ngix部署

Posted 2020-09-17 羊小羚

Linux端安装sshd服务(openssh-server)

查看防火墙：ufw(Linux默认安装了)

再就是客户端了。。

 

平时在测试环境下的项目不能承载高并发，需要部署到web server上。
web server:
    apache(早期)
    ngix(更能承载高并发、轻量级，底层是I/O多路复用epoll)

如何在生产上部署Django?

Django的部署可以有很多方式，采用nginx+uwsgi的方式是其中比较常见的一种方式。

 uwsgi介绍

uWSGI是一个Web服务器，它实现了WSGI协议、uwsgi、http等协议。Nginx中HttpUwsgiModule的作用是与uWSGI服务器进行交换。

要注意 WSGI / uwsgi / uWSGI 这三个概念的区分。

1. WSGI是一种Web服务器网关接口。它是一个Web服务器（如nginx，uWSGI等服务器）与web应用（如用Flask框架写的程序）通信的一种规范。
2. uwsgi是一种线路协议而不是通信协议，在此常用于在uWSGI服务器与其他网络服务器的数据通信。
3. 而uWSGI是实现了uwsgi和WSGI两种协议的Web服务器。
4. uwsgi协议是一个uWSGI服务器自有的协议，它用于定义传输信息的类型（type of information），每一个uwsgi packet前4byte为传输信息类型描述，它与WSGI相比是两样东西。

 uwsgi性能非常高

uWSGI的主要特点如下

1. 超快的性能
2. 低内存占用（实测为apache2的mod_wsgi的一半左右）
3. 多app管理（终于不用冥思苦想下个app用哪个端口比较好了-.-）
4. 详尽的日志功能（可以用来分析app性能和瓶颈）
5. 高度可定制（内存大小限制，服务一定次数后重启等）

总而言之uwgi是个部署用的好东东，正如uWSGI作者所吹嘘的：

If you are searching for a simple wsgi-only server, uWSGI is not for you, but if you are building a real (production-ready) app that need to be rock-solid, fast and easy to distribute/optimize for various load-average, you will pathetically and morbidly fall in love (we hope) with uWSGI.

Uwsgi 安装使用

1 # Install the latest stable release:
2 pip install uwsgi
3 # ... or if you want to install the latest LTS (long term support) release,
4 pip install https://projects.unbit.it/downloads/uwsgi-lts.tar.gz

安装uwsgi

基本测试

Create a file called test.py:

# test.py
def application(env, start_response):
    start_response(\'200 OK\', [(\'Content-Type\',\'text/html\')])
    return [b"Hello World"] # python3
    #return ["Hello World"] # python2

运行

uwsgi --http :8000 --wsgi-file test.py

用uwsgi启动Django

uwsgi --http :8000 --module midware.wsgi

可以把参数写到配置文件uwsgi.ini

[uwsgi]
http = :9000
# the local unix socket file than commnuincate to Nginx
socket = 127.0.0.1:8001
# the base directory (full path)
chdir = /home/ubuntu/midware
# Django\'s wsgi file
wsgi-file = midware/wsgi.py
# maximum number of worker processes
processes = 4
# thread numbers startched in each worker process
threads = 2
# monitor uwsgi status
stats = 127.0.0.1:9191
# clear environment on exit
vacuum = true

用uwsgi启动Django

ubuntu@ubuntu:~/midware$ uwsgi uwsgi.ini

 用uwsgitop监控

安装uwsgitop

sudo pip3 install uwsgitop

进行监控

uwsgitop  :9191   #9191是配置文件中的监控进行127.0.0.1:9191　　

安装Nginx

sudo apt-get install nginx
sudo /etc/init.d/nginx start    # start nginx
sudo /etc/init.d/nginx restart    # restart nginx

为你的项目生成Nginx配置文件

You will need the uwsgi_params file, which is available in the nginx directory of the uWSGI distribution, or from https://github.com/nginx/nginx/blob/master/conf/uwsgi_params

Copy it into your project directory. In a moment we will tell nginx to refer to it.

Now create a file called mysite_nginx.conf, and put this in it:

# uwsgi_params   #把这个文件从/etc/nginx/拷贝到项目midware下。
[uwsgi]
http = :9000
# the local unix socket file than commnuincate to Nginx
socket = 127.0.0.1:8001
# the base directory (full path)
chdir = /home/ubuntu/midware
# Django\'s wsgi file
wsgi-file = midware/wsgi.py   #每个Django项目都会有一个名为wsgi.py的文件。
# maximum number of worker processes
processes = 4
# thread numbers startched in each worker process
threads = 2
# monitor uwsgi status
stats = 127.0.0.1:9191   #uwsgitop监控的就是它
# clear environment on exit
vacuum = true

文件mysite_nginx.conf

# 放到/etc/nginx/sites-enabled下，或者放到项目midware下，然后链接到/etc/nginx/sites-enabled（建立短链接ln -s mysite_nginx.conf /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/）

# mysite_nginx.conf
 
# the upstream component nginx needs to connect to
upstream django {
    # server unix:///path/to/your/mysite/mysite.sock; # for a file socket
    server 127.0.0.1:8001; # for a web port socket (we\'ll use this first)    #uwsgi.ini中的the local unix socket（socket = 127.0.0.1:8001）
}
 
# configuration of the server
server {
    # the port your site will be served on
    listen      8000;      #用户访问的端口
    # the domain name it will serve for
    server_name .example.com; # substitute your machine\'s IP address or FQDN    #服务器名称
    charset     utf-8;
 
    # max upload size
    client_max_body_size 75M;   # adjust to taste   #用户请求最大为75M
 
    # Django media
    location /media  {
        alias /path/to/your/mysite/media;  # your Django project\'s media files - amend as required
    }
 
    location /static {
        alias /home/ubuntu/midware/static; # your Django project\'s static files - amend as required   #静态文件路径
    }
 
    # Finally, send all non-media requests to the Django server.
    location / {
        uwsgi_pass  django;
        include     /home/ubuntu/midware/uwsgi_params; # the uwsgi_params file you installed    #把这个文件放到项目目录，或者/etc/nginx/sites-enabled/uwsgi_params
    }
}

启动uwsgi、重启Nginx

...

Deploying static files

Before running nginx, you have to collect all Django static files in the static folder. First of all you have to edit mysite/settings.py adding:

# 文件settings.py
DEBUG = False   #生成环境中不能用DEBUG模式


STATIC_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, "all_tatic_files")
  #把所有静态文件放到一个文件夹下，注意不要与"static"重名，否则会被覆盖。

 

 最后执行

python manage.py collectstatic   #合并静态文件

不要忘了，修改mysite_nginx.conf中的静态文件配置

　启动uwsgi、重启Nginx