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puppet基础篇（练习篇）
本文分为两部分：一、安装配置及命令用法；二、puppet资源基础练习
1.安装配置及命令用法
#在epel仓库安装 yum install ./facter-2.4.6-1.el7.x86_64.rpm ./puppet-3.8.7-1.el7.noarch.rpm [[email protected] puppet]# puppet helpUsage: puppet <subcommand> [options] <action> [options] puppet apply apply Apply Puppet manifests locally puppet apply --help SYNOPSIS ----------- Applies a standalone Puppet manifest to the local system. puppet apply [-h|--help] [-V|--version] [-d|--debug] [-v|--verbose] [-e|--execute] [--detailed-exitcodes] [-L|--loadclasses] [-l|--logdest syslog|eventlog|<FILE>|console] [--noop] [--catalog <catalog>] [--write-catalog-summary] <file>* --noop:Use ‘noop‘ mode where Puppet runs in a no-op or dry-run mode. puppet describedescribe Display help about resource types puppet describe [-h|--help] [-s|--short] [-p|--providers] [-l|--list] [-m|--meta] OPTIONS-------* --help: Print this help text* --providers: Describe providers in detail for each type #列出所有的资源类型 * --list: List all types #列出指定类型的参数，一般与-s一同使用 * --meta: List all metaparameters #列出指定类型的简要帮助信息 * --short: List only parameters without detail #列出puppet的资源类型 [[email protected] puppet]# puppet describe -lThese are the types known to puppet: augeas - Apply a change or an array of changes to the ... computer - Computer object management using DirectorySer ... cron - Installs and manages cron jobs exec - Executes external commandsfile - Manages files, including their content, owner ... filebucket - A repository for storing and retrieving file ...group - Manage groupshost - Installs and manages host entriesinterface - This represents a router or switch interfacek5login - Manage the `.k5login` file for a usermacauthorization - Manage the Mac OS X authorization databasemailalias - .. no documentation .. maillist - Manage email lists mcx - MCX object management using DirectoryService ...mount - Manages mounted filesystems, including puttin ... nagios_command - The Nagios type command nagios_contact - The Nagios type contact nagios_contactgroup - The Nagios type contactgroup nagios_host - The Nagios type host nagios_hostdependency - The Nagios type hostdependency nagios_hostescalation - The Nagios type hostescalation nagios_hostextinfo - The Nagios type hostextinfo nagios_hostgroup - The Nagios type hostgroup nagios_service - The Nagios type service nagios_servicedependency - The Nagios type servicedependency nagios_serviceescalation - The Nagios type serviceescalation nagios_serviceextinfo - The Nagios type serviceextinfo nagios_servicegroup - The Nagios type servicegroup nagios_timeperiod - The Nagios type timeperiod notify - .. no documentation ..package - Manage packages resources - This is a metatype that can manage other reso ... router - .. no documentation .. schedule - Define schedules for Puppet scheduled_task - Installs and manages Windows Scheduled Tasks selboolean - Manages SELinux booleans on systems with SELi ... selmodule - Manages loading and unloading of SELinux poli ... service - Manage running services ssh_authorized_key - Manages SSH authorized keyssshkey - Installs and manages ssh host keysstage - A resource type for creating new run stages tidy - Remove unwanted files based on specific crite ...user - Manage usersvlan - .. no documentation .. whit - Whits are internal artifacts of Puppet‘s curr ... yumrepo - The client-side description of a yum reposito ... zfs - Manage zfs zone - Manages Solaris zones zpool - Manage zpools #查看组类型的用法 puppet describe group #各种属性的介绍 - **ensure** Create or remove the group. Valid values are `present`, `absent`. - **gid** The group ID. - **members** The members of the group. - **name** The group name. - **system** Whether the group is a system group with lower GID.
2.puppet资源基础练习
核心类型：
group: 组
user：用户
packge：程序包
service：服务
file：文件
exec：执行自定义命令，要求幂等
cron：周期性任务计划
notify：通知###资源定义
通过资源类型的属性赋值来实现资源定义，这也称为资源类型实例化。定义资源实例化的文件即清单：manifest
###属性：attribute
资源属性中三个个特殊属性（几乎所有的资源中都有）
namevar，可简写为name，描述资源的名字
ensure，描述资源的目标状态
provider，资源的管理接口
语法；
type {‘title‘:
attribute1 => value1,
atrribute2 => value2,
……
}
#创建清单的目录
[[email protected] puppet]# mkdir manifests
[[email protected] puppet]# cd manifests/
###资源类型
1.group
group{‘nginx‘:
ensure => present,
name => ‘nginx‘,
system => true,
}
#干跑模式
[[email protected] manifests]# puppet apply --verbose --noop first.pp
Notice: Compiled catalog for node1.localdomain in environment production in 0.15 seconds
Info: Applying configuration version ‘1500559833‘
Notice: /Stage[main]/Main/Group[nginx]/ensure: current_value absent, should be present (noop)
Notice: Class[Main]: Would have triggered ‘refresh‘ from 1 events Notice: Stage[main]: Would have triggered ‘refresh‘ from 1 events
Notice: Finished catalog run in 0.04 seconds
#执行
[[email protected] manifests]# puppet apply --verbose --debug first.pp
Info: Applying configuration version ‘1500560157‘
Debug: Executing ‘/usr/sbin/groupadd -r nginx‘
Notice: /Stage[main]/Main/Group[nginx]/ensure: created Notice: Finished catalog run in 0.08 seconds
#查看
[[email protected] manifests]# tail -1 /etc/group
nginx:x:995:2.user
2.user
#查看user资源的各种用法
puppet describe user
#列出的资源管理接口，可自定义
Providers
---------
aix, directoryservice, hpuxuseradd, ldap, pw, user_role_add, useradd,
windows_adsi
#示例
[[email protected] manifests]# vi user.pp
user{‘nginx‘:
uid => 444,
gid => ‘nginx‘,
system => true, ensure => present,
}
puppet apply -v --noop user.pp
Notice: Compiled catalog for node1.localdomain in environment production in 0.20 seconds
Info: Applying configuration version ‘1500561782‘
Notice: /Stage[main]/Main/User[nginx]/ensure: current_value absent, should be present (noop)
Notice: Class[Main]: Would have triggered ‘refresh‘ from 1 events
Notice: Stage[main]: Would have triggered ‘refresh‘ from 1 events
Notice: Finished catalog run in 0.04 seconds
[[email protected] manifests]# puppet apply -v user.pp
Notice: Compiled catalog for node1.localdomain in environment production in 0.21 seconds
Info: Applying configuration version ‘1500561816‘
Notice: /Stage[main]/Main/User[nginx]/ensure: created Notice: Finished catalog run in 0.07 seconds
[[email protected] manifests]# tail -1 /etc/passwd
nginx:x:444:995::/home/nginx:/bin/bash
关系源参数
before require notify subscribe四个元参数来定义资源间的相关性
资源定义有依赖关系，优先级
资源可以被定义，也可以被引用，资源的引用通过"Type[‘title‘]" 注意：首字母必须大写
#示例
vi redis.pp
user{‘redis‘:
gid => ‘redis‘, ensure => present,
require => Group[‘redis‘],
}
group{‘redis‘:
ensure => present, #before => User[‘redis‘],
}
puppet apply -v -d --noop redis.pp
Info: Applying configuration version ‘1500562662‘
Notice: /Stage[main]/Main/Group[redis]/ensure: current_value absent, should be present (noop)
Debug: /Stage[main]/Main/Group[redis]: The container Class[Main] will propagate my refresh event
Notice: /Stage[main]/Main/User[redis]/ensure: current_value absent, should be present (noop)
Debug: /Stage[main]/Main/User[redis]: The container Class[Main] will propagate my refresh event Notice: Class[Main]: Would have triggered ‘refresh‘ from 2 events
Debug: Class[Main]: The container Stage[main] will propagate my refresh event Notice: Stage[main]: Would have triggered ‘refresh‘ from 1 events
[[email protected] manifests]# puppet apply -v -d redis.pp
[[email protected] manifests]# grep -i "redis" /etc/passwd
redis:x:1001:1001::/home/redis:/bin/bash3.package
3.package
[[email protected] manifests]# puppet describe package
package
======= Manage packages.
Parameters
----------
- **ensure** What state the package should be in.
`present` (also called `installed`), `absent`,
`purged`, `held`, `latest`.
- **install_options** Requires features install_options.
- **instance** A read-only parameter set by the package.
- **name** The package name.
- **source** Where to find the package file.
#示例1
vi package.pp
package{‘redis‘:
ensure => latest,
}
[[email protected] manifests]# puppet apply -v -d --noop package.pp
Notice: /Stage[main]/Main/Package[redis]/ensure: current_value absent, should be latest (noop)
Debug: /Stage[main]/Main/Package[redis]: The container Class[Main] will propagate my refresh event
Notice: Class[Main]: Would have triggered ‘refresh‘ from 1 events
Debug: Class[Main]: The container Stage[main] will propagate my refresh event
Notice: Stage[main]: Would have triggered ‘refresh‘ from 1 events
#执行
[[email protected] manifests]# puppet apply -v package.pp
Notice: Compiled catalog for node1.localdomain in environment production in 0.53 seconds
Info: Applying configuration version ‘1500564098‘
Notice: /Stage[main]/Main/Package[redis]/ensure: created
Notice: Finished catalog run in 2.93 seconds
[[email protected] manifests]# rpm -q redis
redis-3.2.3-1.el7.x86_64
#示例2
[[email protected] manifests]# vi jdk.pp
package{‘jdk‘:
ensure => present,
source => ‘/root/jdk-7u79-linux-x64.rpm‘,
provider => rpm,
}
4.service
[[email protected] manifests]# puppet describe service
service
======= Manage running services. Parameters
----------
- **binary** The path to the daemon.
- **enable** Whether a service should be enabled to start at boot.
- **ensure** Whether a service should be running.
Valid values are `stopped` (also called `false`), `running` (also called
`true`).
- **flags** Specify a string of flags to pass to the startup script.
Requires features flaggable.
- **hasrestart** Specify that an init script has a `restart` command.
the init script‘s `stop` and `start` commands will be used.
Valid values are `true`, `false`.
#对应这个脚本有没有restart操作
作用：如果命令有restart，就用restart，没有就stop，再start
- **hasstatus**
- **path**
The search path for finding init scripts.
#脚本搜索的路径：
centos6：/etc/init
centos7：/usr/lib/systemd/system/
- **start**
Specify a *start* command manually.
#手动定义start不用脚本的
- **restart**
Specify a *restart* command manually.
#通常定义reload操作
- **pattern**
The pattern to search for in the process table.
Providers
---------
base, bsd, daemontools, debian, freebsd, gentoo, init, launchd, openbsd,
openrc, openwrt, redhat, runit, service, smf, src, systemd, upstart,
windows
#示例
[[email protected] manifests]# puppet apply -v -d --noop service.pp
Notice: /Stage[main]/Main/Service[redis]/ensure: current_value stopped, should be running (noop)
Debug: /Stage[main]/Main/Service[redis]: The container Class[Main] will propagate my refresh event
Info: /Stage[main]/Main/Service[redis]: Unscheduling refresh on Service[redis]
Notice: Class[Main]: Would have triggered ‘refresh‘ from 1 events
Debug: Class[Main]: The container Stage[main] will propagate my refresh event
Notice: Stage[main]: Would have triggered ‘refresh‘ from 1 events
[[email protected] manifests]# puppet apply -v -d service.pp
Info: Applying configuration version ‘1500565381‘
Debug: Executing ‘/usr/bin/systemctl is-active redis‘
Debug: Executing ‘/usr/bin/systemctl is-enabled redis‘
Debug: Executing ‘/usr/bin/systemctl start redis‘
Debug: Executing ‘/usr/bin/systemctl is-enabled redis‘
Debug: Executing ‘/usr/bin/systemctl enable redis‘
Notice: /Stage[main]/Main/Service[redis]/ensure: ensure changed ‘stopped‘ to ‘running‘
[[email protected] manifests]# ss -tlnp | grep redis
LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:6379 *:* users:(("redis-server",pid=6817,fd=4))
#示例2
[[email protected] manifests]# vi service.pp
package{‘redis‘:
ensure => present,
}
service{‘redis‘:
ensure => running,
enable => true,
require => Package[‘redis‘],
}
5.file
[[email protected] manifests]# puppet describe file
file
====
Manages files, including their content, ownership, and permissions.
Parameters
----------
- **backup**
- **checksum**
The checksum type to use when determining whether to replace a file‘s
contents. The default checksum type is md5. Valid values are `md5`, `md5lite`, `sha256`, `sha256lite`, `mtime`,
`ctime`, `none`.
- **content** The desired contents of a file, as a string.This attribute is mutually
exclusive with `source` and `target`.
- **ensure** Whether the file should exist, and if so what kind of file it should be.
Possible values are `present`, `absent`, `file`, `directory`, and
`link`. # Equivalent resources:
file { "/etc/inetd.conf":
ensure => "/etc/inet/inetd.conf",
}
file { "/etc/inetd.conf":
ensure => link,
target => "/etc/inet/inetd.conf",
}
- **force** Perform the file operation even if it will destroy one or more
directories.
- **group** Which group should own the file.
- **links** How to handle links during file actions.
During file copying,
`follow` will copy the target file instead of the link, `manage`
will copy the link itself, and `ignore` will just pass it by.
- **mode** The desired permissions mode for the file,
- **mtime**
- **owner** The user to whom the file should belong.
- **path** (*namevar*) The path to the file to manage.
-**recurse** Whether to recursively manage the _contents_ of a directory.
- **replace**
- **source** A source file, which will be copied into place on the local system.
- **source_permissions** Whether (and how) Puppet should copy owner, group, and mode permissions
from
the `source` to `file` resources when the permissions are not explicitly
specified.
Valid values are `use`, `use_when_creating`, and `ignore`:
- **target** The target for creating a link.
- **validate_cmd** A command for validating the file‘s syntax before replacing it.
Example:
file { ‘/etc/apache2/apache2.conf‘:
content => ‘example‘,
validate_cmd => ‘/usr/sbin/apache2 -t -f %‘,
}
Providers
---------
posix, windows
#示例1
[[email protected] manifests]# cp /etc/redis.conf ./
[[email protected] manifests]# vi redis.conf
bind 0.0.0.0
masterauth 123456
[[email protected] manifests]# ll /etc/redis.conf
-rw-r--r--. 1 redis root 46730 Aug 5 2016 /etc/redis.conf
[[email protected] manifests]# vi file1.pp
[[email protected] manifests]# vi file1.pp
file{‘/etc/redis.conf‘:
ensure => file,
source => ‘/etc/puppet/manifests/redis.conf‘,
owner => ‘redis‘,
group => ‘root‘,
mode => ‘0644‘,
}
[[email protected] manifests]# puppet apply -v -d --noop file1.pp
[[email protected] manifests]# puppet apply -v -d --noop file1.pp
Info: Applying configuration version ‘1500567458‘
Debug: Evicting cache entry for environment ‘production‘
Debug: Caching environment ‘production‘ (ttl = 0 sec)
Info: Computing checksum on file /etc/redis.conf
Debug: Evicting cache entry for environment ‘production‘
Debug: Caching environment ‘production‘ (ttl = 0 sec)
Info: /Stage[main]/Main/File[/etc/redis.conf]: Filebucketed /etc/redis.conf to puppet with sum 910058e228c4ad556ffc0f473cef9323
[[email protected] manifests]# cat /etc/redis.conf | egrep -i "bind 0.0.0.0|masterauth 123456"
bind 0.0.0.0
masterauth 123456
通知元参数
两个参数：通知和订阅，见名知意，很好理解。
notify，subscribe
A notify B：B依赖于B，且A发生改变会通知B
{notify => Type[‘B‘],}
B subscribe A :B依赖与A，B订阅A资源产生的事件
{subscribe => Type[‘B‘],}
其中有特殊情况：链式依赖
#示例2
[[email protected] manifests]# vi service.pp
#install redis package
package{‘redis‘:
ensure => present,
} #push source file to des file.
file{‘/etc/redis.conf‘:
ensure => file,
source => ‘/etc/puppet/manifests/redis.conf‘
require => Package[‘redis‘],
} #running redis server
service{‘redis‘:
ensure => running,
enable => true,
require => Package[‘redis‘],
subscribe => File[‘/etc/redis.conf‘],
}
[[email protected] manifests]# puppet apply -v -d --noop service.pp
[[email protected] manifests]# puppet apply -v -d service.pp
#示例3：修正版 A -> B 表示A before B；B ~> C 表示B notify C；
[[email protected] manifests]# vi service.pp
#install redis package
package{‘redis‘:
ensure => present,
} -> #push source file to des file.
file{‘/etc/redis.conf‘:
ensure => file,
source => ‘/etc/puppet/manifests/redis.conf‘,
owner => ‘redis‘,
group => ‘root‘,
mode => ‘0644‘,
} ~> #running redis server
service{‘redis‘:
ensure => running,
enable => true,
}
#或者还可以这样表示：Package[‘redis‘] -> File[‘/etc/redis.conf‘] ~> Service[‘redis‘]
#示例4：content用法
[[email protected] manifests]# vi test.pp
file{‘/tmp/test.txt‘:
ensure => file,
content => ‘Hello World!‘,
}
[[email protected] manifests]# puppet apply -v test.pp
#note:content also can be created by template.
[[email protected] manifests]# puppet apply -v test.pp
Notice: Compiled catalog for node1.localdomain in environment production in 0.16 seconds
Info: Applying configuration version ‘1500569471‘
Notice: /Stage[main]/Main/File[/tmp/test.txt]/ensure: defined content as ‘{md5}ed076287532e86365e841e92bfc50d8c‘
Notice: Finished catalog run in 0.05 seconds
[[email protected] manifests]# cat /tmp/test.txt
Hello World!
#示例6：link用法
[[email protected] manifests]# puppet apply -v link.pp
Notice: Compiled catalog for node1.localdomain in environment production in 0.15 seconds
Info: Applying configuration version ‘1500569692‘
Notice: /Stage[main]/Main/File[/tmp/test.link]/ensure: created
Notice: Finished catalog run in 0.04 seconds
[[email protected] manifests]# ll /tmp/test.link
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 Jul 21 00:54 /tmp/test.link -> /tmp/test.txt
#示例5：递归创建目录
[[email protected] manifests]# vi mkdir.pp
file{‘/tmp/pam.d‘:
ensure => directory,
source => ‘/etc/pam.d‘,
recurse => true,
} #note: if source is not exist,which would create empty directory.
[[email protected] manifests]# puppet apply -v mkdir.pp
[[email protected] manifests]# ll /tmp/pam.d/
total 104
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 192 Jul 21 00:59 chfn
...
#（ps：DevOPs三个层次：bootstraping，configuration，command and control）
6.exec
[[email protected] manifests]# puppet describe exec
exec
==== Executes external commands.Any command in an `exec` resource **must** be able to run multiple times
without causing harm --- that is, it must be *idempotent*.
#任何能够在exec资源执行的命令必须能够重复执行，并且不产生危害，这就意味着，命令必须拥有幂等性。
Parameters
----------
- **command** (*namevar*) The actual command to execute.
- **creates** A file to look for before running the command.
#文件路径，当此路径的文件不存在，cmd就会执行
exec { "tar -xf /Volumes/nfs02/important.tar":
cwd => "/var/tmp",
creates => "/var/tmp/myfile",
path => ["/usr/bin", "/usr/sbin"]
}
- **cwd** The directory from which to run the command.
- **environment** Any additional environment variables you want to set for a
command.
- **group** The group to run the command as.
- **logoutput** Whether to log command output in addition to logging the
exit code.
- **onlyif** If this parameter is set, then this `exec` will only run if
the command has an exit code of 0.
#只有这个命令运行成功才运行cmd。
For example:
exec { "logrotate":
path => "/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin",
onlyif => "test `du /var/log/messages | cut -f1` -gt 100000"
}
- **path** The search path used for command execution.
- **refresh** How to refresh this command.
#重新执行当前cmd的替代命令
- **refreshonly** The command should only be run as a
refresh mechanism for when a dependent object is changed.
#仅接收到订阅的资源的通知才运行cmd
Valid values are `true`, `false`.
- **returns** The expected exit code(s).
- **timeout** The maximum time the command should take.
- **tries**
- **try_sleep** The time to sleep in seconds between ‘tries‘.
- **umask** Sets the umask to be used while executing this command
- **unless** If this parameter is set, then this `exec` will run unless
the command has an exit code of 0.
#如果这个命令运行失败就运行cmd
- **user** The user to run the command as. Providers
---------
posix, shell, windows
#示例1：创建目录
[[email protected] manifests]# vi exec1.pp
exec{‘mkdir‘:
command => ‘mkdir /tmp/testdir‘,
path => ‘/bin:/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin‘,
creates => ‘/tmp/testdir‘, #directory not exist ，exec cmd.
}
[[email protected] manifests]# puppet apply -v exec1.pp
Notice: Compiled catalog for node1.localdomain in environment production in 0.07 seconds
Info: Applying configuration version ‘1500582762‘
Notice: /Stage[main]/Main/Exec[mkdir]/returns: executed successfully
Notice: Finished catalog run in 0.04 seconds
[[email protected] manifests]# ls /tmp/testdir/ -d
/tmp/testdir/
#示例2：创建用户
[[email protected] manifests]# vi exec2.pp
exec{‘adduser‘:
command => ‘useradd -r mogilefs‘,
path => ‘/bin:/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin‘,
unless => ‘id mogilefs‘, #unless id cmd success,exec comd.
}
[[email protected] manifests]# puppet apply -v exec2.pp
Notice: Compiled catalog for node1.localdomain in environment production in 0.07 seconds
Info: Applying configuration version ‘1500583160‘
Notice: /Stage[main]/Main/Exec[adduser]/returns: executed successfully
Notice: Finished catalog run in 0.10 seconds
[[email protected] manifests]# grep -i "mogilefs" /etc/passwd
mogilefs:x:442:442::/home/mogilefs:/bin/bash
[[email protected] manifests]# id mogilefs
uid=442(mogilefs) gid=442(mogilefs) groups=442(mogilefs)
#示例3
package{‘httpd‘:
ensure => latest,
} ~>
exec{‘adduser‘:
command => ‘useradd -r httpd‘,
path => ‘/bin:/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin‘,
unless => ‘id httpd‘, #unless id cmd success,exec comd.
refreshonly => true,
}
[[email protected] manifests]# grep -i "httpd" /etc/passwd
apache:x:48:48:Apache:/usr/share/httpd:/sbin/nologin
httpd:x:442:442::/home/httpd:/bin/bash
7.cron
[[email protected] manifests]# puppet describe cron
cron
==== Installs and manages cron jobs.
#cron资源必要要有一个周期性的属性
cron { logrotate:
command => "/usr/sbin/logrotate",
user => root,
hour => [‘2-4‘],
minute => ‘*/10‘
} Parameters
----------
- **command** The command to execute in the cron job.
- **ensure** The basic property that the resource should be in.Valid values are `present`, `absent`.
- **environment** Any environment settings associated with this cron job.
- **hour**
- **minute**
- **month**
- **monthday**
- **name** The symbolic name of the cron job
- **special** A special value such as ‘reboot‘ or ‘annually‘.
- **target** The name of the crontab file in which the cron job should be stored.
#添加哪个用户的任务
- **user**
- **weekday**
#示例1
[[email protected] manifests]# vi cron1.pp
cron{‘synctime‘:
command => ‘/usr/sbin/ntpdate 172.16.0.1 &> /dev/null‘,
name => ‘synctime from ntp server‘,
minute => ‘*/30‘,
}
[[email protected] manifests]# puppet apply -v cron1.pp
[[email protected] manifests]# crontab -l | grep ‘172.‘
*/30 * * * * /usr/sbin/ntpdate 172.16.0.1 &> /dev/null
8.notify
[[email protected] manifests]# puppet describe notify
notify
====== Sends an arbitrary message to the agent run-time log.
Parameters
----------
- **message** The message to be sent to the log.
- **name** An arbitrary tag for your own reference; the name of the message.
- **withpath** Whether to show the full object path. Defaults to false. Valid values are `true`, `false`.
#示例
[[email protected] manifests]# puppet apply -v notify1.pp
Notice: Compiled catalog for node1.localdomain in environment production in 0.03 seconds
Info: Applying configuration version ‘1500584971‘
Notice: hi,you are welcome!
Notice: /Stage[main]/Main/Notify[sayhi]/message: defined ‘message‘ as ‘hi,you are welcome!‘
Notice: Finished catalog run in 0.03 seconds3.总结
主要介绍了核心类型资源的用法，核心类型资源包括：group，user，package，service，file，exec，cron，notify，总共8种资源的用法。 group定义属组相关用法，user定义属主用法，package定义程序包用法，service定义程序服务用法，file定义文件的用法，exec定义了自定义命令的用法，cron定义周期性任务的的用法，notify‘定义信息通知的用法。
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