用Qemu搭建x86_64学习环境
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作者信息
作者：彭东林
邮箱：pengdonglin137@163.com
QQ：405728433
软件平台
主机： Ubuntu14.04 64位版本
模拟器：Qemu-2.8.0
Linux内核版本： Linux-4.10
Busybox版本：busybox-1.24.2
工具链： gcc
具备的功能
模拟一个双核或者单核的x86_64架构的系统，根文件系统用ramdisk的形式，跟Host之间采用NFS的方式实现文件共享。
正文
1、Qemu的编译安装
请参考博文用qemu搭建aarch64学习环境
2、工具链
Ubuntu系统自带的gcc
3、Linux内核编译
登录https://www.kernel.org/， 下载最新的Linux版本，目前最新的是Linux-4.10。
下面是编译下面要用的kernel的命令：
1 #!/bin/bash 2 make O=out_x86_64 x86_64_defconfig 3 make O=out_x86_64 menuconfig 4 make O=out_x86_64 bzImage -j8
由于下面要用到ramdisk的启动方式，需要在kernel配置中支持：
1 General setup ---> 2 ----> [*] Initial RAM filesystem and RAM disk (initramfs/initrd) support 3 Device Drivers ---> 4 [*] Block devices ---> 5 <*> RAM block device support 6 (65536) Default RAM disk size (kbytes)
这里我们给ramdisk设置的默认大小是64MB
4、制作根文件系统
登录https://busybox.net/downloads/下载要用的busybox版本，这里我下的是busybox-1.24.2
这里需要注意的是，由于我们的Host是Ubuntu14.04 64bit，所以用gcc默认编译出的文件只能用于x86_64系统，如果要编译出能在x86上面运行的程序，需要在编译的时候传递必要的参数。
执行make menuconfig，配置下面几项：
1 Busybox Settings ---> 2 Build Options ---> 3 [*] Build BusyBox as a static binary (no shared libs)
然后执行
1 make -j4 2 make install
5、制作ramdisk镜像
下面制作启动用的ramdisk，我把这个过程写成了脚本，如下：
1 #!/bin/bash 2 sudo rm -rf rootfs 3 sudo rm -rf tmpfs 4 sudo rm -rf ramdisk* 5 sudo mkdir rootfs 6 sudo cp ../busybox-1.24.2/_install/* rootfs/ -raf 7 sudo mkdir -p rootfs/proc/ 8 sudo mkdir -p rootfs/sys/ 9 sudo mkdir -p rootfs/tmp/ 10 sudo mkdir -p rootfs/root/ 11 sudo mkdir -p rootfs/var/ 12 sudo mkdir -p rootfs/mnt/ 13 sudo cp etc rootfs/ -arf 14 sudo mkdir -p rootfs/lib64 15 sudo cp -arf /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/* rootfs/lib64/ 16 sudo rm rootfs/lib/*.a 17 sudo strip rootfs/lib/* 18 sudo mkdir -p rootfs/dev/ 19 sudo mknod rootfs/dev/tty1 c 4 1 20 sudo mknod rootfs/dev/tty2 c 4 2 21 sudo mknod rootfs/dev/tty3 c 4 3 22 sudo mknod rootfs/dev/tty4 c 4 4 23 sudo mknod rootfs/dev/console c 5 1 24 sudo mknod rootfs/dev/null c 1 3 25 sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=ramdisk bs=1M count=32 26 sudo mkfs.ext4 -F ramdisk 27 sudo mkdir -p tmpfs 28 sudo mount -t ext4 ramdisk ./tmpfs/ -o loop 29 sudo cp -raf rootfs/* tmpfs/ 30 sudo umount tmpfs 31 sudo gzip --best -c ramdisk > ramdisk.gz
上面需要注意的是第20行，拷贝的是x86_64的库。
用到的文件可以到这里下载。
6、Qemu支持网络
请参考博客：
用Qemu模拟vexpress-a9 --- 配置 qemu 的网络功能
用Qemu模拟vexpress-a9 （三）--- 实现用u-boot引导Linux内核
7、运行脚本
下面是运行脚本，支持网络
1 sudo qemu-system-x86_64 \\ 2 -smp 2 \\ 3 -m 1024M \\ 4 -kernel ./linux-4.10/out_x86_64/arch/x86_64/boot/bzImage \\ 5 -nographic \\ 6 -append "root=/dev/ram0 rw rootfstype=ext4 console=ttyS0 init=/linuxrc" \\ 7 -initrd ./rootfs/ramdisk.gz \\ 8 -net nic,vlan=0 -net tap,vlan=0,ifname=tap0
8、hello world
hello.c
1 #include <stdio.h> 2 int main(int argc, const char *argv[]) 3 { 4 printf("Hello world.\\n"); 5 return 0; 6 }
Makefile
1 hello_x86_64:hello.c 2 gcc $^ -o $@ 3 clean: 4 $(RM) hello_x86_64 *.o 5 .PHONY: clean
9、启动log
1 $./run.sh 2 sudo tunctl -u root -t tap0 3 TUNSETIFF: Device or resource busy 4 sudo ifconfig tap0 0.0.0.0 promisc up 5 sudo brctl addif br0 tap0 6 brctl show 7 bridge name bridge id STP enabled interfaces 8 br0 8000.a6e1e3920655 no eth0 9 tap0 10 [ 0.000000] Linux version 4.10.0 (pengdonglin@pengdonglin-dell) (gcc version 4.8.4 (Ubuntu 4.8.4-2ubuntu1~14.04.3) ) #1 SMP Sat Feb 25 01:41:09 CST 2017 11 [ 0.000000] Command line: root=/dev/ram0 rw rootfstype=ext4 console=ttyS0 init=/linuxrc 12 [ 0.000000] x86/fpu: Legacy x87 FPU detected. 13 [ 0.000000] e820: Bios-provided physical RAM map: 14 [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000000009fbff] usable 15 [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000000009fc00-0x000000000009ffff] reserved 16 [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000000f0000-0x00000000000fffff] reserved 17 [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x000000003ffdffff] usable 18 [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000003ffe0000-0x000000003fffffff] reserved 19 [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fffc0000-0x00000000ffffffff] reserved 20 [ 0.000000] NX (Execute Disable) protection: active 21 [ 0.000000] SMBIOS 2.8 present. 22 [ 0.000000] DMI: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS rel-1.10.1-0-g8891697-prebuilt.qemu-project.org 04/01/2014 23 [ 0.000000] e820: last_pfn = 0x3ffe0 max_arch_pfn = 0x400000000 24 [ 0.000000] x86/PAT: Configuration [0-7]: WB WC UC- UC WB WC UC- WT 25 [ 0.000000] found SMP MP-table at [mem 0x000f6a90-0x000f6a9f] mapped at [ffff8800000f6a90] 26 [ 0.000000] Scanning 1 areas for low memory corruption 27 [ 0.000000] RAMDISK: [mem 0x3f76f000-0x3ffdffff] 28 [ 0.000000] ACPI: Early table checksum verification disabled 29 [ 0.000000] ACPI: RSDP 0x00000000000F6860 000014 (v00 BOCHS ) 30 [ 0.000000] ACPI: RSDT 0x000000003FFE1936 000030 (v01 BOCHS BXPCRSDT 00000001 BXPC 00000001) 31 [ 0.000000] ACPI: FACP 0x000000003FFE180A 000074 (v01 BOCHS BXPCFACP 00000001 BXPC 00000001) 32 [ 0.000000] ACPI: DSDT 0x000000003FFE0040 0017CA (v01 BOCHS BXPCDSDT 00000001 BXPC 00000001) 33 [ 0.000000] ACPI: FACS 0x000000003FFE0000 000040 34 [ 0.000000] ACPI: APIC 0x000000003FFE187E 000080 (v01 BOCHS BXPCAPIC 00000001 BXPC 00000001) 35 [ 0.000000] ACPI: HPET 0x000000003FFE18FE 000038 (v01 BOCHS BXPCHPET 00000001 BXPC 00000001) 36 [ 0.000000] No NUMA configuration found 37 [ 0.000000] Faking a node at [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000003ffdffff] 38 [ 0.000000] NODE_DATA(0) allocated [mem 0x3f76b000-0x3f76efff] 39 [ 0.000000] Zone ranges: 40 [ 0.000000] DMA [mem 0x0000000000001000-0x0000000000ffffff] 41 [ 0.000000] DMA32 [mem 0x0000000001000000-0x000000003ffdffff] 42 [ 0.000000] Normal empty 43 [ 0.000000] Movable zone start for each node 44 [ 0.000000] Early memory node ranges 45 [ 0.000000] node 0: [mem 0x0000000000001000-0x000000000009efff] 46 [ 0.000000] node 0: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x000000003ffdffff] 47 [ 0.000000] Initmem setup node 0 [mem 0x0000000000001000-0x000000003ffdffff] 48 [ 0.000000] ACPI: PM-Timer IO Port: 0x608 49 [ 0.000000] ACPI: LAPIC_NMI (acpi_id[0xff] dfl dfl lint[0x1]) 50 [ 0.000000] IOAPIC[0]: apic_id 0, version 32, address 0xfec00000, GSI 0-23 51 [ 0.000000] ACPI: INT_SRC_OVR (bus 0 bus_irq 0 global_irq 2 dfl dfl) 52 [ 0.000000] ACPI: INT_SRC_OVR (bus 0 bus_irq 5 global_irq 5 high level) 53 [ 0.000000] ACPI: INT_SRC_OVR (bus 0 bus_irq 9 global_irq 9 high level) 54 [ 0.000000] ACPI: INT_SRC_OVR (bus 0 bus_irq 10 global_irq 10 high level) 55 [ 0.000000] ACPI: INT_SRC_OVR (bus 0 bus_irq 11 global_irq 11 high level) 56 [ 0.000000] Using ACPI (MADT) for SMP configuration information 57 [ 0.000000] ACPI: HPET id: 0x8086a201 base: 0xfed00000 58 [ 0.000000] smpboot: Allowing 2 CPUs, 0 hotplug CPUs 59 [ 0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0x00000000-0x00000fff] 60 [ 0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0x0009f000-0x0009ffff] 61 [ 0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0x000a0000-0x000effff] 62 [ 0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0x000f0000-0x000fffff] 63 [ 0.000000] e820: [mem 0x40000000-0xfffbffff] available for PCI devices 64 [ 0.000000] clocksource: refined-jiffies: mask: 0xffffffff max_cycles: 0xffffffff, max_idle_ns: 1910969940391419 ns 65 [ 0.000000] setup_percpu: NR_CPUS:64 nr_cpumask_bits:64 nr_cpu_ids:2 nr_node_ids:1 66 [ 0.000000] percpu: Embedded 34 pages/cpu @ffff88003f400000 s100824 r8192 d30248 u1048576 67 [ 0.000000] Built 1 zonelists in Node order, mobility grouping on. Total pages: 257897 68 [ 0.000000] Policy zone: DMA32 69 [ 0.000000] Kernel command line: root=/dev/ram0 rw rootfstype=ext4 console=ttyS0 init=/linuxrc 70 [ 0.000000] PID hash table entries: 4096 (order: 3, 32768 bytes) 71 [ 0.000000] Memory: 1004968K/1048056K available (9278K kernel code, 1238K rwdata, 2804K rodata, 1180K init, 800K bss, 43088K reserved, 0K cma-reserved) 72 [ 0.000000] SLUB: HWalign=64, Order=0-3, MinObjects=0, CPUs=2, Nodes=1 73 [ 0.000000] Hierarchical RCU implementation. 74 [ 0.000000] Build-time adjustment of leaf fanout to 64. 75 [ 0.000000] RCU restricting CPUs from NR_CPUS=64 to nr_cpu_ids=2. 76 [ 0.000000] RCU: Adjusting geometry for rcu_fanout_leaf=64, nr_cpu_ids=2 77 [ 0.000000] NR_IRQS:4352 nr_irqs:440 16 78 [ 0.000000] Console: colour VGA+ 80x25 79 [ 0.000000] console [ttyS0] enabled 80 [ 0.000000] clocksource: hpet: mask: 0xffffffff max_cycles: 0xffffffff, max_idle_ns: 19112604467 ns 81 [ 0.000000] tsc: Unable to calibrate against PIT 82 [ 0.000000] tsc: using HPET reference calibration 83 [ 0.000000] tsc: Detected 3591.691 MHz processor 84 [ 0.000000] tsc: Marking TSC unstable due to TSCs unsynchronized 85 [ 0.009000] Calibrating delay loop (skipped), value calculated using timer frequency.. 7183.38 BogoMIPS (lpj=3591691) 86 [ 0.009000] pid_max: default: 32768 minimum: 301 87 [ 0.009000] ACPI: Core revision 20160930 88 [ 0.026676] ACPI: 1 ACPI AML tables successfully acquired and loaded 89 [ 0.027506] Security Framework initialized 90 [ 0.027662] SELinux: Initializing. 91 [ 0.028700] Dentry cache hash table entries: 131072 (order: 8, 1048576 bytes) 92 [ 0.030126] Inode-cache hash table entries: 65536 (order: 7, 524288 bytes) 93 [ 0.032123] Mount-cache hash table entries: 2048 (order: 2, 16384 bytes) 94 [ 0.032317] Mountpoint-cache hash table entries: 2048 (order: 2, 16384 bytes) 95 [ 0.041861] mce: CPU supports 10 MCE banks 96 [ 0.042731] Last level iTLB entries: 4KB 0, 2MB 0, 4MB 0 97 [ 0.042871] Last level dTLB entries: 4KB 0, 2MB 0, 4MB 0, 1GB 0 98 [ 0.045503] Freeing SMP alternatives memory: 36K 99 [ 0.053762] smpboot: Max logical packages: 2 100 [ 0.056935] ..TIMER: vector=0x30 apic1=0 pin1=2 apic2=-1 pin2=-1 101 [ 0.067000] smpboot: CPU0: AMD QEMU Virtual CPU version 2.5+ (family: 0x6, model: 0x6, stepping: 0x3) 102 [ 0.069535] Performance Events: PMU not available due to virtualization, using software events only. 103 [ 0.074611] Huh? What family is it: 0x6?! 104 [ 0.076109] smp: Bringing up secondary CPUs ... 105 [ 0.078263] x86: Booting SMP configuration: 106 [ 0.078388] .... node #0, CPUs: #1 107 [ 0.154337] smp: Brought up 1 node, 2 CPUs 108 [ 0.155166] smpboot: Total of 2 processors activated (22280.71 BogoMIPS) 109 [ 0.165179] devtmpfs: initialized 110 [ 0.173105] clocksource: jiffies: mask: 0xffffffff max_cycles: 0xffffffff, max_idle_ns: 1911260446275000 ns 111 [ 0.173978] futex hash table entries: 512 (order: 3, 32768 bytes) 112 [ 0.179029] RTC time: 10:20:14, date: 02/25/17 113 [ 0.181124] kworker/u4:0 (20) used greatest stack depth: 14472 bytes left 114 [ 0.184192] NET: Registered protocol family 16 115 [ 0.198105] cpuidle: using governor menu 116 [ 0.198283] PCCT header not found. 117 [ 0.199162] ACPI: bus type PCI registered 118 [ 0.203021] PCI: Using configuration type 1 for base access 119 [ 0.206635] mtrr: your CPUs had inconsistent fixed MTRR settings 120 [ 0.206808] mtrr: your CPUs had inconsistent variable MTRR settings 121 [ 0.207207] mtrr: your CPUs had inconsistent MTRRdefType settings 122 [ 0.207207] mtrr: probably your BIOS does not setup all CPUs. 123 [ 0.207289] mtrr: corrected configuration. 124 [ 0.210240] kworker/u4:1 (49) used greatest stack depth: 14160 bytes left 125 [ 0.332230] HugeTLB registered 2 MB page size, pre-allocated 0 pages 126 [ 0.335289] ACPI: Added _OSI(Module Device) 127 [ 0.335405] ACPI: Added _OSI(Processor Device) 128 [ 0.335598] ACPI: Added _OSI(3.0 _SCP Extensions) 129 [ 0.335706] ACPI: Added _OSI(Processor Aggregator Device) 130 [ 0.352062] ACPI: Interpreter enabled 131 [ 0.352801] ACPI: (supports S0 S3 S4 S5) 132 [ 0.352921] ACPI: Using IOAPIC for interrupt routing 133 [ 0.353377] PCI: Using host bridge windows from ACPI; if necessary, use "pci=nocrs" and report a bug 134 [ 0.405360] ACPI: PCI Root Bridge [PCI0] (domain 0000 [bus 00-ff]) 135 [ 0.405851] acpi PNP0A03:00: _OSC: OS supports [ASPM ClockPM Segments MSI] 136 [ 0.406182] acpi PNP0A03:00: _OSC failed (AE_NOT_FOUND); disabling ASPM 137 [ 0.406675] acpi PNP0A03:00: fail to add MMCONFIG information, can\'t access extended PCI configuration space under this bridge. 138 [ 0.408902] PCI host bridge to bus 0000:00 139 [ 0.409130] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [io 0x0000-0x0cf7 window] 140 [ 0.409375] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [io 0x0d00-0xffff window] 141 [ 0.409544] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [mem 0x000a0000-0x000bffff window] 142 [ 0.409704] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [mem 0x40000000-0xfebfffff window] 143 [ 0.410110] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [bus 00-ff] 144 [ 0.418473] pci 0000:00:01.1: legacy IDE quirk: reg 0x10: [io 0x01f0-0x01f7] 145 [ 0.418682] pci 0000:00:01.1: legacy IDE quirk: reg 0x14: [io 0x03f6] 146 [ 0.419036] pci 0000:00:01.1: legacy IDE quirk: reg 0x18: [io 0x0170-0x0177] 147 [ 0.419211] pci 0000:00:01.1: legacy IDE quirk: reg 0x1c: [io 0x0376] 148 [ 0.421322] pci 0000:00:01.3: quirk: [io 0x0600-0x063f] claimed by PIIX4 ACPI 149 [ 0.421586] pci 0000:00:01.3: quirk: [io 0x0700-0x070f] claimed by PIIX4 SMB 150 [ 0.446234] ACPI: PCI Interrupt Link [LNKA] (IRQs 5 *10 11) 151 [ 0.447156] ACPI: PCI Interrupt Link [LNKB] (IRQs 5 *10 11) 152 [ 0.447840] ACPI: PCI Interrupt Link [LNKC] (IRQs 5 10 *11) 153 [ 0.448645] ACPI: PCI Interrupt Link [LNKD] (IRQs 5 10 *11) 154 [ 0.449094] ACPI: PCI Interrupt Link [LNKS] (IRQs *9) 155 [ 0.451577] ACPI: Enabled 3 GPEs in block 00 to 0F 156 [ 0.456364] pci 0000:00:02.0: vgaarb: setting as boot VGA device 157 [ 0.456785] pci 0000:00:02.0: vgaarb: VGA device added: decodes=io+mem,owns=io+mem,locks=none 158 [ 0.457063] pci 0000:00:02.0: vgaarb: bridge control possible 159 [ 0.457190] vgaarb: loaded 160 [ 0.459405] SCSI subsystem initialized 161 [ 0.461363] ACPI: bus type USB registered 162 [ 0.461864] usbcore: registered new interface driver usbfs 163 [ 0.462260] usbcore: registered new interface driver hub 164 [ 0.463169] usbcore: registered new device driver usb 165 [ 0.464285] pps_core: LinuxPPS API ver. 1 registered 166 [ 0.464402] pps_core: Software ver. 5.3.6 - Copyright 2005-2007 Rodolfo Giometti <giometti@linux.it> 167 [ 0.465114] PTP clock support registered 168 [ arm搭建x86运行时