学习python的第一个小目标：通过requests+xlrd实现简单接口测试，将测试用例维护在表格中，与脚本分开。
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篇首语：本文由小常识网(cha138.com)小编为大家整理，主要介绍了学习python的第一个小目标：通过requests+xlrd实现简单接口测试，将测试用例维护在表格中，与脚本分开。相关的知识，希望对你有一定的参考价值。
小白的学习方式：通过确定一个小目标来想办法实现它，再通过笔记来加深印象。
面对标题中的小目标我陷入了思考。。。。嗯，首先实现利用xlrd库来取出想要的用例
首先用表格准备好用例，如图下：
先试下取number为1的一行用例试试：
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- 3 import xlrd 4 5 xlsurl = r"D:\\RequestAPI.xlsx" # 表格文件路径 6 rqapi = xlrd.open_workbook(xlsurl) # 获得文件对象 7 sheet_name = rqapi.sheet_names()[0] # 获取表格第一个sheet名称 8 sheet1 = rqapi.sheet_by_name(sheet_name) # 获取表格第一个sheet对象 9 nrow = sheet1.nrows # 获取表格行总数 10 ncols = sheet1.ncols # 获取表格列总数 11 col_data = sheet1.col_values(0) # 获取表格第一列的数据 12 row_data = sheet1.row_values(1) # 获取表格第二行的数据 13 print "=======================================================================" 14 print row_data 15 print type(row_data)
执行结果如图：
可以看到，表格中number为1的一行数据已经打印出来了，并且是list类型的，这样通过遍历list可以将数据都当个取出来，不过我没这么做，因为表格中paramete是保存的请求参数，在requests库中，请求参数是dict格式的，所以不需要把每个参数都遍历出来（requests库的使用在笔记后面别急）。
搞定取单行数据，那接下来再取每一行的数据，并把每行中需要的列也取出来，上代码：
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- import xlrd class ApiTest: def xlsee(self, xlsFile): rqapi = xlrd.open_workbook(xlsFile) # 获得文件对象 sheet_name = rqapi.sheet_names()[0] # 获取第一个sheet名称 sheet = rqapi.sheet_by_name(sheet_name) # 获取第一个sheet对象 return sheet if __name__ == "__main__": apitest = ApiTest() xlsFile = r"D:\\RequestAPI.xlsx" # 文件路径 sheet1 = apitest.xlsee(xlsFile) nrow = sheet1.nrows # 获取行总数 ncols = sheet1.ncols # 获取列总数 col_data = sheet1.col_values(0) # 获取第一列的数据 for i in range(1, nrow): # 循环每行，并获取每行每列的值，第0行是标题，所以从第一行开始取 row_data = sheet1.row_values(i) # 获取第i行的数据 nums = int(row_data[0]) # 用例编号 rqtypes = str(row_data[2]) # 请求类型 rqurls = str(row_data[1]) # 请求地址 a = row_data[5:] # 请求参数，并且一次取出这一行所有的参数 parametes = dict(zip(a[0::2], a[1::2])) # 将list类型的参数转换为dict字典类型的 code = row_data[3] # 校验结果用的code状态码 coderesult = row_data[4] # 用于显示校验结果的参数pass或error print "==================================================================================" print "用例编号:", nums print "请求类型", rqtypes print "请求地址", rqurls print "请求参数parametes：", parametes print "校验结果用的code状态码", code print "用于显示校验结果的参数", coderesult
对于上面代码，简单封装了一下，注意
a = row_data[5:] # 请求参数，并且一次取出这一行所有的参数
这个利用list[a:]来取值，可取第a位后面所有的数据，这就表明，我可在表格中设置N个参数，而不会限制于不同接口参数个数不一样的限制了
上面代码运行结果如下：
从表格中读取用例的问题已经搞定了，接下来就是通过requests来执行这些用例，上代码：
class ApiTest: # 请求主方法 def request(self, rqtype, rqurl, paramete, headers): self.rqurl = rqurl # API地址 self.rqtype = rqtype # 请求类型get or post self.paramete = paramete # 请求参数 self.headers = headers # 请求头 if rqtype == "get": apirqhttp = requests.get(url=rqurl, params=paramete, headers=headers) # 发送请求 code = apirqhttp.status_code # 保存返回状态 pam = apirqhttp.text # 保存返回数据并将json转为dict return code, pam if rqtype == "post": apirqhttp = requests.post(url=rqurl, data=paramete, headers=headers) code = apirqhttp.status_code pam = apirqhttp.text return code, pam else: print "请求参数错误，请求类型只支持get+post，请求地址支持string，参数支持dict"
其中有个小插曲，就是接口中常见的身份验证问题，需要获取token值，将token值作为herders请求头来进行身份校验
于是再通过登录接口来获取这个token（注意：token值校验不同项目可能不一样，比如我们公司就在touken值前面加了个brarer ，所以需要再将token值拼接一下）值并参数化，上代码：
# 获取B2B分销商token值方法 def seltoken(self): rqtypes = "post" rqurls = "http://xxxxx.dddd.com//account/authorize" parametes = {"username": "Wbfxs001", "password": "111111Qq", "grant_type": "password"} headers = None cod, pam = ApiTest().request(rqtypes, rqurls, parametes, headers) # 掉用request方法请求登录 pam = json.loads(pam) # 保存返回数据并将json转为dict access_token = pam["access_token"] # 截取dic中access_token键的value access_token = "bearer " + str(access_token) # 拼接access_token为最终需要的token值 return access_token
最后将xlrd+requests方法都封装好，上代码（上面代码都整合在这里了）：
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- # @Time : 2017-04-13 18:39 import requests, xlrd, xlrd, json class ApiTest: # 请求主方法 def request(self, rqtype, rqurl, paramete, headers): self.rqurl = rqurl # API地址 self.rqtype = rqtype # 请求类型get or post self.paramete = paramete # 请求参数 self.headers = headers # 请求头 if rqtype == "get": apirqhttp = requests.get(url=rqurl, params=paramete, headers=headers) # 发送请求 code = apirqhttp.status_code # 保存返回状态 pam = apirqhttp.text # 保存返回数据并将json转为dict return code, pam if rqtype == "post": apirqhttp = requests.post(url=rqurl, data=paramete, headers=headers) code = apirqhttp.status_code pam = apirqhttp.text return code, pam else: print "请求参数错误，请求类型只支持get+post，请求地址支持string，参数支持dict" # 获取B2B分销商token值方法 def seltoken(self): rqtypes = "post" rqurls = "http://xxxxx.dddd.com//account/authorize" parametes = {"username": "Wbfxs001", "password": "111111Qq", "grant_type": "password"} headers = None cod, pam = ApiTest().request(rqtypes, rqurls, parametes, headers) # 掉用request方法请求登录 pam = json.loads(pam) # 保存返回数据并将json转为dict access_token = pam["access_token"] # 截取dic中access_token键的value access_token = "bearer " + str(access_token) # 拼接access_token为最终需要的token值 return access_token def xlsee(self, xlsFile): rqapi = xlrd.open_workbook(xlsFile) # 获得文件对象 sheet_name = rqapi.sheet_names()[0] # 获取第一个sheet名称 sheet = rqapi.sheet_by_name(sheet_name) # 获取第一个sheet对象 return sheet if __name__ == "__main__": apitest = ApiTest() xlsFile = r"D:\\RequestAPI.xlsx" # 文件路径 sheet1 = apitest.xlsee(xlsFile) nrow = sheet1.nrows # 获取行总数 ncols = sheet1.ncols # 获取列总数 col_data = sheet1.col_values(0) # 获取第一列的数据 for i in range(1, nrow): # 循环每行，并获取每行每列的值 row_data = sheet1.row_values(i) # 获取第i行的数据 nums = int(row_data[0]) # 获取第i行的某个数据 rqtypes = str(row_data[2]) rqurls = str(row_data[1]) a = row_data[5:] parametes = dict(zip(a[0::2], a[1::2])) code = row_data[3] coderesult = row_data[4] access_token = apitest.seltoken() # 获取token headers = {"Authorization": access_token} codetest, pamtest = apitest.request(rqtypes, rqurls, parametes, headers) print "用例编号：", nums, "code码：", codetest print pamtest
附上执行效果图：
D:\\Python27\\python.exe D:/PycharmProjects/testuntitled0325/TestAPI/request_01.py
===================================================================================================
用例编号： 1 code码： 200
200
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===================================================================================================
用例编号： 2 code码： 200
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===================================================================================================
用例编号： 3 code码： 200
200
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===================================================================================================
用例编号： 4 code码： 200
200
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Process finished with exit code 0
至此，以上是本次学习后的一点点成果。此次学习似乎已经看到了一个简单自动化接口测试框架的影子，后面再不断通过学习去完善它。。
由于也是刚开始学习python，对其理解也比较浅。身为一名测试工程师，有着一颗摆脱手工测试，进阶到自动化测试的心，后面的路还很长。。。。
同时，感谢学习期间“大师兄”和“饭哥”的帮助~
以上是关于学习python的第一个小目标：通过requests+xlrd实现简单接口测试，将测试用例维护在表格中，与脚本分开。的主要内容，如果未能解决你的问题，请参考以下文章