WLAN - 基本概念与协议族
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什么是WLAN
– Wireless Local Area Network, 无线局域网
– 不使用任何导线或传输电缆连接的局域网,而使用无线电波作为数据传送的媒介,传送距离一般只有几十米
– 无线局域网的主干网路通常使用有线电缆,无线局域网用户通过一个或多个无线接取器接入无线局域网
为什么要使用WLAN
– 低成本的网络扩展方式
– 快捷的创建临时网络连接
– 通过多个AP,可以扩展无线范围
– 可以为不同业务提供不同的安全通道
WLAN的基本构成
站点(Station),网络最基本的组成部分。
基本服务单元(Basic Service Set, BSS)。网络最基本的服务单元。最简单的服务单元可以只由两个站点组成。站点可以动态地联结(associate)到基本服务单元中。
分配系统(Distribution System, DS)。分配系统用于连接不同的基本服务单元。分配系统使用的媒介(Medium)逻辑上和基本服务单元使用的媒介是截然分开的,尽管它们物理上可能会是同一个媒介,例如同一个无线频段。
接入点(Access Point, AP)。接入点是无线网和有线网的接口,既有普通站点的身份,又有接入到分配系统的功能。
扩展服务单元(Extended Service Set, ESS)。由分配系统和基本服务单元组合而成。这种组合是逻辑上,并非物理上的--不同的基本服务单元物有可能在地理位置相去甚远。分配系统也可以使用各种各样的技术。
关口(Portal),也是一个逻辑成分。用于将无线局域网和有线局域网或其它网络联系起来。
此处有3种媒介,站点使用的无线的媒介,分配系统使用的媒介,以及和无线局域网集成一起的其它局域网使用的媒介。物理上它们可能互相重叠。IEEE802.11只负责在站点使用的无线的媒介上的寻址(Addressing)。分配系统和其它局域网的寻址不属无线局域网的范围。
组织
– FCC (Federal Communications Commission)
– ITU-R (International Telecommunications Union Radiocommunication Sector)
– IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
– IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)
– Wi-Fi Alliance
IEEE协议族
摘自Wiki
已有的协议族
IEEE 802.11-1997:
The WLAN standard was originally 1 Mbit/s and 2 Mbit/s, 2.4 GHz RF and infrared (IR) standard (1997), all the others listed below are Amendments to this standard, except for Recommended Practices 802.11F and 802.11T.
IEEE 802.11a:
54 Mbit/s, 5 GHz standard (1999, shipping products in 2001)
IEEE 802.11b:
Enhancements to 802.11 to support 5.5 Mbit/s and 11 Mbit/s (1999)
IEEE 802.11c:
Bridge operation procedures; included in the IEEE 802.1D standard (2001)
IEEE 802.11d:
International (country-to-country) roaming extensions (2001)
IEEE 802.11e:
Enhancements: QoS, including packet bursting (2005)
IEEE 802.11F:
Inter-Access Point Protocol (2003) Withdrawn February 2006
IEEE 802.11g:
54 Mbit/s, 2.4 GHz standard (backwards compatible with b) (2003)
IEEE 802.11h:
Spectrum Managed 802.11a (5 GHz) for European compatibility (2004)
IEEE 802.11i:
Enhanced security (2004)
IEEE 802.11j:
Extensions for Japan (2004)
IEEE 802.11-2007:
A new release of the standard that includes amendments a, b, d, e, g, h, i, and j. (July 2007)
IEEE 802.11k:
Radio resource measurement enhancements (2008)
IEEE 802.11n:
Higher-throughput improvements using MIMO (multiple-input, multiple-output antennas) (September 2009)
IEEE 802.11p:
WAVE—Wireless Access for the Vehicular Environment (such as ambulances and passenger cars) (July 2010)
IEEE 802.11r:
Fast BSS transition (FT) (2008)
IEEE 802.11s:
Mesh Networking, Extended Service Set (ESS) (July 2011)
IEEE 802.11T:
Wireless Performance Prediction (WPP)—test methods and metrics Recommendation cancelled
IEEE 802.11u:
Improvements related to HotSpots and 3rd-party authorization of clients, e.g., cellular network offload (February 2011)
IEEE 802.11v:
Wireless network management (February 2011)
IEEE 802.11w:
Protected Management Frames (September 2009)
IEEE 802.11y:
3650–3700 MHz Operation in the U.S. (2008)
IEEE 802.11z:
Extensions to Direct Link Setup (DLS) (September 2010)
IEEE 802.11-2012:
A new release of the standard that includes amendments k, n, p, r, s, u, v, w, y, and z (March 2012)
IEEE 802.11aa:
Robust streaming of Audio Video Transport Streams (June 2012)
IEEE 802.11ac:
Very High Throughput <6 GHz;potential improvements over 802.11n: better modulation scheme (expected ~10% throughput increase), wider channels (estimate in future time 80 to 160 MHz), multi user MIMO;(December 2013)
IEEE 802.11ad:
Very High Throughput 60 GHz (December 2012) — see WiGig
IEEE 802.11ae:
Prioritization of Management Frames (March 2012)
IEEE 802.11af:
TV Whitespace (February 2014)
制定中的协议
IEEE 802.11mc:
Roll-up of 802.11-2012 with the aa, ac, ad, ae & af amendments to be published as 802.11-2016 (~ March 2016)
IEEE 802.11ah:
Sub-1 GHz license exempt operation (e.g., sensor network, smart metering) (~ March 2016)
IEEE 802.11ai:
Fast Initial Link Setup (~ September 2016)
IEEE 802.11aj:
China Millimeter Wave (~ June 2016)
IEEE 802.11ak:
General Links (~ May 2016)
IEEE 802.11aq:
Pre-association Discovery (~ July 2016)
IEEE 802.11ax:
High Efficiency WLAN (~ May 2018)
IEEE 802.11ay:
Enhancements for Ultra High Throughput in and around the 60 GHz Band (~ TBD)
IEEE 802.11az:
Next Generation Positioning (~ TBD)
802.11F and 802.11T are recommended practices rather than standards, and are capitalized as such.
802.11m is used for standard maintenance. 802.11ma was completed for 802.11-2007, 802.11mb was completed for 802.11-2012, and 802.11mc is working towards publishing 802.11-2016.
说几个常见的
IEEE 802.11
– 定义了物理层和媒体访问控制(MAC)规范,无线局域网领域第一个国际认可协议,提供1M和2M的数据传输率,基本的信令规范和服务规范
IEEE 802.11a
– 1999,规定工作频段在5.15~5.825GHz,数据传输率54Mbps,采用正交频分复用(OFDM)独特扩频技术
IEEE 802.11b
– 1999.9,规定工作频段在2.4GHz~2.4835GHz,数据传输率11Mbps,为802.11协议的补充,使用直接序列DSSS技术,与802.11a不兼容
IEEE 802.11e
– MAC层协议的改进,支持多媒体传输,支持无线局域网无线广播接口的服务质量保证
IEEE 802.11g
– 802.11b的提速,仍然工作在2.4GHz频段,采用两种调制方式,向下兼容802.11b
IEEE 802.11i
– 结合了802.11x中的用户端口身份验证和设备验证,对无线MAC层修改与整合,定义了严格的加密格式和鉴权机制,改善无线局域网的安全性
IEEE 802.11n
– MIMO多输入多输出的天线技术,基于OFDM调制技术,物理传输率300M-600Mbps
协议 |
发布 |
标准频宽 |
标准速度 |
最大速度 |
802.11 |
1997 |
2.4-2.5 GHz |
1 Mbit/s |
2 Mbit/s |
802.11a |
1999 |
5.15-5.35/ 5.47-5.725/ 5.725-5.875 GHz |
25 Mbit/s |
54 Mbit/s |
802.11b |
1999 |
2.4-2.5 GHz |
6.5 Mbit/s |
11 Mbit/s |
802.11g |
2003 |
2.4-2.5 GHz |
25 Mbit/s |
54 Mbit/s |
802.11n |
2009 |
2.4 GHz or 5 GHz bands |
300 Mbit/s (20MHz*4 MIMO) |
600 Mbit/s (40MHz*4 MIMO) |
802.11p |
2009 |
5.86-5.925 GHz |
3 Mbit/s |
27 Mbit/s |
802.11ac |
2011 |
5 GHz |
433Mbit/s, 867Mbit/s (80MHz, 160MHz为可选) |
867Mbit/s, 1.73 Gbit/s, 3.47 Gbit/s, 6.93 Gbit/s (8 MIMO,160MHz) |
802.11ad |
2009 |
2.4/5/60 GHz |
4620Mbps |
up to 7Gbps(6756.75Mbps) |
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