email

Posted 2020-09-19

tags:

篇首语：本文由小常识网(cha138.com)小编为大家整理，主要介绍了email相关的知识，希望对你有一定的参考价值。

################email#######
基本电子邮件发送

电子邮件发送
1 .服务器使用SMTP协议将电子邮件提交至TCP端口25,或由本地客户端通过/usr/bin/sendmail程序进行提交。如果该MTA是最终目标位置,邮件将传递至MDA。否则,将使用MX记录在DNS中查找下一个MTA,并使用SMTP进行转发。
2 .MDA:“邮件发送代理”。MDA将邮件发送至收件人的本地邮件存储位置(默认情况下是/var/spool/mail/user)。Postfix提供自己的MDA,以发送至基于文件的本地默认邮件存储位置/usr/libexec/postfix/local.
3 .转发:电子邮件服务器(MTA)将提交的邮件转发至另一个服务器,以进行发送
4 .排队:失败的发送或转发尝试排队等待,并由MTA定义重试。(默认情况下,Postfix每小时执行此操作一次)
5 .拒绝:在首次提交期间,电子邮件被电子邮件服务器拒绝
6 .退回:远程服务器接受电子邮件以进行发送以后,又将该电子邮件退回给始发电子邮件服务器和/或用户
7 .电子邮件以进行发送以后,又将该电子邮件退回给始发电子邮件服务器和/或用户准备：

########################准备：#####
一: desktop虚拟机(westos-mail.westos.com)
#######配置网络。yum源。修改主机名称

   88  cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
   89 ls
   90 vim ifcfg-eth0
DEVICE=eth0
ONBOOT=yes
BOOTPROTO=none
IPADDR=172.25.254.144
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
104 hostnamectl set-hostnamewestos-mail.westos.com
105 logout
107 vim /etc/yum.repos.d/rhel_dvd.repo
108 yum clean all

#####配置DNS
109 yum install bind -y
111 systemctl start named
114 vim /etc/named.conf

115 vim /etc/named.rfc1912.zones

116 cd /var/named
117 ls
118 cp -p named.localhostwestos.com.zone
119 vim westos.com.zone

120 cp -p westos.com.zoneqq.com.zone
121 vim qq.com.zone

122 systemctl restart named
131 systemctl stop firewalld
####测试：
123 vim /etc/resolv.conf

124 cd
126 dig dns.westos.com
136 dig -t mx westos.com

二：server虚拟机（qq-mail.qq.com）
######配置网络。yum源。修改主机名称
     1 cd/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
     2 ls
     3 vim ifcfg-eth0
     4 vim /etc/yum.repos.d/rhel_dvd.repo
   5 yumclean all
     6 hostnamectl set-hostname qq-mail.qq.com
     7 logout
#######测试：
   20 vim /etc/resolv.conf
   21 dig dns.qq.com
   22 dig -t mx qq.com

#######################
#### postfix ##########
1.
postfix提供smtp协议用来投递邮件
默认端口25
/var/log/maillog    ##服务日志
mail [email protected]
Subject: hello
hello world
.       #用"."来结束录入内容并发送
mailq       ##查看邮件队列
postqueue -f    ##重新处理邮件队列

默认情况下邮件端口只在127.0.0.1上开启

2.配置两个虚拟机都配置
可以在/etc/postfix/main.cf文件中找到以下所有指令。
（1）myorigin
重写本地发布的电子邮件,使其显示为来自该域。这样有助于确保响应返回入站邮件服务器默认:myorigin = $myhostname
（2）inet_interfaces
控制Postfix侦听传入电子邮件的网络接口。如果设置为loopback-only,仅侦听127.0.0.1和::1,
如果设置为all,则侦听所有网络接口。还可以指定特定地址。
默认:inet_interfaces = localhost
（3）mydestination
收到地址为这些域的电子邮件将传递至MDA,以进行本地发送。
默认:mydestination = $myhostname, localhost.$mydomain,localhost
（4）mynetworks
IP地址和网络的逗号分隔列表(采用CIDR表示法)。这些地址和网络可以通过此MTA转发至
任何位置,无需进一步身份验证。
默认:mynetworks = 127.0.0.0/8
（5）relayhost
relayhost转发所有通过的出站邮件。通常用方括号指定,以阻止MX记录查找。
默认:relayhost =local_transport
收件地址为$mydestination的邮件的发送方式。默认情况下,设置为local:$myhostname(使用Local MDA将传入电子邮件发送到/var/spool/mail中的本地邮件存储位置)
默认:local_transport = local:$myhostname
（6）postconf -d 显示默认值。
（7）postconf -n显示不同于默认值的更改。

####westos.com:

vim /etc/postfix/main.cf
116 inet_interfaces = all       ##25端口开启的网络接口
76 myhostname = westos-mail.westos.com ##指定mta主机名称
83 mydomain = westos.com        ##指定mta的域名
99 myorigin = westos.com/$mydomain ##指定邮件来源结尾（@后面的字符内容）
164 mydestination = $myhostname, $mydomain, localhost   ##接收邮件结尾字符的指定
systemctl restart postfix.service
systemctl stop firewalld

   28 vim /etc/postfix/main.cf

29 systemctl restart postfix.service
30 systemctl stop firewalld

####qq.com:

vim /etc/postfix/main.cf
116 inet_interfaces = all       ##25端口开启的网络接口
76 myhostname = qq-mail.qq.com ##指定mta主机名称
83 mydomain = qq.com        ##指定mta的域名
99 myorigin = qq.com/$mydomain ##指定邮件来源结尾（@后面的字符内容）
164 mydestination = $myhostname, $mydomain, localhost   ##接收邮件结尾字符的指定
systemctl restart postfix.service
systemctl stop firewalld

8 vim /etc/postfix/main.cf

9 systemctl restartpostfix.service
10 systemctl stop firewalld

测试：可以互相发邮件

31 mail [email protected]
32 mailq
33 mail

11 mail
12 mail [email protected]
13 mailq

3.邮件别名
[[email protected] ~]# vim /etc/aliases
别名：真名            ##邮件别名
别名： :include:filename   ##邮件群发
vim filename
user1
user2
postalias /etc/aliases
mail 别名

   39  vim /etc/aliases   ####配置文件

40 vim /etc/postfix/qun

   41 postalias /etc/aliases   ###加密
   42 systemctl restart postfix.service
   43  mail [email protected]   #####邮件群发
   44 mailq
   45 mail
   46 mail -u student
   47  mail [email protected] #####root别名admin
   48 mailq
   49 mail
   50  mail [email protected] ####student别名admiin
   51 mailq
   52 mail -u student

4.通过远程主机测试邮件服务
真机：

[[email protected] ~]# yum install telnet.x86_64 -y
[[email protected] ~]# telnet 172.25.254.144 25
Trying 172.25.254.144...
Connected to 172.25.254.144.
Escape character is ‘^]‘.
220 westos-mail.westos.com ESMTP Postfix
ehlo hello ####确定软件是否装好
250-westos-mail.westos.com
250-PIPELINING
250-SIZE 10240000
250-VRFY
250-ETRN
250-ENHANCEDSTATUSCODES
250-8BITMIME
250 DSN
mail from:[email protected] #####发送方
250 2.1.0 Ok
rcpt to:[email protected] #####接收方
250 2.1.5 Ok
data                     ####编辑邮件内容
354 End data with <CR><LF>.<CR><LF>
fhylkhhiplu.kj
.
250 2.0.0 Ok: queued as 4CF3617E86E
quit                     #####退出
221 2.0.0 Bye
Connection closed by foreign host.
[[email protected] yum.repos.d]#
检测：
(1)westos.com 发送方

[[email protected] ~]# mailq
-Queue ID- --Size-- ----Arrival Time---- -Sender/Recipient-------
52431246202      194 Tue May 2301:48:23 [email protected]
              (connect to172.25.254.244[172.25.254.244]:25: No route to host)
                                        [email protected]

-- 0 Kbytes in 1 Request.
[[email protected] ~]# postqueue -f    ##重新处理邮件队列
[ro[email protected] ~]# mailq
Mail queue is empty
[[email protected] ~]#

(2)qq.com 接收方

[[email protected] ~]# mail
Heirloom Mail version 12.5 7/5/10. Type? for help.
"/var/spool/mail/root": 3 messages 2 new 3 unread
U 1 root                  Tue May 2300:05 22/734   "qqqq"
>N 2 [email protected]       Tue May 23 01:52 14/494
N 3 [email protected]       Tue May 2301:53 15/497
& quit
Held 3 messages in /var/spool/mail/root
You have mail in /var/spool/mail/root
[[email protected] ~]#

5.邮件客户端的访问控制

#########限制客户端
在westos.com：

postconf -e "smtpd_client_restrictions = check_client_accesshash:/etc/postfix/access" ###生成/etc/postfix/main.cf文件中的内容

vim /etc/postfix/main.cf

vim /etc/postfix/access
172.25.254.44 REJECT

postmap /etc/postfix/access ####加密/etc/postfix/access

systemctl restart postfix     ####重启postfix

测试:真机
[[email protected] ~]# telnet 172.25.254.144 25
Trying 172.25.254.144...
Connected to 172.25.254.144.
Escape character is ‘^]‘.
220 westos-mail.westos.com ESMTP Postfix
mail from:[email protected]   #####发送方
250 2.1.0 Ok
rcpt to:[email protected]    ####接受方
554 5.7.1 <unknown[172.25.254.44]>: Client host rejected: Accessdenied

#####限制用户发送

[[email protected] ~]# postconf -e"smtpd_sender_restrictions = check_sender_accesshash:/etc/postfix/sender"
[[email protected] ~]# vim /etc/postfix/main.cf

[[email protected] ~]# vim /etc/postfix/sender
[email protected] REJECT

[[email protected] ~]# cd /etc/postfix
[[email protected] postfix]# ls
access canonical header_checks master.cf relocated sender.db virtual
access.db generic main.cf qun sender transport
[[email protected] postfix]# systemctl start named
[[email protected] postfix]# systemctl restart postfix

测试：
[[email protected] ~]# telnet 172.25.254.144 25
Trying 172.25.254.144...
Connected to 172.25.254.144.
Escape character is ‘^]‘.
220 westos-mail.westos.com ESMTP Postfix
mail from:[email protected]
250 2.1.0 Ok
rcpt to:[email protected]
554 5.7.1 <[email protected]>: Sender address rejected: Accessdenied

############限制用户接收

[[email protected] ~]# postconf -e "smtpd_recipient_restrictions =check_sender_access hash:/etc/postfix/recip"
[[email protected] ~]# vim /etc/postfix/main.cf

[[email protected] ~]# vim /etc/postfix/recip
[email protected] REJECT

[[email protected] ~]# postmap /etc/postfix/recip
[[email protected] ~]# systemctl restart postfix
[[email protected] ~]# useradd westos
[[email protected] ~]#

测试：
[[email protected] ~]# telnet 172.25.254.144 25
Trying 172.25.254.144...
Connected to 172.25.254.144.
Escape character is ‘^]‘.
220 westos-mail.westos.com ESMTP Postfix
mail from:[email protected]
250 2.1.0 Ok
rcpt to:[email protected]
554 5.7.1 <[email protected]>: Sender address rejected: Accessdenied
quit
221 2.0.0 Bye
Connection closed by foreign host.

#########企业邮箱
####出栈地址转换
    1 postconf -d | grep generic
    2 postconf -e "smtp_generic_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/generic"
    3 vim /etc/postfix/main.cf

    4 vim /etc/postfix/generic
[email protected]   [email protected]
真域名                   假域名

    5 postmap /etc/postfix/generic
    6 systemctl restart postfix
    7 su - westos

测试：[[email protected] ~]$ history
1 mail [email protected]
2 mailq
[[email protected] ~]# mail

##入战地址转换
1. dns mx 记录解析先做好
17 vim /etc/named.rfc1912.zones

18 cp-p qq.com.zone sb.com.zone
19 vim sb.com.zone

20 systemctl restart named
21 dig -t mx sb.com

26 postconf -e"virtual_alias_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/virtual"
27 vim /etc/postfix/main.cf

   28  vim /etc/postfix/virtual
虚拟名字        真实用户
[email protected]        [email protected]

   29 postmap /etc/postfix/virtual
   30 systemctl restart postfix
   31 su - westos
测试：
[[email protected] ~]# mail [email protected]

[[email protected] ~]$ mail

##########################

####### dovecot ##########
##########################
1.
dovecot 用来提供收件协议
pop3        110
imap        143
imaps       993
pop3s       995

给定用户名称，用户密码，dovecot程序代我们去看这个用户的邮件文件

###############收邮件######
2.
yum install dovecot -y
systemctl start dovecot
netstat -antlpe | grep dovecot

3.
vim /etc/dovecot/dovecot.conf
24 protocols = imap pop3 lmtp
48 login_trusted_networks = 0.0.0.0/0
49 disable_plaintext_auth = no

vim /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-mail.conf

30 mail_location = mbox:~/mail:INBOX=/var/mail/%u ##防止别人收到你的邮件
passwd westos ####

mail westos

[[email protected] ~]# su - westos
[[email protected] ~]$ mkdir mail/.imap/ -p
[[email protected] ~]$ touch mail/.imap/INBOX
[[email protected] ~]$ logout

5.自动撰写 mail/.imap
mkdir /etc/skel/mail/.imap/ -p
touch /etc/skel/mail/.imap/INBOX
/etc/skel #####骨架目录

   14 mkdir /etc/skel/mail/.imap/ -p
   15 touch /etc/skel/mail/.imap/INBOX
   16 useradd lee
   17 cd /home/lee
   18 ll
   19 ls mail/ -a
   20 ls mail/.imap/INBOX
   21 passwd lee
   22  mail lee

测试

真机：
[[email protected] ~]# yum install mutt -y
[[email protected] ~]# mutt -fpop://[email protected]
2 kept, 0 deleted.

[[email protected] ~]# mutt -fpop://[email protected]
1 kept, 0 deleted.

选择O

输入密码

按Enter

######雷鸟######
1 下载 thunderbird-31.2.0-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
2 安装
yum install /home/kiosk/Desktop/thunderbird-31.2.0-1.el7.x86_64.rpm -y
3 （1）打开雷鸟

（2）

4验证:
[[email protected] ~]# mail

##########mariadb;dovecot;postfix########
一
准备工作：
（1）#####postfix###
westos.com:
201 mv /etc/postfix/main.cf /mnt/
202 yum reinstall postfix -y

203 vim /etc/postfix/main.cf
116 inet_interfaces = all       ##25端口开启的网络接口
76 myhostname = qq-mail.qq.com ##指定mta主机名称
83 mydomain = qq.com        ##指定mta的域名
99 myorigin = qq.com/$mydomain ##指定邮件来源结尾（@后面的字符内容）
164 mydestination = $myhostname, $mydomain, localhost   ##接收邮件结尾字符的指定
204 systemctl restart postfix

（2）######mariadb####
205 yum install http php php-mysql mariadb-server -y
206 systemctl start mariadb
208 vim /etc/my.cnf ###mysqul的配置文件
14 skip-networking=1

209 systemctl restart mariadb ###重启mariadb服务

210 mysql_secure_installation ###mysql安全内容配置
所有都按Enter键

下载
215 [email protected]:/home/kiosk/Desktop/phpMyAdmin-3.4.0-all-languages.tar.bz2 /var/www/html
###########下载压缩包
216 cd /var/www/html
217 ls
218 tar jxf phpMyAdmin-3.4.0-all-languages.tar.bz2
####解压压缩包到/var/www/html
219 ls
220 rm -fr *.bz2
221 ls

222 mv phpMyAdmin-3.4.0-all-languages/ mysqladmain #### 将安装包下的所有文件移动到 mysqladmin
223 cd mysqladmain/
224 ls

225 cp config.sample.inc.php config.inc.php ###复制配置文件
226 vim config.inc.php ###写配置文件
$cfg[‘blowfish_secret‘] = ‘mysql‘; /* YOU MUST FILL IN THIS FOR COOKIE AUTH!*/

227 systemctl restart httpd

真机：
打开浏览器访问：http://172.25.254.144/myadmin/

westos.com:

228 mysql -uroot -pqwer
    MariaDB [(none)]> create [email protected] identified by ‘postuser‘;  ####建立postuser用户，本地登陆
    MariaDB [(none)]> grantselect,update,insert on email.* to [email protected]; ####### 本机登陆postuser,授权
    MariaDB [(none)]> select * fromemail.emailuser;###查询email.emailuser表中的所有内容
    MariaDB [(none)]> quit

测试：
    32 cd /etc/postfix
    34 vim mailuser.cf ####用户名称查询
hosts = localhost #####数据库所在的主机
user = postuser    #####登陆数据库的用户
password = postuser #####登陆数据库的密码
dbname = email    #####postfix要查询的名字
table = emailuser ######postfix要查询的表的名字
select_field = username #####postfix要查询的字段
where_field = username ####用户给定postfix的查询条件

   35 postmap -q "[email protected]" mysql:/etc/postfix/mailuser.cf
   36 cp mailuser.cf maildomain.cf
   37 vim maildomain.cf #### 用户域名查询
hosts = localhost
user = postuser
password = postuser
dbname = email
table = emailuser
select_field = domain
where_field = domain

   38 postmap -q "lee.com" mysql:/etc/postfix/maildomain.cf
   39 cp mailuser.cf mailbox.cf
   40 vim mailbox.cf ####用户邮箱位置查询
hosts = localhost
user = postuser
password = postuser
dbname = email
table = emailuser
select_field = maildir
where_field = username
   41 postmap -q "[email protected]" mysql:/etc/postfix/mailbox.cf

42 ls

   43 cat mailuser.cf
   44 cat maildomain.cf
   45 cat mailbox.cf
   46 history

二##配置postfix

[[email protected] ~]# groupadd -g 666 vmail
[[email protected] ~]# useradd -s /sbin/nologin -u 666 vmail -g 666
[[email protected] ~]# id vmail
uid=666(vmail) gid=666(vmail) groups=666(vmail)

[[email protected] ~]# postconf -e "virtual_mailbox_base =/home/vmail"
##设定虚拟用户的邮件目录
[[email protected] ~]# postconf -e"virtual_uid_maps = static:666"
##虚拟用户建立文件的uid
[[email protected] ~]# postconf -e "virtual_gid_maps =static:666"
##虚拟用户建立文件的gid
[[email protected] ~]# postconf -e "virtual_alias_maps =mysql:/etc/postfix/mailuser.cf"
[[email protected] ~]# postconf -e "virtual_mailbox_domains =mysql:/etc/postfix/maildomain.cf"
[[email protected] ~]# postconf -e "virtual_mailbox_maps =mysql:/etc/postfix/mailbox.cf"
[[email protected] ~]# vim/etc/postfix/main.cf

[[email protected] ~]# systemctl restartpostfix
[[email protected] ~]# ll/etc/postfix/mailbox.cf
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 134 May 23 09:05 /etc/postfix/mailbox.cf
[[email protected] ~]# ll /etc/postfix/mailuser.cf
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 135 May 23 09:03 /etc/postfix/mailuser.cf
[[email protected] ~]# ll /etc/postfix/maildomain.cf
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 131 May 23 09:04 /etc/postfix/maildomain.cf

修改邮箱位置

测试：
[[email protected] ~]# cd /home/vmail
[[email protected] vmail]# ls
[[email protected] vmail]# mail [email protected]
Subject: abcd
abcd
.
EOT
[[email protected] vmail]# ls
lee.com
[[email protected] vmail]# cd lee.com
[[email protected] lee.com]# ls
lee
[[email protected] lee.com]# cd lee
[[email protected] lee]# ls
cur new tmp
[[email protected] lee]# catnew/1495545556.Vfd01I1a9eecdM433309.westos-mail.westos.com

以上是关于email的主要内容，如果未能解决你的问题，请参考以下文章