IOS-Runtime(消息机制)
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一、关于runtime
之前在项目中有遇到过用runtime解决改变全局字体的问题,所以再一次感受到了runtime黑魔法的强大,趁现在有机会分享一下对runtime的一些理解。在对象调用方法是Objective-C中经常使用的功能,也就是消息的传递,而Objective-C是C的超集,所以和C不同的是,Objective-C使用的是动态绑定,也就是runtime。Objective-C的消息传递和消息机制也就不多说了,今天主要说的是动态方法,也就是函数的调用。
二、相关的几个函数
下面一张图详细的概括了每个函数调用的先后以及执行的前提
消息传递函数的调用
1.对象在收到无法解读的消息后,首先会调用所属类的
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+ (BOOL)resolveInstanceMethod:(SEL)sel |
这个方法在运行时,没有找到SEL的IML时就会执行。这个函数是给类利用class_addMethod添加函数的机会。根据文档,如果实现了添加函数代码则返回YES,未实现返回NO。举个例子,新建了一个工程,首先我在ViewController这个类中执行doSomething1这个方法,代码如下
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// // ViewController.m // RuntimeTest1 // // Created by HenryCheng on 15/12/24. // Copyright ?(版权符号) 2015年 www.igancao.com All rights reserved. // #import "ViewController.h" @interface ViewController () @end @implementation ViewController - (void)viewDidLoad { [ super viewDidLoad]; [self performSelector:@selector(doSomething)]; } - (void)didReceiveMemoryWarning { [ super didReceiveMemoryWarning]; // Dispose of any resources that can be recreated. } @end |
运行结果
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**2015-12-24 10:35:37.726 RuntimeTest1[1877:337842] -[ViewController doSomething]: unrecognized selector sent to instance 0x7fe9f3736680** **2015-12-24 10:35:37.729 RuntimeTest1[1877:337842] *** Terminating app due to uncaught exception ‘NSInvalidArgumentException‘ , reason: ‘-[ViewController doSomething]: unrecognized selector sent to instance 0x7fe9f3736680‘ ** ***** First throw call stack:** |
不出意外,程序崩溃,因为没有找到doSomething这个方法,下面我们在里面实现 + (BOOL)resolveInstanceMethod:(SEL)sel这个方法,并且判断如果SEL 是doSomething那就输出add method here
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// // ViewController.m // RuntimeTest1 // // Created by HenryCheng on 15/12/24. // Copyright ?(版权符号) 2015年 www.igancao.com All rights reserved. // #import "ViewController.h" @interface ViewController () @end @implementation ViewController - (void)viewDidLoad { [ super viewDidLoad]; [self performSelector:@selector(doSomething)]; } + (BOOL)resolveInstanceMethod:(SEL)sel { if (sel == @selector(doSomething)) { NSLog(@ "add method here" ); return YES; } return [ super resolveInstanceMethod:sel]; } - (void)didReceiveMemoryWarning { [ super didReceiveMemoryWarning]; // Dispose of any resources that can be recreated. } @end |
继续运行,然后看到log
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**2015-12-24 10:47:24.687 RuntimeTest1[2007:382077] add method here** **2015-12-24 10:47:24.687 RuntimeTest1[2007:382077] -[ViewController doSomething]: unrecognized selector sent to instance 0x7f9568c331f0** **2015-12-24 10:47:24.690 RuntimeTest1[2007:382077] *** Terminating app due to uncaught exception ‘NSInvalidArgumentException‘ , reason: ‘-[ViewController doSomething]: unrecognized selector sent to instance 0x7f9568c331f0‘ ** ***** First throw call stack:** |
可以看到程序依然是崩溃了,但是我们可以看到输出了add method here,这说明我们 + (BOOL)resolveInstanceMethod:(SEL)sel这个方法执行了,并进入了判断,所以,在这儿,我们可以做一下操作,使这个方法得到相应,不至于走到最后- (void)doesNotRecognizeSelector:(SEL)aSelector这个方法中而崩掉了,接下来,我么继续操作,如下
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// // ViewController.m // RuntimeTest1 // // Created by HenryCheng on 15/12/24. // Copyright ?(版权符号) 2015年 www.igancao.com All rights reserved. // #import "ViewController.h" #import [objc/runtime.h](因识别问题,此处将尖括号改为方括号) @interface ViewController () @end @implementation ViewController - (void)viewDidLoad { [ super viewDidLoad]; [self performSelector:@selector(doSomething)]; } + (BOOL)resolveInstanceMethod:(SEL)sel { if (sel == @selector(doSomething)) { NSLog(@ "add method here" ); return YES; } return [ super resolveInstanceMethod:sel]; } void dynamicMethodIMP (id self, SEL _cmd) { NSLog(@ "doSomething SEL" ); } - (void)didReceiveMemoryWarning { [ super didReceiveMemoryWarning]; // Dispose of any resources that can be recreated. } @end |
导入了并且在+ (BOOL)resolveInstanceMethod:(SEL)sel中执行了class_addMethod这个方法,然后定义了一个void dynamicMethodIMP (id self, SEL _cmd)这个函数,运行工程,看log
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**2015-12-24 11:45:11.934 RuntimeTest1[2284:478571] add method here** **2015-12-24 11:45:11.934 RuntimeTest1[2284:478571] doSomething SEL** |
这时候我们发现,程序并没有崩溃,而且还输出了doSomething SEL,这时候就说明我们已经通过runtime成功的向我们这个类中添加了一个方法。关于class_addMethod这个方法,是这样定义的
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OBJC_EXPORT BOOL class_addMethod(Class cls, SEL name, IMP imp, const char *types) |
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cls 在这个类中添加方法,也就是方法所添加的类
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name 方法名,这个可以随便起的
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imp 实现这个方法的函数
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types 定义该数返回值类型和参数类型的字符串,这里比如"[email protected]:",其中v就是void,带表返回类型就是空,@代表参数,这里指的是id(self),这里:指的是方法SEL(_cmd),比如我再定义一个函数
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int newMethod (id self, SEL _cmd, NSString *str) { return 100; } |
那么添加这个函数的方法就应该是ass_addMethod([self class], @selector(newMethod), (IMP)newMethod, "[email protected]:@");
2.如果在+ (BOOL)resolveInstanceMethod:(SEL)sel中没有找到或者添加方法
消息继续往下传递到- (id)forwardingTargetForSelector:(SEL)aSelector看看是不是有对象可以执行这个方法,我们来重新建个工程,然后新建一个叫SecondViewController的类,里面有一个- (void)secondVCMethod方法,如下
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// // SecondViewController.m // RuntimeTest2 // // Created by HenryCheng on 15/12/24. // Copyright ?(版权符号) 2015年 www.igancao.com All rights reserved. // #import "SecondViewController.h" @interface SecondViewController () @end @implementation SecondViewController - (void)viewDidLoad { [ super viewDidLoad]; // Do any additional setup after loading the view. } - (void)secondVCMethod { NSLog(@ "This is secondVC method !" ); } - (void)didReceiveMemoryWarning { [ super didReceiveMemoryWarning]; // Dispose of any resources that can be recreated. } /* #pragma mark - Navigation // In a storyboard-based application, you will often want to do a little preparation before navigation - (void)prepareForSegue:(UIStoryboardSegue *)segue sender:(id)sender { // Get the new view controller using [segue destinationViewController]. // Pass the selected object to the new view controller. } */ @end |
工程结构应该是这样的
工程目录图
现在我想在ViewController中调用- (void)secondVCMethod这个方法,我们知道ViewController和SecondViewController并无继承关系,按照正常的步骤去做程序肯定会因为在ViewController找不到- (void)secondVCMethod这个方法而直接崩溃的
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// // ViewController.m // RuntimeTest2 // // Created by HenryCheng on 15/12/24. // Copyright ?(版权符号) 2015年 www.igancao.com All rights reserved. // #import "ViewController.h" #import @interface ViewController () @end @implementation ViewController - (void)viewDidLoad { [ super viewDidLoad]; [self performSelector:@selector(secondVCMethod)]; } - (void)didReceiveMemoryWarning { [ super didReceiveMemoryWarning]; // Dispose of any resources that can be recreated. } @end |
运行结果
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**2015-12-24 13:54:44.314 RuntimeTest2[3164:835814] -[ViewController secondVCMethod]: unrecognized selector sent to instance 0x7fc3a8535c10** **2015-12-24 13:54:44.317 RuntimeTest2[3164:835814] *** Terminating app due to uncaught exception ‘NSInvalidArgumentException‘ , reason: ‘-[ViewController secondVCMethod]: unrecognized selector sent to instance 0x7fc3a8535c10‘ ** ***** First throw call stack:** |
现在我们来处理一下这个消息,如下
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// // ViewController.m // RuntimeTest2 // // Created by HenryCheng on 15/12/24. // Copyright ?(版权符号) 2015年 www.igancao.com All rights reserved. // #import "ViewController.h" #import @interface ViewController () @end @implementation ViewController - (void)viewDidLoad { [ super viewDidLoad]; [self performSelector:@selector(secondVCMethod)]; } - (id)forwardingTargetForSelector:(SEL)aSelector { Class class = NSClassFromString(@ "SecondViewController" ); UIViewController *vc = class. new ; if (aSelector == NSSelectorFromString(@ "secondVCMethod" )) { NSLog(@ "secondVC do this !" ); return vc; } return nil; } + (BOOL)resolveInstanceMethod:(SEL)sel { return [ super resolveInstanceMethod:sel]; } - (void)didReceiveMemoryWarning { [ super didReceiveMemoryWarning]; // Dispose of any resources that can be recreated. } @end |
运行结果
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**2015-12-24 14:00:34.168 RuntimeTest2[3284:870957] secondVC do this !** **2015-12-24 14:00:34.169 RuntimeTest2[3284:870957] This is secondVC method !** |
我们会发现- (void)secondVCMethod这个方法执行了,程序也并没有崩溃,原因就是在这一步
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- (id)forwardingTargetForSelector:(SEL)aSelector { Class class = NSClassFromString(@ "SecondViewController" ); UIViewController *vc = class. new ; if (aSelector == NSSelectorFromString(@ "secondVCMethod" )) { NSLog(@ "secondVC do this !" ); return vc; } return nil; } |
在没有找到- (void)secondVCMethod这个方法的时候,消息继续传递,直到- (id)forwardingTargetForSelector:(SEL)aSelector,然后我在里面创建了一个SecondViewController的对象,并且判断如过有这个方法,就返回SecondViewController的对象。这个函数就是消息的转发,在这儿我们成功的把消息传给了SecondViewController,然后让它来执行,所以就执行了那个方法。同时,也相当于完成了一个多继承!
三、最后一点
当然,还有好几个函数,在上面那张图里面已经清晰的表达了,有兴趣的可以自己试试,看看消息的传递顺序到底是怎么样的。上面提到的这些知识runtime的冰山一角,runtime黑魔法的强大远不止于此,比如方法的调配(Method Swizzling)等,在项目实战中还是很有用的,后面有时间会再介绍.
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