QEMU KVM Libvirt手册: network

Posted 2020-08-07 Ansing

虚拟网卡由-net nic定义

# qemu-system-x86_64 -enable-kvm -name ubuntutest  -m 2048 -hda ubuntutest.img -vnc :19 -net nic

如果我们在monitor中查看info network

可以看到下面的

有时候，我们看到的是VLAN 0，这里的VLAN和802.1.q一点关系都没有，就是virtual hub的概念，在新的版本里面已经改了。

我们可以在monitor里面

set_link e1000.0 off

set_link e1000.0 on

来启停网卡

-net nic [, vlan = n] [, macaddr = mac] [, model = type] [, Name = str] [, addr = str] [, vectors = v]

vlan参数表示连接在哪个virtual hub上

可以指定mac addr

model有多种

# qemu-system-x86_64 -enable-kvm -name ubuntutest  -m 2048 -hda ubuntutest.img -vnc :19 -net nic,model=?
qemu: Supported NIC models: ne2k_pci,i82551,i82557b,i82559er,rtl8139,e1000,pcnet,virtio

可以指定名字

addr是指在pci总线上的地址

我们可以添加多个网卡

# qemu-system-x86_64 -enable-kvm -name ubuntutest  -m 2048 -hda ubuntutest.img -vnc :19 -net nic,vlan=3,model=ne2k_pci -net user,vlan=3 -net nic,vlan=2 -net user,vlan=2

可以创建用户态的network

# qemu-system-x86_64 -enable-kvm -name ubuntutest  -m 2048 -hda ubuntu-14.04.img -vnc :19 -net nic -net user

默认分配的IP是从10.0.2.15开始的

但是从外面无法ssh进去

Port-redirects from the host system (hostfwd)

# qemu-system-x86_64 -enable-kvm -name ubuntutest  -m 2048 -hda ubuntu-14.04.img -vnc :19 -net nic -net user,hostfwd=tcp::12345-:22

会将在host机器上到端口12345的包转发给guest机器的22端口

我们可以从host上ssh

# ssh -p 12345 openstack@localhost
The authenticity of host \'[localhost]:12345 ([127.0.0.1]:12345)\' can\'t be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is f2:ef:bc:8f:d8:bd:66:97:48:53:4d:0d:c1:d8:6d:c3.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added \'[localhost]:12345\' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
openstack@localhost\'s password: 
Welcome to Ubuntu 14.04 LTS (GNU/Linux 3.13.0-24-generic x86_64)

* Documentation:  https://help.ubuntu.com/

  System information as of Sun Jul 13 14:12:34 EDT 2014

  System load: 0.0               Memory usage: 2%   Processes:       71
  Usage of /:  39.9% of 2.89GB   Swap usage:   0%   Users logged in: 0

  Graph this data and manage this system at:
https://landscape.canonical.com/

74 packages can be updated.
32 updates are security updates.

Last login: Sun Jul 13 13:03:03 2014
openstack@openstackcliu8:~$ ip addr
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default 
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 52:54:00:12:34:56 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 10.0.2.15/24 brd 10.0.2.255 scope global eth0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::5054:ff:fe12:3456/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

-net user, hostfwd = [tcp | udp]: [hostaddr]: host-port [guestaddr]: guest port

在monitor中也可以用下面的命令添加和删除hostfwd

(Qemu) hostfwd_add [VLAN_ID name] [tcp | udp]: [hostaddr]: host-port [guestaddr]: guest port

(Qemu) hostfwd_remove [VLAN_ID name] [tcp | udp]: [hostaddr]: host port

Redirects from the guest system (guestfwd)

Forward guest TCP connections to the IP address server on port port to the character device dev. This option can be given multiple times.

# qemu-system-x86_64 -enable-kvm -name ubuntutest  -m 2048 -hda ubuntu-14.04.img -vnc :19 -net nic -net user,guestfwd=tcp:10.0.2.1:80-stdio
GET /index.html HTTP/1.1
User-Agent: Wget/1.15 (linux-gnu)
Accept: */*
Host: 10.0.2.1
Connection: Keep-Alive

 

 

 

出现下面的输出，是在guest里面运行wget http://10.0.2.1/index.html的时候

在上面的网络设置中，我们发现，guest system和host system的网络是完全隔离的，如果需要通信，则需要进行fwd功能，如果想全方位通信，则比较困难。

于是有了TUN/TAP network interfaces

它会将guest system的网络和host system的网络连在一起。

通过TUN/TAP adapter，会生成一个在host system上的虚拟网卡tap，而tun建立了point to point的网络设备，使得guest system的网卡和tap虚拟网卡成为一对，从而guest system的所有网络包，host system都能收到。

This driver basically allows a user-space application to obtain a file descriptor which is connected to a network device. Any frames sent to the kernel over the file descriptor will be received by the device and any frames transmitted via the device will be received by the application.

创建的过程如下

(1) 在Host机器上创建bridge br0

brctl addbr br0

(2) 将br0设为up

ip link set br0 up

(3) 创建tap device

# tunctl -b
tap0

(4) 将tap0设为up

ip link set tap0 up

(5) 将tap0加入到br0上

brctl addif br0 tap0

(6) 启动虚拟机

qemu-system-x86_64 -enable-kvm -name ubuntutest  -m 2048 -hda ubuntu-14.04.img -boot c -vnc :19 -net nic,model=virtio -net tap,ifname=tap0,script=no,downscript=no

虚拟机连接tap0，tap0连接br0

(7) 虚拟机启动后，网卡没有配置，所以无法连接外网，先给br0设置一个ip

ifconfig br0 192.168.57.1/24

(8) 在虚拟机里面，给网卡设置地址

ifconfig eth0 192.168.57.2/24

这个时候在虚拟机里面可以ping的通192.168.57.1了，但是还是无法访问外网

(9) 在Host上设置NAT，并且enable ip forwarding

# sysctl -p
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1

sudo iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE

(10) 在虚拟机里面设置默认网关

route add –net default gw 192.168.57.1

这个时候，可以ping的通外网网关了

ping 16.158.164.1

(11) 然后在虚拟机里面设置dns，则可以进行apt-get

# cat /etc/resolv.conf 
# Dynamic resolv.conf(5) file for glibc resolver(3) generated by resolvconf(8)
#     DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE BY HAND -- YOUR CHANGES WILL BE OVERWRITTEN
nameserver 16.110.135.52
nameserver 16.110.135.51

Multiple instances with sockets networking

通过-net socket参数，可以使得多个instance之间互通

TCP socket，一个监听一个connect，两者相连，相互通信

Host ~ $ qemu-system-x86_64 plate01.img -net nic,macaddr=52:54:00:12:34:56 -net socket, listen=:1234

Host ~ $ qemu-system-x86_64 plate02.img -net nic,macaddr=52:54:00:12:34:57 -net socket, connect = 127.0.0.1:1234

属于不同vlan的instance也可以相互连接

UDP multicast socket

Host ~ $ qemu-system-x86_64 plate01.img -net nic,macaddr = 52:54:00:12:34:56 -net socket, mcast = 230.0.0.1:1234

Host ~ $ qemu-system-x86_64 plate02.img -net nic,macaddr = 52:54:00:12:34:57 -net socket, mcast = 230.0.0.1:1234

Host ~ $ qemu-system-x86_64 plate03.img -net nic,macaddr = 52:54:00:12:34:58 -net socket, mcast = 230.0.0.1:1234

同一个multicast group可以相互通信

Bridging and Switching

可以使用brctl (bridge-utils), 也可以使用openvswitch

netdev参数

-netdev [user | tap | vde | socket], id = str [, option] [, option] [, ...]

Network protocol analysis

-net dump [,vlan=n][,file=f][,len=n]

qemu-system-x86_64 -enable-kvm -name ubuntutest  -m 2048 -hda ubuntu-14.04.img -vnc :19 -net nic -net user -net dump

会生成一个文件

qemu-vlan0.pcap

需要用tcpdump查看