酸化后得白色沉淀化合物B (C7H6O3)， B能溶于碳酸氢钠溶液，并放出气体，B和FeCl3溶液反应呈现紫色，B分子内有氢键，请推断出化合物A和B的分子结构，并说明推测的理由。

解答：

A (C10H12O3) → 不饱和度为5 → 苯环+不饱和键/脂肪环。

‘难溶于水、碳酸氢钠溶液和稀HCl中，但可以溶于氢氧化钠溶液’ → 不含羧基，但含酚羟基。

‘与氢氧化钠溶液通过蒸馏’ → 含有酯基

‘可发生碘仿反应’ → 水解过后的物质含有α-甲基酮结构或者α-甲基醇（可以被氧化）结构。

关于B的描述已经十分明显，指向了邻羟基苯甲酸。

根据A和B的分子式相减，同时有甲基醇的限制，所以馏液含有异丙醇。最终，二者结构如下：

A和B的结构

2.（6分）由马尿中提取的马尿酸A(C9H9NO3)为一白色固体,与HCI溶液回流得到两个晶体B(C7H6O2)与C(C2H5NO2), B的IR图中在3200~2300cm-1有一宽吸收峰, 1680cm-1有强吸收,在1600~ 1400cm-1有四个吸收峰,可与NaHCO3作用放出CO2。C既有酸性基团又有碱性基团。试推测A, B, C的结构。

解答：

‘A(C9H9NO3)’ → 不饱和度为6 → 含有苯环

‘与HCI溶液回流’ → A为酯、酰胺之类能水解的物质

‘B(C7H6O2)’ → 不饱和度为5 → 含有苯环+双键 →B为苯甲酸

B的结构

C(C2H5NO2) → 不饱和度为1 → B含有双键

‘C既有酸性基团又有碱性基团’ → 根据C含有的元素可以推测C中有氨基和羧基，即C为氨基乙酸。

C的结构

接下来就看是C的氨基还是羧基与B结合了，题目已经指出A是一种酸，所以应当是氨基与A结合得到酰胺。

A的结构

3.（8分）化合物A(C5H7NO2)有旋光活性,为R构型体。A不溶于稀酸和稀碱中。当用稀酸处理后可得到B(C5H8O4)。B很容易加热脱水得到C(C5H6O3)。A与溴的氢氧化钠溶液反应生成D(C3H10N2),D可溶于酸但不溶于碱,也可与亚硝酸反应放出氮气。写出A,B,C,D的结构式。

解答：

‘A(C5H7NO2)’ → 不饱和度为3

‘B(C5H8O4)’ → 不饱和度为2

‘C(C5H6O3)’ → 不饱和度为3

由于D的分子式给错了，（实际上是命题人把反应搞错了），导致本题难以解答，但仍可尝试一番。由于A的不饱和度较高，且含有氮、氧元素，结合后续反应特征可推测是一种酰胺或者酯。再由A可以和溴的氢氧化钠溶液反应，可以断定是酰胺。但是A中有两个氧原子，此处为亚酰胺（2个不饱和度）。另外还多出一个不饱和度，加上一个环状结构即可。至于这个环有多大，三元显然不行，四元环则没有手性，五元环刚好可以产生手性结构：