homework week07
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本周作业内容：
1、创建一个10G分区，并格式为ext4文件系统；
(1) 要求其block大小为2048, 预留空间百分比为2, 卷标为MYDATA, 默认挂载属性包含acl；
(2) 挂载至/data/mydata目录，要求挂载时禁止程序自动运行，且不更新文件的访问时间戳；
# 创建一个分区，没有10G空间，用1G代替。分区建在扩展分区上。 [[email protected] ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It‘s strongly recommended to switch off the mode (command ‘c‘) and change display units to sectors (command ‘u‘). Command (m for help): n Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4) e Partition number (1-4): 1 First cylinder (1-1305, default 1): 1 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-1305, default 1305): Using default value 1305 Command (m for help): n Command action l logical (5 or over) p primary partition (1-4) l First cylinder (1-1305, default 1): Using default value 1 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-1305, default 1305): +1G Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Syncing disks. # 通知内核重识分区信息 [[email protected] ~]# partx -a /dev/sdb BLKPG: Device or resource busy error adding partition 1 BLKPG: Device or resource busy error adding partition 5 # 以ext4文件系统格式化分区，块大小2K，预留空间百分比为2，卷标为MYDATA [[email protected] ~]# mkfs.ext4 -b 2048 -m 2 -L MYDATA /dev/sdb5 mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Filesystem label=MYDATA OS type: Linux Block size=2048 (log=1) Fragment size=2048 (log=1) Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks 66264 inodes, 530112 blocks 10602 blocks (2.00%) reserved for the super user First data block=0 Maximum filesystem blocks=537919488 33 block groups 16384 blocks per group, 16384 fragments per group 2008 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 16384, 49152, 81920, 114688, 147456, 409600, 442368 Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (16384 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done This filesystem will be automatically checked every 26 mounts or 180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override. [[email protected] ~]# mkdir -p /data/mydata # 新建分区挂载到/data/mydata，挂载属性：acl、禁止程序自动运行、不更新文件的访问时间戳 [[email protected] ~]# mount -o acl,noexec,noatime /dev/sdb5 /data/mydata/ # 查看文件系统大小 [[email protected] ~]# df -hP Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root 18G 9.0G 7.4G 55% / tmpfs 931M 0 931M 0% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 477M 33M 419M 8% /boot /dev/sdb5 988M 8.1M 959M 1% /data/mydata # 查看新建分区属性 [[email protected] ~]# mount /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root on / type ext4 (rw) proc on /proc type proc (rw) sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0") /dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw) none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) /dev/sdb5 on /data/mydata type ext4 (rw,noexec,noatime,acl)
2、创建一个大小为1G的swap分区，并创建好文件系统，并启用之；
# 查看当前系统swap分区大小为2G [[email protected] ~]# free -m total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 1861 808 1053 0 9 578 -/+ buffers/cache: 220 1640 Swap: 2047 0 2047 # 新建分区作swap分区使用 [[email protected] ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It‘s strongly recommended to switch off the mode (command ‘c‘) and change display units to sectors (command ‘u‘). Command (m for help): n Command action l logical (5 or over) p primary partition (1-4) l First cylinder (133-1305, default 133): Using default value 133 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (133-1305, default 1305): +1G Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy. The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8) Syncing disks. # 通知内核重识分区信息 [[email protected] ~]# partx -a /dev/sdb BLKPG: Device or resource busy error adding partition 1 BLKPG: Device or resource busy error adding partition 5 # 格式化分区为swap分区 [[email protected] ~]# mkswap /dev/sdb6 Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1060252 KiB no label, UUID=7c945208-4731-4c4e-91e0-9335db59bcab # 启动/dev/sdb6作为交换分区 [[email protected] ~]# swapon /dev/sdb6 # 查看现在的swap分区大小 [[email protected] ~]# free -m total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 1861 810 1051 0 10 578 -/+ buffers/cache: 221 1640 Swap: 3083 0 3083
3、写一个脚本
(1)、获取并列出当前系统上的所有磁盘设备；
(2)、显示每个磁盘设备上每个分区相关的空间使用信息；
[[email protected] shell]# cat diskusage.sh #!/bin/bash declare -a partitions declare -i idx=0 echo && echo "disks list:" for disk in /dev/[sh]d* do if [[ "$disk" =~ [0-9]$ ]]; then echo -n " ├" echo -e "────$disk" partitions[idx]="$disk" let idx++ else echo $disk fi done echo && echo "show the usage of partitions" echo "----------------------------" echo -e "partitions\tSize\tUsed\tUse%" arrlen=$[${#partitions[*]}-1] for i in `seq 0 1 $arrlen` do echo -n ${partitions[$i]} df -hP ${partitions[$i]} | awk ‘{printf("\t%s\t%s\t%s\n", $2,$3,$5)}‘ | tail -1 done [[email protected] shell]# sh diskusage.sh disks list: /dev/sda ├────/dev/sda1 ├────/dev/sda2 /dev/sdb ├────/dev/sdb1 ├────/dev/sdb5 ├────/dev/sdb6 show the usage of partitions ---------------------------- partitions Size Used Use% /dev/sda1 477M 33M 8% /dev/sda2 920M 268K 1% /dev/sdb1 920M 268K 1% /dev/sdb5 920M 268K 1% /dev/sdb6 920M 268K 1%
4、总结RAID的各个级别及其组合方式和性能的不同；
RAID：冗余磁盘阵列，是用来提高整个磁盘系统IO能力、冗余能力和可用空间的技术。根据RAID级别不同，提供不同的功能。常用的RAID级别有0，1，10，5
| RAID级别 | 功能描述 | 可用容量 | 优缺点 | 性能 |
| RAID0 | 条带化存储，由数个较小的硬盘组成一个大的磁盘空间。数据分散存储在阵列中的各个磁盘中 | n * m(单盘容量) | 优点：结构简单，成本较低，可用容量大 缺点：无冗余，一块盘坏，整个阵列的数据都有可能丢失 | 读写性能高 |
| RAID1 | 镜像存储。同一份数据分别分别写入到阵列中同为镜像的磁盘中 | 最少需要2 * n块磁盘 n / 2 | 优点：有冗余备份，支持坏一块磁盘 缺点：成本稍高，可用容量只有硬盘总数的一半 | 读性能高，写性能可能会稍低于单盘 |
| RAID10 | 镜像条带。提供RAID1级别的冗余性，同时拥有RAID0级别的读写性能 | 最少需要4* n块磁盘 其容量为n / 2 | 优点：兼顾RAID1和RAID0优点，数据安全级别高 缺点：成本昂贵 | 读写性能高 |
| RAID5 | 分布奇偶检验。数据与其相对应的奇偶检验位分散存储于各个磁盘中 | 最少需要3块磁盘 其容量为n - 1 | 优点：兼顾数据安全与存储容量，空间利用率高，同时成本低于RAID10。支持坏一块硬盘 缺点：磁盘故障会影响IO，控制器设计也比较复杂 | 读性能好，写性能一般 |
5、创建一个大小为10G的RAID1，要求有一个空闲盘，而且CHUNK大小为128k;
# RAID1至少需要两块盘，要求有一个空白盘，这里使用3块盘做RAID1。 # 因磁盘空间所限，这里2G的盘做RAID1。 # 查看磁盘大小 [email protected] ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb /dev/sdc /dev/sdd | grep ‘^Disk /dev/sd[a-z]‘ Disk /dev/sdb: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes, 4194304 sectors Disk /dev/sdc: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes, 4194304 sectors Disk /dev/sdd: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes, 4194304 sectors # 创建软件RAID，级别为1，1个空闲盘，chunk size为128K [[email protected] ~]# mdadm -C /dev/md0 -l 1 -n 2 -x 1 -c 128K /dev/sdb /dev/sdc /dev/sdd mdadm: /dev/sdb appears to be part of a raid array: level=raid1 devices=2 ctime=Sat Sep 17 09:42:10 2016 mdadm: partition table exists on /dev/sdb but will be lost or meaningless after creating array mdadm: Note: this array has metadata at the start and may not be suitable as a boot device. If you plan to store ‘/boot‘ on this device please ensure that your boot-loader understands md/v1.x metadata, or use --metadata=0.90 mdadm: /dev/sdc appears to be part of a raid array: level=raid1 devices=2 ctime=Sat Sep 17 09:42:10 2016 mdadm: partition table exists on /dev/sdc but will be lost or meaningless after creating array mdadm: /dev/sdd appears to be part of a raid array: level=raid1 devices=2 ctime=Sat Sep 17 09:42:10 2016 mdadm: partition table exists on /dev/sdd but will be lost or meaningless after creating array Continue creating array? y mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata mdadm: array /dev/md0 started. # 查看RAID1详细信息 [[email protected] ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0 /dev/md0: Version : 1.2 Creation Time : Sat Sep 17 09:43:19 2016 Raid Level : raid1 Array Size : 2095104 (2046.34 MiB 2145.39 MB) Used Dev Size : 2095104 (2046.34 MiB 2145.39 MB) Raid Devices : 2 Total Devices : 3 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Sat Sep 17 09:43:29 2016 State : clean Active Devices : 2 Working Devices : 3 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 1 Name : CentOS7:0 (local to host CentOS7) UUID : 8a013467:568c165a:d2f181f5:511d7d12 Events : 17 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 16 0 active sync /dev/sdb 1 8 32 1 active sync /dev/sdc 2 8 48 - spare /dev/sdd [[email protected] ~]# cat /proc/mdstat Personalities : [raid1] md0 : active raid1 sdd[2](S) sdc[1] sdb[0] 2095104 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU] unused devices: <none>
6、创建一个大小为4G的RAID5设备，chunk大小为256k，格式化ext4文件系统，要求可开机自动挂载至/backup目录，而且不更新访问时间戳，且支持acl功能；
# RAID5至少需要三块磁盘。 # 创建RAID5，chunk size为256K [[email protected] ~]# mdadm -C /dev/md0 -l 5 -n 3 -c 256K /dev/sdb /dev/sdc /dev/sdd mdadm: /dev/sdb appears to be part of a raid array: level=raid1 devices=2 ctime=Sat Sep 17 09:43:19 2016 mdadm: partition table exists on /dev/sdb but will be lost or meaningless after creating array mdadm: /dev/sdc appears to be part of a raid array: level=raid1 devices=2 ctime=Sat Sep 17 09:43:19 2016 mdadm: partition table exists on /dev/sdc but will be lost or meaningless after creating array mdadm: /dev/sdd appears to be part of a raid array: level=raid1 devices=2 ctime=Sat Sep 17 09:43:19 2016 mdadm: partition table exists on /dev/sdd but will be lost or meaningless after creating array Continue creating array? y mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata mdadm: array /dev/md0 started. # 查看RAID5详细信息 [[email protected] ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0 /dev/md0: Version : 1.2 Creation Time : Sat Sep 17 10:02:52 2016 Raid Level : raid5 Array Size : 4190208 (4.00 GiB 4.29 GB) Used Dev Size : 2095104 (2046.34 MiB 2145.39 MB) Raid Devices : 3 Total Devices : 3 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Sat Sep 17 10:03:03 2016 State : clean Active Devices : 3 Working Devices : 3 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 0 Layout : left-symmetric Chunk Size : 256K Name : CentOS7:0 (local to host CentOS7) UUID : 516e7995:65813193:22ab7a44:1ca10114 Events : 18 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 16 0 active sync /dev/sdb 1 8 32 1 active sync /dev/sdc 3 8 48 2 active sync /dev/sdd [[email protected] ~]# cat /proc/mdstat Personalities : [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] md0 : active raid5 sdd[3] sdc[1] sdb[0] 4190208 blocks super 1.2 level 5, 256k chunk, algorithm 2 [3/3] [UUU] unused devices: <none> # 格式化为ext4文件系统 [[email protected] ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/md0 mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013) Filesystem label= OS type: Linux Block size=4096 (log=2) Fragment size=4096 (log=2) Stride=64 blocks, Stripe width=128 blocks 262144 inodes, 1047552 blocks 52377 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user First data block=0 Maximum filesystem blocks=1073741824 32 block groups 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group 8192 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736 Allocating group tables: done Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (16384 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done # 在/etc/fstab中追加一行： /dev/md0 /backup ext4 noatime,acl 0 0 # 或者使用UUID [[email protected] ~]# blkid | grep ‘/dev/md0‘ /dev/md0: UUID="5cb8f207-c230-444f-af91-df04498dca80" TYPE="ext4" # 在/etc/fstab/追加一行 UUID=5cb8f207-c230-444f-af91-df04498dca80 /backup ext4 noatime,acl 0 0 # 挂载该分区，并查看分区挂载属性 [[email protected] ~]# mount -a [[email protected] ~]# mount | grep ‘/dev/md0‘ /dev/md0 on /backup type ext4 (rw,noatime,seclabel,stripe=128,data=ordered)
7、写一个脚本
(1) 接受一个以上文件路径作为参数；
(2) 显示每个文件拥有的行数；
(3) 总结说明本次共为几个文件统计了其行数；
[[email protected] shell]# cat practice7_7.sh #!/bin/bash declare -i args="$#" declare -A files declare -i lines=0 declare -i ttfile=0 declare -i maxlen=0 if [ "$#" -eq 0 ]; then echo "must have a parameter!" echo -e "\tUsage: `basename $0` file1 [file2] ..." exit 1 fi while [ "$args" -gt 0 ] do files["$1"]=0 let "maxlen = maxlen > ${#1} ? maxlen : ${#1}" let args-- shift done for file in ${!files[*]} do if [ -f "$file" ]; then cnt=$(wc -l $file | cut -d‘ ‘ -f1) files[$file]=$cnt let "lines += $cnt" let ttfile++ elif [ -d "$file" ]; then files[$file]="Directory" elif [ -p "$file" ]; then files[$file]="Named pipe file" elif [ -b "$file" ]; then files[$file]="Block device" elif [ -c "$file" ]; then files[$file]="Character device" elif [ -S "$file" ]; then files[$file]="Socket" else files[$file]="Unknown file" fi done for file in ${!files[*]} do printf "%-${maxlen}s\t%s\n" $file "${files[$file]}" done printf "============================================\n" printf "%d files processed, and total lines is: %d\n" $ttfile $lines [[email protected] shell]# sh practice7_7.sh /etc/passwd /etc /etc/init.d/functions /etc /dev/sda /dev/tty /etc/fstab /dev/sda Block device /dev/tty Character device /etc Directory /etc/passwd 58 /etc/init.d/functions 815 /etc/fstab 15 ============================================ 3 files processed, and total lines is: 888
8、写一个脚本
(1) 传递两个以上字符串当作用户名；
(2) 创建这些用户；且密码同用户名；
(3) 总结说明共创建了几个用户；
[[email protected] shell]# cat practice7_8.sh #!/bin/bash . /etc/init.d/functions declare -i args=$# declare -i cntsuccess=0 declare -i cntfailure=0 if [ "$#" -eq 0 ]; then echo "at least one parameter, try again!" echo -e "\tUsage: `basename $0` user1 [user2] ..." exit 1 fi while [ $args -gt 0 ] do useradd $1 >/dev/null 2>&1 ret=$? if [ "$ret" -eq 0 ]; then action "add user $1" /bin/true echo "$1" | passwd --stdin $1 2>&1 >/dev/null let cntsuccess++ else action "add user $1" /bin/false let cntfailure++ fi let args-- shift done echo "$cntsuccess user(s) added, $cntfailure fails" [[email protected] shell]# sh practice7_8.sh tom jerry jack add user tom [ OK ] add user jerry [ OK ] add user jack [ OK ] 3 user(s) added, 0 fails [[email protected] shell]# sh practice7_8.sh tom add user tom [FAILED] 0 user(s) added, 1 fails
9、写一个脚本，新建20个用户，visitor1-visitor20；计算他们的ID之和；
[[email protected] shell]# cat practice7_9.sh #!/bin/bash if [ `id -u` -ne 0 ]; then echo "only root can execute this script" exit 1 fi . /etc/init.d/functions declare -i total=0 echo "add users: visitor1-visitor20" for user in visitor{1..20} do useradd $user >/dev/null 2>&1 ret=$? if [ "$ret" -eq 0 ]; then action "add user $user" /bin/true let "total += `id -u $user`" else action "add user $user" /bin/false fi done #or: awk -F‘:‘ ‘/^\<visitor1\>/,/^\<visitor20\>/{t+=$3}END{print t}‘ /etc/passwd echo "The sum of user‘s ID: $total" [[email protected] shell]# sh practice7_9.sh add users: visitor1-visitor20 add user visitor1 [ OK ] add user visitor2 [ OK ] add user visitor3 [ OK ] add user visitor4 [ OK ] add user visitor5 [ OK ] add user visitor6 [ OK ] add user visitor7 [ OK ] add user visitor8 [ OK ] add user visitor9 [ OK ] add user visitor10 [ OK ] add user visitor11 [ OK ] add user visitor12 [ OK ] add user visitor13 [ OK ] add user visitor14 [ OK ] add user visitor15 [ OK ] add user visitor16 [ OK ] add user visitor17 [ OK ] add user visitor18 [ OK ] add user visitor19 [ OK ] add user visitor20 [ OK ] The sum of user‘s ID: 60670
10、写一脚本，分别统计/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit、/etc/rc.d/init.d/functions和/etc/fstab文件中以#号开头的行数之和，以及总的空白行数；
[[email protected] shell]# cat practice7_10.sh #!/bin/bash declare -r files=(/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions /etc/fstab) declare -i totalsharpline=0 declare -i totalblankline=0 function sharpline() { grep ‘^#‘ $1 | wc -l } function blankline() { grep ‘^$‘ $1 | wc -l } for file in ${files[*]} do let "totalsharpline += `sharpline $file`" let "totalblankline += `blankline $file`" done echo "Total starts with sharp line: $totalsharpline" echo "Total blank line: $totalblankline" [[email protected] shell]# sh practice7_10.sh Total starts with sharp line: 91 Total blank line: 173
11、写一个脚本，显示当前系统上所有默认shell为bash的用户的用户名、UID以及此类所有用户的UID之和；
# 简单实现
# awk -F‘:‘ ‘/bash$/{sum+=$3; print $1,$3}END{print sum}‘ /etc/passwd
[[email protected] shell]# cat count.awk
BEGIN{
FS=":";
sum=0;
printf("username\tUID\n");
}
/bash$/{sum += $3;
printf("%-10s\t%5d\n", $1, $3);
}
END{
printf("=========================\n");
printf("the sum of UID: %d\n", sum);
}
[[email protected] shell]# awk -f count.awk /etc/passwd
username UID
root 0
oracle 500
icheck 501
mageia 1100
openstack 3003
testuser 3004
test1 3005
captain 3006
hadoop 1001
bash 3007
testbash 3008
basher 3009
user10 3011
user11 3012
user12 3013
user13 3014
user14 3015
user15 3016
user16 3017
user17 3018
user18 3019
user19 3020
tom 3021
jerry 3022
jack 3023
visitor1 3024
visitor2 3025
visitor3 3026
visitor4 3027
visitor5 3028
visitor6 3029
visitor7 3030
visitor8 3031
visitor9 3032
visitor10 3033
visitor11 3034
visitor12 3035
visitor13 3036
visitor14 3037
visitor15 3038
visitor16 3039
visitor17 3040
visitor18 3041
visitor19 3042
visitor20 3043
=========================
the sum of UID: 12403512、写一个脚本，显示当前系统上所有，拥有附加组的用户的用户名；并说明共有多少个此类用户；
[[email protected] shell]# cat practice7_12.sh #!/bin/bash declare -i usercnt=0 declare -a users=(`cut -d‘:‘ -f1 /etc/passwd`) echo -n "the selected users: " for user in ${users[*]} do set $(id -G $user) [ "$#" -gt 1 ] && echo -n "$user " && let usercnt++ done echo && echo "$usercnt users selected" [[email protected] shell]# sh practice7_12.sh the selected users: bin daemon adm postfix slackware openstack 6 users selected
13、创建一个由至少两个物理卷组成的大小为20G的卷组；要求，PE大小为8M；而在卷组中创建一个大小为5G的逻辑卷mylv1，格式化为ext4文件系统，开机自动挂载至/users目录，支持acl；
# 初始化物理卷，/dev/sdb7，/dev/sdb8都是1G大小的分区 # 所以创建的卷组大小为2G [[email protected] ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdb7 /dev/sdb8 Physical volume "/dev/sdb7" successfully created Physical volume "/dev/sdb8" successfully created [[email protected] ~]# pvs PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree /dev/sda2 VolGroup lvm2 a-- 19.51g 0 /dev/sdb7 lvm2 --- 1.01g 1.01g /dev/sdb8 lvm2 --- 1.01g 1.01g # 创建卷组，卷组名称为data，PE大小为8M [[email protected] ~]# vgcreate -s 8M data /dev/sdb7 /dev/sdb8 Volume group "data" successfully created [[email protected] ~]# vgs VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree VolGroup 1 2 0 wz--n- 19.51g 0 data 2 0 0 wz--n- 2.02g 2.02g # 查看卷组详细信息，大小为2G [[email protected] ~]# vgdisplay data --- Volume group --- VG Name data System ID Format lvm2 Metadata Areas 2 Metadata Sequence No 1 VG Access read/write VG Status resizable MAX LV 0 Cur LV 0 Open LV 0 Max PV 0 Cur PV 2 Act PV 2 VG Size 2.02 GiB PE Size 8.00 MiB Total PE 258 Alloc PE / Size 0 / 0 Free PE / Size 258 / 2.02 GiB VG UUID bKsHig-SYQG-hqcw-vLGG-BAi7-llJG-vSR1x3 # 磁盘容量比较小，这里创建500M的逻辑卷 # 创建500M大小的逻辑卷mylv1 [[email protected] ~]# lvcreate -L 500M -n mylv1 data Rounding up size to full physical extent 504.00 MiB Logical volume "mylv1" created # 格式化逻辑卷为ext4分区 [[email protected] ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/data/mylv1 mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Filesystem label= OS type: Linux Block size=1024 (log=0) Fragment size=1024 (log=0) Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks 129024 inodes, 516096 blocks 25804 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user First data block=1 Maximum filesystem blocks=67633152 63 block groups 8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group 2048 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729, 204801, 221185, 401409 Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (8192 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done This filesystem will be automatically checked every 32 mounts or 180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override. # 在/etc/fstab/文件中追加一行 /dev/data/mylv1 /users ext4 acl 0 0 # 挂载该分区 [[email protected] ~]# mount -a [[email protected] ~]# mount /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root on / type ext4 (rw) proc on /proc type proc (rw) sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0") /dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw) none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) /dev/mapper/data-mylv1 on /users type ext4 (rw,acl)
14、新建用户magedu；其家目录为/users/magedu，而后su切换至此用户，复制多个文件至家目录；
[[email protected] ~]# useradd -d /users/magedu magedu [[email protected] ~]# su - magedu [[email protected] ~]$ pwd /users/magedu [[email protected] ~]$ cp -a /etc/* . cp: cannot open `/etc/anacrontab‘ for reading: Permission denied cp: cannot access `/etc/audisp‘: Permission denied cp: cannot access `/etc/audit‘: Permission denied ### ommited ###
15、扩展mylv1至9G，确保扩展完成后原有数据完全可用；
# 因磁盘空间不够，扩展到1G代替 # 查看扩展前分区大小为500M [[email protected] ~]# df -hP /users/ Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/data-mylv1 481M 18M 438M 4% /users # 保存所有文件的md5值备用 [[email protected] ~]$ find . -type f -exec md5sum {} \; > /tmp/md5_old.list # 扩展逻辑卷，mylv1增加500M [[email protected] ~]# lvresize -L +500M /dev/data/mylv1 Rounding size to boundary between physical extents: 504.00 MiB Size of logical volume data/mylv1 changed from 504.00 MiB (63 extents) to 1008.00 MiB (126 extents). Logical volume mylv1 successfully resized # 扩展文件系统 [[email protected] ~]# resize2fs /dev/data/mylv1 resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Filesystem at /dev/data/mylv1 is mounted on /users; on-line resizing required old desc_blocks = 2, new_desc_blocks = 4 Performing an on-line resize of /dev/data/mylv1 to 1032192 (1k) blocks. The filesystem on /dev/data/mylv1 is now 1032192 blocks long. # 查看扩展后分区大小 [[email protected] ~]# df -hP /users/ Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/data-mylv1 969M 18M 901M 2% /users # 保存扩展后所有文件的md5值 [[email protected] ~]$ find . -type f -exec md5sum {} \; > /tmp/md5_new.list # 比较扩展前后文件的md5值，其它文件都相同。 # .bash_history保存历史记录命令，所有md5会不一样 [[email protected] ~]$ diff /tmp/md5_old.list /tmp/md5_new.list 528c528 < 1fba9bc2ce4d95677dea06b210940160 ./.bash_history --- > b3d9d06c6222d3655e8ee38d483c61a6 ./.bash_history
16、缩减mylv1至7G，确保缩减完成后原有数据完全可用；
# 查看缩减前分区大小。这里缩减到700M [[email protected] ~]# df -hP /users Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/data-mylv1 969M 18M 901M 2% /users # 1. 先umount分区 [[email protected] ~]# umount /users/ # 2. 强制检查文件系统 [[email protected] ~]# e2fsck -f /dev/data/mylv1 e2fsck 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes Pass 2: Checking directory structure Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity Pass 4: Checking reference counts Pass 5: Checking group summary information /dev/data/mylv1: 1690/258048 files (0.2% non-contiguous), 58650/1032192 blocks # 3. 缩减文件系统至700M [[email protected] ~]# resize2fs /dev/data/mylv1 700M resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Resizing the filesystem on /dev/data/mylv1 to 716800 (1k) blocks. The filesystem on /dev/data/mylv1 is now 716800 blocks long. # 4. 缩减逻辑卷至700M [[email protected] ~]# lvresize -L 700M /dev/data/mylv1 Rounding size to boundary between physical extents: 704.00 MiB WARNING: Reducing active logical volume to 704.00 MiB THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.) Do you really want to reduce mylv1? [y/n]: y Size of logical volume data/mylv1 changed from 1008.00 MiB (126 extents) to 704.00 MiB (88 extents). Logical volume mylv1 successfully resized # 查看缩减后分区大小 [[email protected] ~]# mount -a [[email protected] ~]# df -hP /users Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/data-mylv1 670M 18M 618M 3% /users # 保存缩减后所有文件md5值 [[email protected] ~]$ find . -type f -exec md5sum {} \; > /tmp/md5_new1.list # 比较缩减前后文件的md5值，其它文件都相同。 # .bash_history保存历史记录命令，所有md5会不一样 [[email protected] ~]$ diff /tmp/md5_old.list /tmp/md5_new1.list 528c528 < 1fba9bc2ce4d95677dea06b210940160 ./.bash_history --- > c6dae571df1da598b802e39cf6eba830 ./.bash_history
17、对mylv1创建快照，并通过备份数据；要求保留原有的属主属组等信息；
# 创建mylv1的快照，命名为snap_lv [[email protected] ~]# lvcreate -L 500M -n snap_lv -s /dev/data/mylv1 Rounding up size to full physical extent 504.00 MiB Logical volume "snap_lv" created # 查看快照详细信息 [[email protected] users]# lvdisplay /dev/mapper/data-snap_lv --- Logical volume --- LV Path /dev/data/snap_lv LV Name snap_lv VG Name data LV UUID 8GE4Tv-34Mp-ojXy-hh7T-P5DM-fuiS-RcRZT2 LV Write Access read/write LV Creation host, time captain, 2016-09-16 14:09:20 +0800 LV snapshot status active destination for mylv1 LV Status available # open 1 LV Size 704.00 MiB Current LE 88 COW-table size 504.00 MiB COW-table LE 63 Allocated to snapshot 20.02% Snapshot chunk size 4.00 KiB Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 256 Block device 253:3 # 挂载快照逻辑卷，查看其大小 [[email protected] ~]# mount /dev/data/snap_lv /snapdir/ [[email protected] ~]# df -hP Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root 18G 7.4G 9.0G 46% / tmpfs 931M 0 931M 0% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 477M 33M 419M 8% /boot /dev/mapper/data-mylv1 670M 18M 618M 3% /users /dev/mapper/data-snap_lv 670M 18M 618M 3% /snapdir # 查看原逻辑卷与快照逻辑卷属主与属组同为magedu的文件数量，是相同的。 [[email protected] users]# find /users \( -user magedu -a -group magedu \) -ls | wc -l 1679 [[email protected] users]# find /snapdir \( -user magedu -a -group magedu \) -ls | wc -l 1679 # 原逻辑卷复制一个100M大小的文件。 [[email protected] users]# dd if=/dev/zero of=zero.dat bs=1024K count=100 100+0 records in 100+0 records out 104857600 bytes (105 MB) copied, 0.399605 s, 262 MB/s # 查看/users和/snapdir分区情况 [[email protected] users]# ll -h total 101M drwx------. 2 root root 12K Sep 16 10:50 lost+found drwx------. 113 magedu magedu 9.0K Sep 16 14:14 magedu -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 100M Sep 16 14:17 zero.dat [[email protected] snapdir]# ll -h total 23K drwx------. 2 root root 12K Sep 16 10:50 lost+found drwx------. 113 magedu magedu 9.0K Sep 16 13:18 magedu # 查看原分区与快照逻辑卷分区使用情况，原分区已用空间增加100M，快照逻辑卷空间使用率不变 [[email protected] users]# df -hP Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root 18G 7.4G 9.0G 46% / tmpfs 931M 0 931M 0% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 477M 33M 419M 8% /boot /dev/mapper/data-mylv1 670M 119M 517M 19% /users /dev/mapper/data-snap_lv 670M 18M 618M 3% /snapdir
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