第九周作业
Posted
tags:
篇首语：本文由小常识网(cha138.com)小编为大家整理，主要介绍了第九周作业相关的知识，希望对你有一定的参考价值。
第九周作业
1、详细描述一次加密通讯的过程，结合图示最佳。
SSL协议基础：
SSL协议位于TCP/IP协议与各种应用层协议之间，本身又分为两层：
①SSL记录协议：建立在可靠传输层协议（TCP）之上，为上层协议提供数据封装、压缩、加密等基本功能。
②SSL握手协议：在SSL记录协议之上，用于实际数据传输前，通讯双方进行身份认证、协商加密算法、交换加密密钥等。
SSL协议通信过程：
①浏览器发送一个连接请求给服务器；服务器将自己的证书（包含服务器公钥S_PuKey）、对称加密算法种类及其他相关信息返回客户端。
②客户端浏览器检查服务器传送到CA证书是否由自己信赖的CA中心签发。若是，执行第4步；否则，给客户一个警告信息：询问是否继续访问
③客户端浏览器比较证书里的信息，如证书有效期、服务器域名和公钥S_PK,与服务器传回的信息是否一致；如果一致，则浏览器完成对服务器的身份认证.
④服务器要求客户端发送客户端证书（包含客户端公钥C_PuKey）、支持的对称加密方案及其他相关信息。收到后，服务器进行相同的身份认证，若没有通过验证，则拒绝连接；
⑤服务器根据客户端浏览器发送到密码种类，选择一种加密程度最高的方案，用客户端公钥C_PubKey加密后通知到浏览器；
⑥客户端通过私钥C_prKey解密后，得知服务器选择的加密方案，并选择一个通话密钥Key，接着用服务器公钥S_PuKey加密后发送服务器；
⑦服务器接收到的浏览器传送到消息，用私钥S_PrKey解密，获得通话密钥key。
⑧接下来的数据传输都使用该对称密钥Key进行加密。
上面所述的是双向认证SSL协议的具体通讯过程，服务器和用户双方必须都有证书。由此可见，SSL协议是通过非对称密钥机制保证双方身份认证，并完成建立连接，在实际数据通信时通过对称密钥机制保障数据安全性。
2、描述创建私有CA的过程，以及为客户端发来的证书请求进行办法证书。
第一步：在准备创建私有CA的主机上创建私有密钥
[[email protected] ~]# cd /etc/pki/CA [[email protected] CA]# (umask 077;openssl genrsa -out private/cakey.pem 2048) Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus ........................................................+++ .........................................................................................+++ e is 65537 (0x10001)
第二步：创建作为CA主机所需要的文件
[[email protected] CA]# touch {index.txt,serial} [[email protected] CA]# echo 01 > serial
第三步：CA主机自身生成证书请求，也就是为自己颁发证书
[[email protected] CA]# openssl req -new -x509 -key private/cakey.pem -out cacert.pem -days 7300 You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated into your certificate request. What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN. There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank For some fields there will be a default value, If you enter ‘.‘, the field will be left blank. ----- Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:cn State or Province Name (full name) []:guangdong Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:guangzhou Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:trans Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:si Common Name (eg, your name or your server‘s hostname) []:ca.trans.com Email Address []:[email protected]
第四步：要使用证书的主机生成颁发证书请求
[[email protected] tmp]# mkdir ssl [[email protected] tmp]# cd ssl [[email protected] ssl]# (umask 077;openssl genrsa -out httpd.key 1024) Generating RSA private key, 1024 bit long modulus .++++++ ..++++++ e is 65537 (0x10001) [[email protected] ssl]# openssl req -new -key httpd.key -out httpd.csr You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated into your certificate request. What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN. There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank For some fields there will be a default value, If you enter ‘.‘, the field will be left blank. ----- Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:cn State or Province Name (full name) []:guangdong Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:guangzhou Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:trans Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:si Common Name (eg, your name or your server‘s hostname) []:web.trans.com Email Address []:[email protected] Please enter the following ‘extra‘ attributes to be sent with your certificate request A challenge password []: An optional company name []: [[email protected] ssl]# ll 总用量 8 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 700 10月 29 15:59 httpd.csr -rw-------. 1 root root 887 10月 29 15:57 httpd.key
第五步：将请求文件传输给CA所在主机；使用scp命令
[[email protected] ssl]# scp httpd.csr [email protected]:/tmp/ The authenticity of host ‘192.168.2.41 (192.168.2.41)‘ can‘t be established. RSA key fingerprint is 82:b3:88:c4:e5:5a:99:79:0c:44:60:a3:ed:b1:3f:0b. Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes Warning: Permanently added ‘192.168.2.41‘ (RSA) to the list of known hosts. [email protected]‘s password: httpd.csr 100% 700 0.7KB/s 00:00
第六步：CA所在主机签署证书，回应证书请求
[[email protected] CA]# openssl ca -in /tmp/httpd.csr -out certs/web.trans.com.crt -days 365 Using configuration from /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf Check that the request matches the signature Signature ok Certificate Details: Serial Number: 1 (0x1) Validity Not Before: Oct 29 08:05:06 2016 GMT Not After : Oct 29 08:05:06 2017 GMT Subject: countryName = cn stateOrProvinceName = guangzhou organizationName = trans organizationalUnitName = si commonName = web.trans.com emailAddress = [email protected] X509v3 extensions: X509v3 Basic Constraints: CA:FALSE Netscape Comment: OpenSSL Generated Certificate X509v3 Subject Key Identifier: EF:50:FF:9C:6F:BC:23:04:6B:B7:AA:67:46:BD:42:34:B5:B5:4B:31 X509v3 Authority Key Identifier: keyid:49:5C:E2:87:2E:39:1B:C8:0E:DF:6E:39:4E:68:E4:01:2E:F4:C4:4B Certificate is to be certified until Oct 29 08:05:06 2017 GMT (365 days) Sign the certificate? [y/n]:y 1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]y Write out database with 1 new entries Data Base Updated
第七步：CA所在的主机将签署完成的证书，发送回请求主机
[[email protected] CA]# scp certs/web.trans.com.crt 192.168.2.42:/tmp/ssl/ The authenticity of host ‘192.168.2.42 (192.168.2.42)‘ can‘t be established. RSA key fingerprint is a2:e7:82:94:f3:5d:47:10:27:12:b5:17:f2:e8:06:09. Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes Warning: Permanently added ‘192.168.2.42‘ (RSA) to the list of known hosts. [email protected]‘s password: web.trans.com.crt 100% 3850 3.8KB/s 00:00
3、搭建一套DNS服务器，负责解析magedu.com域名（自行设定主机名及IP）
(1)、能够对一些主机名进行正向解析和逆向解析；
(2)、对子域cdn.magedu.com进行子域授权，子域负责解析对应子域中的主机名；
(3)、为了保证DNS服务系统的高可用性，请设计一套方案，并写出详细的实施过程
（1）能够对一些主机名进行正向解析和逆向解析
①安装bind
[[email protected] ~]# yum install bind
②修改主配置文件
[[email protected] ~]# vim /etc/named.conf // // named.conf // // Provided by Red Hat bind package to configure the ISC BIND named(8) DNS // server as a caching only nameserver (as a localhost DNS resolver only). // // See /usr/share/doc/bind*/sample/ for example named configuration files. // options { listen-on port 53 { any; }; //修改监听所有地址上的53端口 listen-on-v6 port 53 { ::1; }; directory "/var/named"; dump-file "/var/named/data/cache_dump.db"; statistics-file "/var/named/data/named_stats.txt"; memstatistics-file "/var/named/data/named_mem_stats.txt"; allow-query { any; }; //修改允许来自所有地址的查询请求 recursion yes; dnssec-enable no; //关闭dnssec相关功能 dnssec-validation no; //关闭dnssec相关功能 /* Path to ISC DLV key */ bindkeys-file "/etc/named.iscdlv.key"; managed-keys-directory "/var/named/dynamic"; }; logging { channel default_debug { file "data/named.run"; severity dynamic; }; }; zone "." IN { type hint; file "named.ca"; }; include "/etc/named.rfc1912.zones"; include "/etc/named.root.key";
③添加正反向解析区域
[[email protected] ~]# vim /etc/named.rfc1912.zones
在配置文件的最后添加如下两行配置，分别是正向和反向的配置。
zone "magedu.com." IN {
type master;
file "magedu.com.zone";
allow-transfer { 192.168.2.44; };
}; //正向解析区域
zone "2.168.192.in-addr.arpa" IN {
type master;
file "2.168.192.zone";
allow-transfer { 192.168.2.44; };
}; //反向解析区域
④配置正向区域文件
[[email protected] ~]# vim /var/named/magedu.com.zone $TTL 1D $ORIGIN magedu.com. @ IN SOA ns1.magedu.com. admin.magedu.com.( 2016102901 1H 5M 7D 12H ) IN NS ns IN NS ns2 //辅助DNS使用 IN MX 10 mx1 ns1 IN A 192.168.2.43 ns2 IN A 192.168.2.44 //辅助DNS使用 mx1 IN A 192.168.2.43 www IN A 192.168.2.43 ftp IN CNAME www
⑤配置反向区域文件
[[email protected] ~]# vim /var/named/2.168.192.zone $TTL 86400 $ORIGIN 2.168.192.in-addr.arpa. @ IN SOA ns1.magedu.com. admin.magedu.com. ( 2016102601 1H 5M 7D 12H ) IN NS ns1.magedu.com. @ IN NS ns2.magedu.com. //辅助DNS使用 43 IN PTR ns1.magedu.com. 44 IN PTR ns2.magedu.com. //辅助DNS使用 43 IN PTR www.magedu.com. 43 IN PTR mx1.magedu.com.
⑥检查正反向区域文件
[[email protected] ~]# named-checkzone magedu.com /var/named/magedu.com.zone zone magedu.com/IN: loaded serial 2016102901 OK [[email protected] ~]# named-checkzone 2.168.192.in-addr.arpa /var/named/2.168.192.zone zone 2.168.192.in-addr.arpa/IN: loaded serial 2016102601 OK
⑦启动域名解析服务
[[email protected] ~]# service named start 启动 named： [确定]
⑧正向解析检查
[[email protected] ~]# dig @192.168.2.43 www.magedu.com ; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.47.rc1.el6_8.2 <<>> @192.168.2.43 www.magedu.com ; (1 server found) ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 46452 ;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 2, ADDITIONAL: 2 ;; QUESTION SECTION: ;www.magedu.com. IN A ;; ANSWER SECTION: www.magedu.com. 86400 IN A 192.168.2.43 ;; AUTHORITY SECTION: magedu.com. 86400 IN NS ns2.magedu.com. magedu.com. 86400 IN NS ns1.magedu.com. ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION: ns1.magedu.com. 86400 IN A 192.168.2.43 ns2.magedu.com. 86400 IN A 192.168.2.44 ;; Query time: 1 msec ;; SERVER: 192.168.2.43#53(192.168.2.43) ;; WHEN: Sun Oct 30 05:59:03 2016 ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 116
⑨反向解析测试
[[email protected] ~]# dig -x 192.168.2.43 @192.168.2.43 ; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.47.rc1.el6_8.2 <<>> -x 192.168.2.43 @192.168.2.43 ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 65223 ;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 3, AUTHORITY: 2, ADDITIONAL: 2 ;; QUESTION SECTION: ;43.2.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR ;; ANSWER SECTION: 43.2.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 86400 IN PTR www.magedu.com. 43.2.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 86400 IN PTR mx1.magedu.com. 43.2.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 86400 IN PTR ns1.magedu.com. ;; AUTHORITY SECTION: 2.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 86400 IN NS ns2.magedu.com. 2.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 86400 IN NS ns1.magedu.com. ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION: ns1.magedu.com. 86400 IN A 192.168.2.43 ns2.magedu.com. 86400 IN A 192.168.2.44 ;; Query time: 1 msec ;; SERVER: 192.168.2.43#53(192.168.2.43) ;; WHEN: Sun Oct 30 06:00:22 2016 ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 171
（2）保证DNS服务系统的高可用性
在正向解析库和反向解析库文件中添加辅助DNS服务器的信息，上述配置中已经标记出来了。辅DNS只需要创建区域文件，不需要创建区域数据文件，它的数据文件会从主服务器哪里同步过来。同步的数据在/var/named/slaves/目录中。
编辑辅DNS服务器上的/etc/named.rfc1912.zones文件，最后面添加如下内容：
zone "magedu.com" IN {
type slave;
masters { 192.168.2.43; };
file "slaves/magedu.com.zone";
allow-transfer { none; };
};
zone "2.168.192.in-addr.arpa" IN {
type slave;
masters { 192.168.2.43; };
file "slaves/2.168.192.zone";
allow-transfer { none; };
};指定type类型为slave(辅助)类型，并指定主服务器master { 192.168.2.43; };，allow-transter { none; };表示该从服务器不允许其他主机再同步DNS的数据。然后named-checkconf检查语法错误，然后# service named start即可
（3）子域授权
父域的IP为192.168.2.43，父域的从IP是192.168.2.44，子域的IP为192.168.2.45
①在父域的区域文件中添加NS和A记录
[[email protected] ~]# vim /var/named/magedu.com.zone cdn.magedu.com. IN NS ns.cdn.magedu.com. ns.cdn.magedu.com. IN A 192.168.2.45
②现在开始配置子域的DNS
[[email protected] ~]# vim /etc/named.rfc1912.zones zone "cdn.magedu.com" IN { type master; file "cdn.magedu.com"; }; zone "magedu.com" IN { type forward; forward only; forwarders { 192.168.2.43; }; };
③编辑子域的服务器上区域文件
[[email protected] ~]# vim /var/named/cdn.magedu.com.zone $TTL 86400 @ IN SOA ns.cdn.magedu.com. admin.cdn.magedu.com.( 2016102901 2H 5M 7D 12H ) IN NS ns.cdn.magedu.com. IN MX 10 mx1.cdn.magedu.com. ns.cdn.magedu.com. IN A 192.168.2.45 mx1.cdn.magedu.com. IN A 192.168.2.45 www IN A 192.168.2.45
检查语法，然后reload服务即可
4、请描述一次完整的http请求处理过程；
①向根域名服务器请求解析域名，然后根服务器返回相应的IP信息；
②用户的Web浏览器向服务器端的80端口通过三次握手建立TCP连接；
③建立完TCP连接后发送HTTP请求，请求的格式包括请求方法、URL和协议版本号，方法有GET、HEAD、POST、PUT、DELETE、OPTIONS、TRACE，如：
起始行：如 GET / HTTP/1.0 （请求的方法 请求的URL 请求所使用的协议）
头部信息：User-Agent Host等成对出现的值
主体
④服务器向客户端相应http的头信息，客户端收到后确认，然后http服务器发送数据；
⑤浏览器接收到数据后，解析数据并通过浏览器把画面呈现给用户；
⑥数据传送完成后，四次断开TCP连接；
5、httpd所支持的处理模型有哪些，他们的分别使用于哪些环境。
httpd所支持的事务处理模型主要有：prefork、worker、event
prefork：多进程模型，每个进程响应一个请求。一个主进程：负责生成n个子进程，子进程也称为工作进程，每个子进程处理一个用户请求；即便没有用户请求，也会预先生成多个空闲进程， 随时等待请求到达；最大不会超过1024个；
worker：多线程模型，每个线程响应一个请求；一个主进程：生成多个子进程，每个子进程负责生个多个线程，每个线程响应一个请求；
event：事件驱动模型，每个线程响应n个请求；一个主进程：生成m个子进程，每个子进程直接响应n个请求；
适合的场景：
perfork：它适合于没有线程安全库，需要避免线程兼容性问题的系统；
worker：适合内存占用量比较小，适合高流量的http服务器。缺点是假如一个线程崩溃，整个进程就会连同其任何线程一起死掉；prefork方式速度要稍高于worker，然而它需要的cpu和memory资源也稍多于woker。
6、建立httpd服务器(基于编译的方式进行)，要求：
提供两个基于名称的虚拟主机:
(a)www1.stuX.com，页面文件目录为/web/vhosts/www1；错误日志为/var/log/httpd/www1.err，访问日志为/var/log/httpd/www1.access；
(b)www2.stuX.com，页面文件目录为/web/vhosts/www2；错误日志为/var/log/httpd/www2.err，访问日志为/var/log/httpd/www2.access；
(c)为两个虚拟主机建立各自的主页文件index.html，内容分别为其对应的主机名；
(d)通过www1.stuX.com/server-status输出httpd工作状态相关信息，且只允许提供帐号密码才能访问(status:status)；
一、编译安装httpd
①编译安装apr
[[email protected] apr-1.5.1]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr [[email protected] apr-1.5.1]#make && make install
②编译安装apr-util
[[email protected] ]# cd apr-util-1.5.4 [[email protected] apr-util-1.5.4]# ./configure --with-apr=/usr/local/apr --prefix=/usr/local/apr-util [[email protected] apr-util-1.5.4]# make && make install
③编译安装htppd
[[email protected] ]# cd httpd-2.4.23 [[email protected] httpd-2.4.23]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache --enable-so --enable-ssl --enable-cgi --enable-rewrite --with-zlib --with-pcre --with-apr=/usr/local/apr --with-apr-util=/usr/local/apr-util/ --enable-modules=most --enable-mpms-shared=all --with-mpm=prefork [[email protected] httpd-2.4.23]# make && make install
二、创建站点
①创建站点目录
[[email protected] httpd-2.4.23]# mkdir -pv /web/vhosts/{www1,www2}/ mkdir: 已创建目录 "/web" mkdir: 已创建目录 "/web/vhosts" mkdir: 已创建目录 "/web/vhosts/www1/" mkdir: 已创建目录 "/web/vhosts/www2/"
②创建站点文件
[[email protected] httpd-2.4.23]# echo "www1.stuX.com" > /web/vhosts/www1/index.html [[email protected] httpd-2.4.23]# echo "www2.stuX.com" > /web/vhosts/www2/index.html
三、创建虚拟主机
①编译主配置文件
[[email protected] httpd-2.4.23]# vim /usr/local/apache/conf/httpd.conf #DocumentRoot "/usr/local/apache/htdocs" Include conf/extra/httpd-vhosts.conf
②编译虚拟主机文件
[[email protected] httpd-2.4.23]# vim /usr/local/apache/conf/extra/httpd-vhosts.conf <VirtualHost *:80> # ServerAdmin [email protected] DocumentRoot "/web/vhosts/www1" ServerName www1.stuX.com # ServerAlias www.dummy-host.example.com ErrorLog "/var/log/httpd/www1.err" CustomLog "/var/log/httpd/www1.access" common <Directory "/web/vhosts/www1"> options none allowoverride none Require all granted </Directory> </VirtualHost> <VirtualHost *:80> # ServerAdmin [email protected] DocumentRoot "/web/vhosts/www2" ServerName www2.stuX.com ErrorLog "/var/log/httpd/www2.err" CustomLog "/var/log/httpd/www2.access" common <Directory "/web/vhosts/www2"> options none allowoverride none Require all granted </Directory> </VirtualHost>
③创建status监控页面并添加认证功能
[[email protected] apache]# vim /usr/local/apache/conf/extra/httpd-vhosts.conf <VirtualHost *:80> # ServerAdmin [email protected] DocumentRoot "/web/vhosts/www1" ServerName www1.stuX.com # ServerAlias www.dummy-host.example.com ErrorLog "/var/log/httpd/www1.err" CustomLog "/var/log/httpd/www1.access" common <location /server-status> SetHandler server-status AuthType Basic AuthName "Server-Status" AuthUserFile "/usr/local/apache/.htpasswd" Require valid-user </location> <Directory "/web/vhosts/www1"> options none allowoverride none Require all granted </Directory> </VirtualHost>
④创建虚拟用户
[[email protected] ]#htpasswd -c -m /usr/local/apache/.htpasswd status
⑤重启并测试
[[email protected]]# /usr/local/apache/bin/apachectl restart [[email protected] apache]# curl www1.stuX.com www1.stuX.com [[email protected] apache]# curl www2.stuX.com www2.stuX.com
7、为第6题中的第2个虚拟主机提供https服务，使得用户可以通过https安全的访问此web站点；
(1)要求使用证书认证，证书中要求使用的国家(CN)、州(HA)、城市(ZZ)和组织(MageEdu)；
(2)设置部门为Ops，主机名为www2.stuX.com，邮件为[email protected]；
第一步：在准备创建私有CA的主机上创建私有密钥
[[email protected] ~]# cd /etc/pki/CA [[email protected] CA]# (umask 077;openssl genrsa -out private/cakey.pem 2048) Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus ........................................................+++ .........................................................................................+++ e is 65537 (0x10001)
第二步：创建作为CA主机所需要的文件
[[email protected] CA]# touch {index.txt,serial} [[email protected] CA]# echo 01 > serial
第三步：CA主机自身生成证书请求，也就是为自己颁发证书
[[email protected] CA]# openssl req -new -x509 -key private/cakey.pem -out cacert.pem -days 3650 You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated into your certificate request. What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN. There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank For some fields there will be a default value, If you enter ‘.‘, the field will be left blank. ----- Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN State or Province Name (full name) []:HA Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:ZZ Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:MageEdu Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Ops Common Name (eg, your name or your server‘s hostname) []:www2.stux.com Email Address []:[email protected]
第四步：要使用证书的主机生成颁发证书请求
[[email protected] etc]# mkdir /etc/httpd/certs [[email protected] etc]# cd /etc/httpd/certs [[email protected] certs]# (umask 077;openssl genrsa -out httpd.key 2048) Generating RSA private key, 1024 bit long modulus .++++++ ..++++++ e is 65537 (0x10001) [[email protected] certs]# openssl req -new -key httpd.key -out httpd.csr -days 3650 You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated into your certificate request. What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN. There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank For some fields there will be a default value, If you enter ‘.‘, the field will be left blank. ----- Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN State or Province Name (full name) []:HA Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:ZZ Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:MageEdu Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Ops Common Name (eg, your name or your server‘s hostname) []:www2.stux.com Email Address []:[email protected] Please enter the following ‘extra‘ attributes to be sent with your certificate request A challenge password []: An optional company name []:
第五步：配置httpd服务使用数字证书
[[email protected] certs]# ls httpd.csr httpd.key [[email protected] certs]# openssl ca -in httpd.csr-out httpd.crt -days 3650 Using configuration from /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf Check that the request matches thesignature Signature ok Certificate Details: Serial Number: 1 (0x1) Validity Not Before: Oct 29 09:15:06 2016 GMT Not After : Oct 29 09:15:06 2017 GMT Subject: countryName = CN stateOrProvinceName = HA organizationName = MageEdu organizationalUnitName = Ops commonName =www2.stux.com emailAddress = [email protected] X509v3 extensions: X509v3 Basic Constraints: CA:FALSE Netscape Comment: OpenSSL Generated Certificate X509v3 Subject Key Identifier: 9A:84:73:63:C0:82:7F:45:21:9C:BA:2B:4C:FB:C3:87:7C:BA:63:58 X509v3 Authority Key Identifier: keyid:1C:57:C2:12:E4:D3:A6:4F:9A:7A:C6:53:7F:5B:7B:86:1E:75:0D:57 Certificate is to be certified until Oct 29 09:15:06 2017 GMT (365 days) Sign the certificate? [y/n]:y 1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]y Write out database with 1 new entries Data Base Updated
第六步：配置https服务器加密传输
[[email protected] certs]# yum install mod_ssl -y [[email protected] ~]# rpm -qa mod_ssl mod_ssl-2.2.15-39.el6.centos.x86_64 [[email protected] conf.d]# ls mod_dnssd.conf README ssl.conf welcome.conf [[email protected] conf.d]#vim /etc/httpd/conf.d/ssl.conf LoadModule ssl_module modules/mod_ssl.so Listen 443 <VirtualHost 192.168.0.130:443> DocumentRoot"/web/vhosts/www2" ServerName www2.stuX.com:443 SSLEngineon SSLCertificateFile /etc/httpd/certs/httpd.crt SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/httpd/certs/httpd.key </VirtualHost>
8、建立samba共享，共享目录为/data，要求：（描述完整的过程）
1)共享名为shared，工作组为magedu；
2)添加组develop，添加用户gentoo,centos和ubuntu，其中gentoo和centos以develop为附加组，ubuntu不属于develop组；密码均为用户名；
3)添加samba用户gentoo,centos和ubuntu，密码均为“mageedu”；
4)此samba共享shared仅允许develop组具有写权限，其他用户只能以只读方式访问；
5)此samba共享服务仅允许来自于172.16.0.0/16网络的主机访问；
第一步：安装samba服务
[[email protected] ~]# yum -y install samba*
第二步：添加用户并创建密码
[[email protected] ~]# groupadd develop [[email protected] ~]# useradd -G develop gentoo [[email protected] ~]# useradd -G develop centos [[email protected] ~]# useradd ubuntu [[email protected] ~]# echo "gentoo" | passwd --stdin gentoo [[email protected] ~]# echo "centos" | passwd --stdin centos [[email protected] ~]# echo "ubuntu" | passwd --stdin ubuntu [[email protected] ~]# smbpasswd -a gentoo New SMB password: Retype new SMB password: Added user gentoo. [[email protected] ~]# smbpasswd -a centos New SMB password: Retype new SMB password: Added user centos. [[email protected] ~]# smbpasswd -a ubuntu New SMB password: Retype new SMB password: Added user ubuntu.
第三步：编辑/etc/samba/smb.conf
workgroup = magedu hosts allow = 192.168.2 [shared] comment = Haosmb path = /data guest = yes writable = no write list = +develop
使用service smb restart重启服务
9、搭建一套文件vsftp文件共享服务，共享目录为/ftproot,要求：（描述完整的过程）
1)基于虚拟用户的访问形式；
2)匿名用户只允许下载，不允许上传；
3)禁锢所有的用户于其家目录当中；
4)限制最大并发连接数为200:；
5)匿名用户的最大传输速率512KB/s
6)虚拟用户的账号存储在mysql数据库当中。
7)数据库通过NFS进行共享。
第一步：安装所需要程序
安装mysql和pam_mysql
[[email protected] ~]# yum -y install vsftpd mysql-server mysql-devel pam_mysql
第二部：创建虚拟用户账号
①准备数据库及相关表
首先请确保mysql服务已经正常启动。而后，按需要建立存储虚拟用户的数据库即可，这里将其创建为vsftpd数据库。
mysql> create database vsftpd; mysql> grant select on vsftpd.* to [email protected] identified by ‘www.magedu.com‘; mysql> grant select on vsftpd.* to [email protected] identified by ‘www.magedu.com‘; mysql> flush privileges; mysql> use vsftpd; mysql> create table users ( -> id int AUTO_INCREMENT NOT NULL, -> name char(20) binary NOT NULL, -> password char(48) binary NOT NULL, -> primary key(id) -> );
②添加测试的虚拟用户
根据需要添加所需要的用户，需要说明的是，这里将其密码为了安全起见应该使用PASSWORD函数加密后存储。
mysql> insert into users(name,password) values(‘tom‘,password(‘magedu‘)); mysql> insert into users(name,password) values(‘jerry‘,password(‘magedu‘));
第三步：配置vsftpd
①建立pam认证所需文件
[[email protected] ~]#vi /etc/pam.d/vsftpd.mysql
添加如下两行
auth required /lib/security/pam_mysql.so user=vsftpd passwd=www.magedu.com host=localhost db=vsftpd table=users usercolumn=name passwdcolumn=password crypt=0 account required /lib/security/pam_mysql.so user=vsftpd passwd=www.magedu.com host=localhost db=vsftpd table=users usercolumn=name passwdcolumn=password crypt=0
注意：由于mysql的安装方式不同，pam_mysql.so基于unix sock连接mysql服务器时可能会出问题，此时，建议授权一个可远程连接的mysql并访问vsftpd数据库的用户。
②修改vsftpd的配置文件，使其适应mysql认证
建立虚拟用户映射的系统用户及对应的目录
[[email protected] ~]# useradd -s /sbin/nologin -d /var/ftproot vuser [[email protected] ~]# chmod go+rx /var/ftproot
请确保/etc/vsftpd.conf中已经启用了以下选项
anonymous_enable=YES local_enable=YES write_enable=YES anon_world_readable_only=YES anon_upload_enable=NO anon_mkdir_write_enable=NO anon_other_write_enable=NO chroot_local_user=YES chroot_local_user=YES local_root=/ftproot anon_root=/ftproot
而后添加以下选项
guest_enable=YES guest_username=vuser
并确保pam_service_name选项的值如下所示
pam_service_name=vsftpd.mysql
第四步：启动vsftpd服务
[[email protected] ~]# service vsftpd start [[email protected] ~]# chkconfig vsftpd on
第五步：配置虚拟用户具有不同的访问权限
vsftpd可以在配置文件目录中为每个用户提供单独的配置文件以定义其ftp服务访问权限，每个虚拟用户的配置文件名同虚拟用户的用户名。配置文件目录可以是任意未使用目录，只需要在vsftpd.conf指定其路径及名称即可。
①配置vsftpd为虚拟用户使用配置文件目录
[[email protected] ~]# vim vsftpd.conf
添加如下选项
user_config_dir=/etc/vsftpd/vusers_config
②创建所需要目录，并为虚拟用户提供配置文件
[[email protected] ~]# mkdir /etc/vsftpd/vusers_config/ [[email protected] ~]# cd /etc/vsftpd/vusers_config/ [[email protected] ~]# touch tom jerry
③配置虚拟用户的访问权限
虚拟用户对vsftpd服务的访问权限是通过匿名用户的相关指令进行的。比如，如果需要让tom用户具没有上传，删除文件的权限，可以修改/etc/vsftpd/vusers_config/tom文件，
在里面添加如下选项即可。
anon_upload_enable=YES anon_mkdir_write_enable=YES anon_other_write_enable=YES
以上是关于第九周作业的主要内容，如果未能解决你的问题，请参考以下文章