mysql 的常见语句总结和其他基础知识
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C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.6\bin>mysql -uroot -p1234
mysql复习
一:复习前的准备
1:确认你已安装wamp
2:确认你已安装ecshop,并且ecshop的数据库名为shop
二 基础知识:
1.数据库的连接
mysql -u -p -h
-u 用户名
-p 密码
-h host主机
2:库级知识
2.1 显示数据库: show databases;
2.2 选择数据库: use dbname;
2.3 创建数据库: create database dbname charset utf8;
2.3 删除数据库: drop database dbname;
3: 表级操作:
3.1 显示库下面的表
show tables;
3.2 查看表的结构:
desc tableName;
3.3 查看表的创建过程:
show create table tableName;
3.4 创建表:
create table tbName (
列名称1 列类型 [列参数] [not null default ],
....列2...
....
列名称N 列类型 [列参数] [not null default ]
)engine myisam/innodb charset utf8/gbk
3.4的例子:
create table user (
id int auto_increment,
name varchar(20) not null default ‘‘,
age tinyint unsigned not null default 0,
index id (id)
)engine=innodb charset=utf8;
注:innodb是表引擎,也可以是myisam或其他,但最常用的是myisam和innodb,
charset 常用的有utf8,gbk;
3.5 修改表
3.5.1 修改表之增加列:
alter table tbName
add 列名称１ 列类型 [列参数] [not null default ] #(add之后的旧列名之后的语法和创建表时的列声明一样)
3.5.2 修改表之修改列
alter table tbName
change 旧列名 新列名 列类型 [列参数] [not null default ]
(注:旧列名之后的语法和创建表时的列声明一样)
3.5.3 修改表之减少列:
alter table tbName
drop 列名称;
3.5.4 修改表之增加主键
alter table tbName add primary key(主键所在列名);
例:alter table goods add primary key(id)
该例是把主键建立在id列上
3.5.5 修改表之删除主键
alter table tbName drop primary key;
3.5.6 修改表之增加索引
alter table tbName add [unique|fulltext] index 索引名(列名);
3.5.7 修改表之删除索引
alter table tbName drop index 索引名;
3.5.8 清空表的数据
truncate tableName;
4:列类型讲解
列类型:
整型:tinyint (0~255/-128~127) smallint (0~65535/-32768~32767) mediumint int bigint (参考手册11.2)
参数解释:
unsigned 无符号(不能为负) zerofill 0填充 M 填充后的宽度
举例:tinyint unsigned;
tinyint(6) zerofill;
数值型
浮点型:float double
格式:float(M,D) unsigned\zerofill;
字符型
char(m) 定长
varchar(m)变长
text
列 实存字符i 实占空间 利用率
char(M) 0<=i<=M M i/m<=100%
varchar(M) 0<=i<=M i+1,2 i/i+1/2<100%
year YYYY 范围:1901~2155. 可输入值2位和4位(如98,2012)
日期时间类型 date YYYY-MM-DD 如:2010-03-14
time HH:MM:SS 如:19:26:32
datetime YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS 如:2010-03-14 19:26:32
timestamp YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS 特性:不用赋值,该列会为自己赋当前的具体时间
5:增删改查基本操作
5.1 插入数据
insert into 表名(col1,col2,……) values(val1,val2……); -- 插入指定列
insert into 表名 values (,,,,); -- 插入所有列
insert into 表名 values -- 一次插入多行
(val1,val2……),
(val1,val2……),
(val1,val2……);
5.3修改数据
update tablename
set
col1=newval1,
col2=newval2,
...
...
colN=newvalN
where 条件;
5.4，删除数据 delete from tablenaeme where 条件;
5.5， select 查询
（1） 条件查询 where a. 条件表达式的意义，表达式为真，则该行取出
b. 比较运算符 = ，!=，< > <= >=
c. like , not like (‘%‘匹配任意多个字符,‘_‘匹配任意单个字符)
in , not in , between and
d. is null , is not null
（2） 分组 group by
一般要配合5个聚合函数使用:max,min,sum,avg,count
（3） 筛选 having
（4） 排序 order by
（5） 限制 limit
5.6, 给列增加注释
create table test(
id int(4) not null default 0 comment ‘用户id‘,
...
);
建好的表给列增加注释：
alter table test change column id id int(4) not null default 0 comment‘测试表id‘
查看列的注释
show full columns from 表名;
6: 连接查询
6.1， 左连接
.. left join .. on
table A left join table B on tableA.col1 = tableB.col2 ;
例句:
select 列名 from table A left join table B on tableA.col1 = tableB.col2
2. 右链接: right join
3. 内连接: inner join
左右连接都是以在左边的表的数据为准,沿着左表查右表.
内连接是以两张表都有的共同部分数据为准,也就是左右连接的数据之交集.
7 子查询
where 型子查询:内层sql的返回值在where后作为条件表达式的一部分
例句: select * from tableA where colA = (select colB from tableB where ...);
from 型子查询:内层sql查询结果,作为一张表,供外层的sql语句再次查询
例句:select * from (select * from ...) as tableName where ....
8: 字符集
客服端sql编码 character_set_client
服务器转化后的sql编码 character_set_connection
服务器返回给客户端的结果集编码 character_set_results
快速把以上3个变量设为相同值: set names 字符集
存储引擎 engine=1\2
1 Myisam 速度快 不支持事务 回滚
2 Innodb 速度慢 支持事务,回滚
①开启事务 start transaction
②运行sql;
③提交,同时生效\回滚 commit\rollback
触发器 trigger
监视地点:表
监视行为:增 删 改
触发时间:after\before
触发事件:增 删 改
创建触发器语法
create trigger tgName
after/before insert/delete/update
on tableName
for each row
sql; -- 触发语句
删除触发器:drop trigger tgName;
索引
提高查询速度,但是降低了增删改的速度,所以使用索引时,要综合考虑.
索引不是越多越好,一般我们在常出现于条件表达式中的列加索引.
值越分散的列，索引的效果越好
索引类型
primary key主键索引
index 普通索引
unique index 唯一性索引
fulltext index 全文索引
添加外键：
ALTER TABLE `orders` ADD CONSTRAINT `FK_CUSTOMER_ID ` FOREIGN KEY (`customer_id`) REFERENCES `customers` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE;
给orders表增加一个外键名为 -- FK_CUSTOMER_ID ，栏目- customer_id 。 关联customers的id.
意味着orders的customer_id的值只能在customers的id中取值。
综合练习:
连接上数据库服务器
创建一个gbk编码的数据库
建立商品表和栏目表,字段如下:
商品表:goods
goods_id --主键,
goods_name -- 商品名称
cat_id -- 栏目id
brand_id -- 品牌id
goods_sn -- 货号
goods_number -- 库存量
shop_price -- 价格
goods_desc --商品详细描述
栏目表:category
cat_id --主键
cat_name -- 栏目名称
parent_id -- 栏目的父id
建表完成后,作以下操作:
删除goods表的goods_desc 字段,及货号字段
并增加字段:click_count -- 点击量
在goods_name列上加唯一性索引
在shop_price列上加普通索引
在clcik_count列上加普通索引
删除click_count列上的索引
对goods表插入以下数据:
+----------+------------------------------+--------+----------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------+
| goods_id | goods_name | cat_id | brand_id | goods_sn | goods_number | shop_price | click_count |
+----------+------------------------------+--------+----------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------+
| 1 | KD876 | 4 | 8 | ECS000000 | 10 | 1388.00 | 7 |
| 4 | 诺基亚N85原装充电器 | 8 | 1 | ECS000004 | 17 | 58.00 | 0 |
| 3 | 诺基亚原装5800耳机 | 8 | 1 | ECS000002 | 24 | 68.00 | 3 |
| 5 | 索爱原装M2卡读卡器 | 11 | 7 | ECS000005 | 8 | 20.00 | 3 |
| 6 | 胜创KINGMAX内存卡 | 11 | 0 | ECS000006 | 15 | 42.00 | 0 |
| 7 | 诺基亚N85原装立体声耳机HS-82 | 8 | 1 | ECS000007 | 20 | 100.00 | 0 |
| 8 | 飞利浦[email protected] | 3 | 4 | ECS000008 | 17 | 399.00 | 9 |
| 9 | 诺基亚E66 | 3 | 1 | ECS000009 | 13 | 2298.00 | 20 |
| 10 | 索爱C702c | 3 | 7 | ECS000010 | 7 | 1328.00 | 11 |
| 11 | 索爱C702c | 3 | 7 | ECS000011 | 1 | 1300.00 | 0 |
| 12 | 摩托罗拉A810 | 3 | 2 | ECS000012 | 8 | 983.00 | 14 |
| 13 | 诺基亚5320 XpressMusic | 3 | 1 | ECS000013 | 8 | 1311.00 | 13 |
| 14 | 诺基亚5800XM | 4 | 1 | ECS000014 | 4 | 2625.00 | 6 |
| 15 | 摩托罗拉A810 | 3 | 2 | ECS000015 | 3 | 788.00 | 8 |
| 16 | 恒基伟业G101 | 2 | 11 | ECS000016 | 0 | 823.33 | 3 |
| 17 | 夏新N7 | 3 | 5 | ECS000017 | 1 | 2300.00 | 2 |
| 18 | 夏新T5 | 4 | 5 | ECS000018 | 1 | 2878.00 | 0 |
| 19 | 三星SGH-F258 | 3 | 6 | ECS000019 | 0 | 858.00 | 7 |
| 20 | 三星BC01 | 3 | 6 | ECS000020 | 13 | 280.00 | 14 |
| 21 | 金立 A30 | 3 | 10 | ECS000021 | 40 | 2000.00 | 4 |
| 22 | 多普达Touch HD | 3 | 3 | ECS000022 | 0 | 5999.00 | 15 |
| 23 | 诺基亚N96 | 5 | 1 | ECS000023 | 8 | 3700.00 | 17 |
| 24 | P806 | 3 | 9 | ECS000024 | 148 | 2000.00 | 36 |
| 25 | 小灵通/固话50元充值卡 | 13 | 0 | ECS000025 | 2 | 48.00 | 0 |
| 26 | 小灵通/固话20元充值卡 | 13 | 0 | ECS000026 | 2 | 19.00 | 0 |
| 27 | 联通100元充值卡 | 15 | 0 | ECS000027 | 2 | 95.00 | 0 |
| 28 | 联通50元充值卡 | 15 | 0 | ECS000028 | 0 | 45.00 | 0 |
| 29 | 移动100元充值卡 | 14 | 0 | ECS000029 | 0 | 90.00 | 0 |
| 30 | 移动20元充值卡 | 14 | 0 | ECS000030 | 9 | 18.00 | 1 |
| 31 | 摩托罗拉E8 | 3 | 2 | ECS000031 | 1 | 1337.00 | 5 |
| 32 | 诺基亚N85 | 3 | 1 | ECS000032 | 1 | 3010.00 | 9 |
+----------+------------------------------+--------+----------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------+
三 查询知识
注:以下查询基于ecshop网站的商品表(ecs_goods)
在练习时可以只取部分列,方便查看.
1: 基础查询 where的练习:
查出满足以下条件的商品
1.1:主键为32的商品
select goods_id,goods_name,shop_price
from ecs_goods
where goods_id=32;
1.2:不属第3栏目的所有商品
select goods_id,cat_id,goods_name,shop_price from ecs_goods
where cat_id!=3;
1.3:本店价格高于3000元的商品
select goods_id,cat_id,goods_name,shop_price from ecs_goods
where shop_price >3000;
1.4:本店价格低于或等于100元的商品
select goods_id,cat_id,goods_name,shop_price from ecs_goods where shop_price <=100;
1.5:取出第4栏目或第11栏目的商品(不许用or)
select goods_id,cat_id,goods_name,shop_price from ecs_goods
where cat_id in (4,11);
示例查询中文：
SELECT *from student where department in(‘计算机系‘,‘英语系‘);
1.6:取出100<=价格<=500的商品(不许用and)
select goods_id,cat_id,goods_name,shop_price from ecs_goods
where shop_price between 100 and 500;
1.7:取出不属于第3栏目且不属于第11栏目的商品(and,或not in分别实现)
select goods_id,cat_id,goods_name,shop_price from ecs_goods where cat_id!=3 and cat_id!=11;
select goods_id,cat_id,goods_name,shop_price from ecs_goods where cat_id not in (3,11);
1.8:取出价格大于100且小于300,或者大于4000且小于5000的商品()
select goods_id,cat_id,goods_name,shop_price from ecs_goods where shop_price>100 and shop_price <300 or shop_price >4000 and shop_price <5000;
select goods_id,cat_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods wheree shop_price between 100 and 300 or shop_price between 4000 and 5000;
between and 是 将边界值也包括。 [100,300] or [4000,5000]
1.9:取出第3个栏目下面价格<1000或>3000,并且点击量>5的系列商品
select goods_id,cat_id,goods_name,shop_price,click_count from ecs_goods where
cat_id=3 and (shop_price <1000 or shop_price>3000) and click_count>5;
取出所有符合条件的系列商品
select goods_id,cat_id,goods_name,shop_price,click_count from goods where
shop_price < 1000 or shop_price > 3000 and click_count5 group by cat_id;
1.10:取出第1个栏目下面的商品(注意:1栏目下面没商品,但其子栏目下有)
select goods_id,cat_id,goods_name,shop_price,click_count from ecs_goods
where cat_id in (2,3,4,5);
1.11:取出名字以"诺基亚"开头的商品
select goods_id,cat_id,goods_name,shop_price from ecs_goods where goods_name like ‘诺基亚%‘;
like ‘诺基亚%‘ 以诺基亚开头
like ‘%诺基亚‘ 以诺基亚结尾
like ‘%诺基亚%‘ 包含诺基亚字段的
1.12:取出名字为"诺基亚Nxx"的手机
select goods_id,cat_id,goods_name,shop_price from ecs_goods
where goods_name like ‘诺基亚N__‘;
几个 _ 表示后面有几位。若是 诺基亚N_% 则表示以 诺基亚Nx 为头的。
1.13:取出名字不以"诺基亚"开头的商品
select goods_id,cat_id,goods_name,shop_price from ecs_goos
where goods_name not like ‘诺基亚%‘;
1.14:取出第3个栏目下面价格在1000到3000之间,并且点击量>5 "诺基亚"开头的系列商品
select goods_id,cat_id,goods_name,shop_price from ecs_goods where
cat_id=3 and shop_price>1000 and shop_price <3000 and click_count>5 and goods_name like ‘诺基亚%‘;
select goods_id,cat_id,goods_name,shop_price from ecs_goods where
shop_price between 1000 and 3000 and cat_id=3 and click_count>5 and goods_name like ‘诺基亚%‘;
1.15: 其他当前时间与数据时间对比
select employee_name as 姓名,year( current_date() ) - year(birth_date) as 年龄 from employee;
列名 别名 获取当前系统时间 列名 别名 员工表
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
一道面试题
有如下表和数组
mian表
+------+
| num |
+------+
| 3 |
| 12 |
| 15 |
| 25 |
| 23 |
| 29 |
| 34 |
| 37 |
| 32 |
| 45 |
| 48 |
| 52 |
+------+
1.把num值处于[20,29]之间,改为20
update mian set num = 20 where num between 20 and 29;
update mian set num = 20 where num >=20 and num <=29;
2.num值处于[30,39]之间的,改为30
update mian set num = 30 where num between 30 and 39;
update mian set num = 30 where num >=30 and num <=39;
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
练习题:
把good表中商品名为‘诺基亚xxxx‘的商品,改为‘HTCxxxx‘,
提示:大胆的把列看成变量,参与运算,甚至调用函数来处理 .
substring(),concat();
update goods set goods_name = concat(‘HTC‘,substring(goods_name,4)) where goods_name like ‘诺基亚%‘;
解释：
concat返回连接参数产生的字符串。如有任何一个参数为NULL ，则返回值为 NULL。
select concat(10); 输出10
select concat(10,20); 输出1020
select concat(10,20,’王亚辉’) 输出1020王亚辉
substring 字符串截取 在这里表示截取goods_name前三位，从第四位返回的是剩余部分 也就是诺基亚后面的部分
然后concat字符串已连接 就变成了HTCXX，，，XX表示goods_name截取之后的部分
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 分组查询group:
2.1:查出最贵的商品的价格
select max(shop_price) from ecs_goods;
2.2:查出最大(最新)的商品编号
select max(goods_id) from ecs_goods;
2.3:查出最便宜的商品的价格
select min(shop_price) from ecs_goods;
2.4:查出最旧(最小)的商品编号
select min(goods_id) from ecs_goods;
2.5:查询该店所有商品的库存总量
select sum(goods_number) from ecs_goods;
2.6:查询所有商品的平均价
select avg(shop_price) from ecs_goods;
2.7:查询该店一共有多少种商品
select count(*) from ecs_goods;
2.8:查询每个栏目下面
最贵商品价格
最低商品价格
商品平均价格
商品库存量
商品种类
提示:(5个聚合函数,sum,avg,max,min,count与group综合运用)
select cat_id,max(shop_price) from ecs_goods group by cat_id;
select cat_id,min(shop_price) from ecs_goods group by cat_id;
select cat_id,avg(shop_price) from ecs_goods group by cat_id;
select cat_id,count(*) from ecs_goods group by cat_id;
select cat_id from ecs_goods group by cat_id;
3 having与group综合运用查询:
where 针对表中的列发挥作用，查询数据
having 针对结果中的列发挥作用，筛选数据
3.1:查询该店的商品比市场价所节省的价格
select goods_id,goods_name,market_price-shop_price as j
from ecs_goods ;
3.2:查询每个商品所积压的货款(提示:库存*单价)
select goods_id,goods_name,goods_number*shop_price from ecs_goods
(select goods_id,goods_name,(goods_number*shop_price) as 商品总额) from goods;
3.3:查询该店积压的总货款
select sum(goods_number*shop_price) from ecs_goods;
3.4:查询该店每个栏目下面积压的货款.
select cat_id,sum(goods_number*shop_price) as k from ecs_goods group by cat_id;
3.5:查询比市场价省钱200元以上的商品及该商品所省的钱(where和having分别实现)
select goods_id,goods_name,market_price-shop_price as k from ecs_goods
where market_price-shop_price >200;
select goods_id,goods_name,market_price-shop_price as k from ecs_goods
having k >200;
3.6:查询积压货款超过2W元的栏目,以及该栏目积压的货款
select cat_id,sum(goods_number*shop_price) as k from ecs_goods group by cat_id
having k>20000
3.7:where-having-group综合练习题
有如下表及数据
+------+---------+-------+
| name | subject | score |
+------+---------+-------+
| 张三 | 数学 | 90 |
| 张三 | 语文 | 50 |
| 张三 | 地理 | 40 |
| 李四 | 语文 | 55 |
| 李四 | 政治 | 45 |
| 王五 | 政治 | 30 |
+------+---------+-------+
要求:查询出2门及2门以上不及格者的平均成绩
## 一种错误做法
mysql> select name,count(score<60) as k,avg(score) from stu group by name having k>=2;
+------+---+------------+
| name | k | avg(score) |
+------+---+------------+
| 张三 | 3 | 60.0000 |
| 李四 | 2 | 50.0000 |
+------+---+------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select name,count(score<60) as k,avg(score) from stu group by name;
+------+---+------------+
| name | k | avg(score) |
+------+---+------------+
| 张三 | 3 | 60.0000 |
| 李四 | 2 | 50.0000 |
| 王五 | 1 | 30.0000 |
+------+---+------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select name,count(score<60) as k,avg(score) from stu group by name having k>=2;
+------+---+------------+
| name | k | avg(score) |
+------+---+------------+
| 张三 | 3 | 60.0000 |
| 李四 | 2 | 50.0000 |
+------+---+------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#加上赵六后错误暴露
mysql> insert into stu
-> values
-> (‘赵六‘,‘A‘,100),
-> (‘赵六‘,‘B‘,99),
-> (‘赵六‘,‘C‘,98);
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.05 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
#错误显现
mysql> select name,count(score<60) as k,avg(score) from stu group by name having k>=2;
+------+---+------------+
| name | k | avg(score) |
+------+---+------------+
| 张三 | 3 | 60.0000 |
| 李四 | 2 | 50.0000 |
| 赵六 | 3 | 99.0000 |
+------+---+------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#正确思路,先查看每个人的平均成绩
mysql> select name,avg(score) from stu group by name;
+------+------------+
| name | avg(score) |
+------+------------+
| 张三 | 60.0000 |
| 李四 | 50.0000 |
| 王五 | 30.0000 |
| 赵六 | 99.0000 |
+------+------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> # 看每个人挂科情况
mysql> select name,score < 60 from stu;
+------+------------+
| name | score < 60 |
+------+------------+
| 张三 | 0 |
| 张三 | 1 |
| 张三 | 1 |
| 李四 | 1 |
| 李四 | 1 |
| 王五 | 1 |
| 赵六 | 0 |
| 赵六 | 0 |
| 赵六 | 0 |
+------+------------+
9 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> #计算每个人的挂科科目
mysql> select name,sum(score < 60) from stu group by name;
+------+-----------------+
| name | sum(score < 60) |
+------+-----------------+
| 张三 | 2 |
| 李四 | 2 |
| 王五 | 1 |
| 赵六 | 0 |
+------+-----------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#同时计算每人的平均分
mysql> select name,sum(score < 60),avg(score) as pj from stu group by name;
+------+-----------------+---------+
| name | sum(score < 60) | pj |
+------+-----------------+---------+
| 张三 | 2 | 60.0000 |
| 李四 | 2 | 50.0000 |
| 王五 | 1 | 30.0000 |
| 赵六 | 0 | 99.0000 |
+------+-----------------+---------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#利用having筛选挂科2门以上的.
mysql> select name,sum(score < 60) as gk ,avg(score) as pj from stu group by name having gk >=2;
+------+------+---------+
| name | gk | pj |
+------+------+---------+
| 张三 | 2 | 60.0000 |
| 李四 | 2 | 50.0000 |
+------+------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4: order by 与 limit查询
4.1:按价格由高到低排序
select goods_id,goods_name,shop_price from ecs_goods order by shop_price desc;
4.2:按发布时间由早到晚排序
select goods_id,goods_name,add_time from ecs_goods order by add_time;
4.3:接栏目由低到高排序,栏目内部按价格由高到低排序
select goods_id,cat_id,goods_name,shop_price from ecs_goods
order by cat_id ,shop_price desc;
mysql的默认排序是升序（asc）
若将题目改为栏目高到低，价格低到高
select goods_id,cat_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods
order by cat_id desc, shop_price asc;
4.4:取出价格最高的前三名商品
select goods_id,goods_name,shop_price from ecs_goods order by shop_price desc limit 3;
4.5:取出点击量前三名到前5名的商品
select goods_id,goods_name,click_count from ecs_goods order by click_count desc limit 2,3;
// desc limit 2,3 表示按倒序的顺序从第二个后（第三个起）往后三个。
5 连接查询
5.1:取出所有商品的商品名,栏目名,价格
select goods_name,cat_name,shop_price from
ecs_goods left join ecs_category
on ecs_goods.cat_id=ecs_category.cat_id;
select a.cat_id,a.goods_name,b.cat_name,a.shop_price from
goods a left join category b
on a.cat_id = b.cat_id;
5.2:取出第4个栏目下的商品的商品名,栏目名,价格
select goods_name,cat_name,shop_price from
ecs_goods left join ecs_category
on ecs_goods.cat_id=ecs_category.cat_id
where ecs_goods.cat_id = 4;
//还可以加点后缀 and goods.goods_name like ‘KD%‘;
5.3:取出第4个栏目下的商品的商品名,栏目名,与品牌名
select goods_name,cat_name,brand_name from
ecs_goods left join ecs_category
on ecs_goods.cat_id=ecs_category.cat_id
left join ecs_brand
on ecs_goods.brand_id=ecs_brand.brand_id
where ecs_goods.cat_id = 4;
5.4: 用友面试题
根据给出的表结构按要求写出SQL语句。
Match 赛程表
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>字段名称</td><td>字段类型</td><td>描述</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>matchID</td><td>int</td><td>主键</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>hostTeamID</td><td>int</td><td>主队的ID</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>guestTeamID</td><td>int</td><td>客队的ID</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>matchResult</td><td>varchar(20)</td><td>比赛结果，如（2:0）</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>matchTime</td><td>date</td><td>比赛开始时间</td>
</tr>
</table>
Team 参赛队伍表
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>字段名称</td><td>字段类型</td><td>描述</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>teamID</td><td>int</td><td>主键</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>teamName</td><td>varchar(20)</td><td>队伍名称</td>
</tr>
</table>
Match的hostTeamID与guestTeamID都与Team中的teamID关联
查出 2006-6-1 到2006-7-1之间举行的所有比赛，并且用以下形式列出：
拜仁 2：0 不来梅 2006-6-21
mysql> select * from m;
+-----+------+------+------+------------+
| mid | hid | gid | mres | matime |
+-----+------+------+------+------------+
| 1 | 1 | 2 | 2:0 | 2006-05-21 |
| 2 | 2 | 3 | 1:2 | 2006-06-21 |
| 3 | 3 | 1 | 2:5 | 2006-06-25 |
| 4 | 2 | 1 | 3:2 | 2006-07-21 |
+-----+------+------+------+------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from t;
+------+----------+
| tid | tname |
+------+----------+
| 1 | 国安 |
| 2 | 申花 |
| 3 | 传智联队 |
+------+----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select hid,t1.tname as hname ,mres,gid,t2.tname as gname,matime
-> from
-> m left join t as t1
-> on m.hid = t1.tid
-> left join t as t2
-> on m.gid = t2.tid;
+------+----------+------+------+----------+------------+
| hid | hname | mres | gid | gname | matime |
+------+----------+------+------+----------+------------+
| 1 | 国安 | 2:0 | 2 | 申花 | 2006-05-21 |
| 2 | 申花 | 1:2 | 3 | 传智联队 | 2006-06-21 |
| 3 | 传智联队 | 2:5 | 1 | 国安 | 2006-06-25 |
| 2 | 申花 | 3:2 | 1 | 国安 | 2006-07-21 |
+------+----------+------+------+----------+------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
6 union查询
作用：把2次或多次查询结果合并起来
要求：两次查询的列数一致
推荐：查询的每一列，相对应的列类型也一致。
可以来自多张表。
多次SQL语句取出的列名可以不一致。此时以第一个SQL的列名为准。
1.如果不同的语句中取出的行，有完全相同（每个列的值相同），相同的行将会合并.(去重复)。
2.如果不去重复可以加all指定。 例子：（） union all ();
3.如果子句中有order by, limit ,需加（），推荐所有子句之后，即。。对最终合并后的结果来排序。
例子：想取第4栏目的商品，价格降序排列，还想取第5栏目的商品，价格也降序排列。union完成。
(select goods_id,cat_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods where cat_id = 4 order by shop_price desc)
union
(select goods_id,cat_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods where cat_id = 5 order by shop_price desc)
order by shop_price desc;
例子：取第3个栏目价格前3高的商品和第4个栏目前前两高的商品。用union来实现。
//由于有limit限制，所以不需将最终的结果在进行排序。
(select goods_id,cat_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods where cat_id = 3 order by shop_price desc limit 3)
union
(select goods_id,cat_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods where cat_id = 4 order by shop_price desc limit 2);
6.1:把ecs_comment,ecs_feedback两个表中的数据,各取出4列,并把结果集union成一个结果集.
6.2:3期学员碰到的一道面试题
A表:
+------+------+
| id | num |
+------+------+
| a | 5 |
| b | 10 |
| c | 15 |
| d | 10 |
+------+------+
B表:
+------+------+
| id | num |
+------+------+
| b | 5 |
| c | 15 |
| d | 20 |
| e | 99 |
+------+------+
mysql> # 合并 ,注意all的作用
mysql> select * from ta
-> union all
-> select * from tb;
+------+------+
| id | num |
+------+------+
| a | 5 |
| b | 10 |
| c | 15 |
| d | 10 |
| b | 5 |
| c | 15 |
| d | 20 |
| e | 99 |
+------+------+
要求查询出以下效果:
+------+----------+
| id | sum(num) |
+------+----------+
| a | 5 |
| b | 15 |
| c | 30 |
| d | 30 |
| e | 99 |
+------+----------+
参考答案:
mysql> # sum,group求和
mysql> select id,sum(num) from (select * from ta union all select * from tb) as tmp group by id;
+------+----------+
| id | sum(num) |
+------+----------+
| a | 5 |
| b | 15 |
| c | 25 |
| d | 30 |
| e | 99 |
+------+----------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
7: 子查询:
mysql不能使用外连接。可用union代替实现。
7.1 左连接： 推荐使用。数据迁移时，兼容性更好。
select 列1，列2，列N from tableA left join tableB
on tableA列 = tableB列 [此处表连接成一张大表，完全当成普通表看]
where group，having 。。 照常写。
有两个表，sell_order,employee表
mysql> desc sell_order;
+----------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| order_id1 | varchar(10) | YES | | NULL | |
| goods_id | varchar(10) | YES | | NULL | |
| order_num | int(4) | YES | | NULL | |
| employee_id | varchar(10) | YES | | NULL | |
| custom_id | varchar(10) | YES | | NULL | |
| transporter_id | varchar(4) | YES | | NULL | |
| discount | double(4,2) | YES | | NULL | |
| order_date | datetime | YES | | NULL | |
| send_date | datetime | YES | | NULL | |
| arriver_date | datetime | YES | | NULL | |
| cost | double(8,2) | YES | | NULL | |
+----------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
显示部分：
mysql> select employee_id,goods_id,order_num,send_date from sell_order;
+-------------+----------+-----------+---------------------+
| employee_id | goods_id | order_num | send_date |
+-------------+----------+-----------+---------------------+
| E001 | G00001 | 20 | 2005-07-04 00:00:00 |
| E001 | G00003 | 5 | 2005-07-05 00:00:00 |
| E002 | G00004 | 10 | 2005-08-05 00:00:00 |
| E002 | G00005 | 10 | 2005-08-07 00:00:00 |
| E002 | G00001 | 40 | 2008-09-14 00:00:00 |
| E003 | G00005 | 21 | 2008-10-15 00:00:00 |
+-------------+----------+-----------+---------------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> desc employee;
+---------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| employee_id | varchar(4) | YES | | NULL | |
| employee_name | varchar(8) | YES | | NULL | |
| sex | varchar(4) | YES | | NULL | |
| birth_date | datetime | YES | | NULL | |
| hire_date | datetime | YES | | NULL | |
| address | varchar(30) | YES | | NULL | |
| telephone | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| wages | double(6,2) | YES | | NULL | |
| department_id | varchar(4) | YES | | NULL | |
| resume | varchar(30) | YES | | NULL | |
+---------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
显示部分：
mysql> select employee_id,employee_name from employee;
+-------------+---------------+
| employee_id | employee_name |
+-------------+---------------+
| E001 | 钱达理 |
| E002 | 东方牧 |
| E003 | 郭文斌 |
| E004 | 肖海燕 |
| E005 | 张明华 |
| E006 | 李华 |
| E007 | 刘叶 |
+-------------+---------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.1.1 用员工employee左连接销售表sell_order;
select a.employee_id,a.employee_name,b.goods_id,b.order_num,b.send_date
from employee a left join sell_order b
on a.employee_id = b.employee_id;
+-------------+---------------+----------+-----------+---------------------+
| employee_id | employee_name | goods_id | order_num | send_date |
+-------------+---------------+----------+-----------+---------------------+
| E001 | 钱达理 | G00001 | 20 | 2005-07-04 00:00:00 |
| E001 | 钱达理 | G00003 | 5 | 2005-07-05 00:00:00 |
| E002 | 东方牧 | G00004 | 10 | 2005-08-05 00:00:00 |
| E002 | 东方牧 | G00005 | 10 | 2005-08-07 00:00:00 |
| E002 | 东方牧 | G00001 | 40 | 2008-09-14 00:00:00 |
| E003 | 郭文斌 | G00005 | 21 | 2008-10-15 00:00:00 |
| E004 | 肖海燕 | NULL | NULL | NULL |
| E005 | 张明华 | NULL | NULL | NULL |
| E006 | 李华 | NULL | NULL | NULL |
| E007 | 刘叶 | NULL | NULL | NULL |
+-------------+---------------+----------+-----------+---------------------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)
上面显示的结果，以employee为主，employee中不满足条件的行也显示出来。
若去除重复会导致sell_order表中部分数据丢失。
select a.employee_id,a.employee_name,b.goods_id,b.order_num,b.send_date
from employee a LEFT JOIN sell_order b
on a.employee_id = b.employee_id GROUP BY employee_id;
+-------------+---------------+----------+-----------+---------------------+
| employee_id | employee_name | goods_id | order_num | send_date |
+-------------+---------------+----------+-----------+---------------------+
| E001 | 钱达理 | G00001 | 20 | 2005-07-04 00:00:00 |
| E002 | 东方牧 | G00004 | 1
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