What is Evolutionary Rescue?
Posted 原本山川,极命草木
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Basic concepts in evolutionary biology provide the framework for addressing this issue.One such concept is that of ‘evolutionary rescue’ (ER).
It describes the capacity of populations to survive rapid environmental change by evolving adaptations that allow survival in the new environment and restore positive population growth (Bell & Collins 2008; Gonzalez et al. 2013). If evolutionary rescue occurs, then the population dynamics are typically defined by a U-shaped curve, where a strong initial population decline is followed by an increase, as surviving (and adapted) individuals rapidly reproduce (Gomulkiewicz & Holt 1995; Bell & Gonzalez 2009; Martin et al. 2013).
The likelihood of ER depends on the effect size of the environmental stress and the rate at which environmental conditions deteriorate (Gonzalez et al. 2013). If an environmental change is sudden, then a large, rapid population decline is probable, increasing the chance of extinction. In this case, ER likely relies on existing genetic variation within the population or better adapted variants quickly entering the population through migration or mutation. In this scenario, it is argued that adaptation relies on a small number of mutations with large effects that fix rapidly (Bell 2013).
Conversely, if environmental change is more gradual, then adaptation may proceed by the slower fixation of many mutations of small effect as the population tracks the changing environmental conditions (Lynch & Lande 1993; Bell 2013). Gradual environmental degradation increases the likelihood of successful evolutionary rescue (Bell & Gonzalez 2011). Experimental studies have demonstrated that slower rates of environmental change can result in more adapted and thus more resilient, final populations or fewer extinctions (Huey et al. 1991; Perron et al. 2008; Collins & de Meaux 2009; Bell & Gonzalez 2011).
Rapidly deteriorating environments can limit both the availability of mutations due to reduced population size and can make some adapted genotypes evolutionarily inaccessible (Lindsey et al. 2013). Thus, the rate of environmental change affects both the likelihood of evolutionary rescue occurring, and the evolutionary trajectory and genetic architecture which results.
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