Android签名机制之—签名验证过程详解
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一、前言
今天是元旦，也是Single Dog的嚎叫之日，只能写博客来祛除寂寞了，今天我们继续来看一下android中的签名机制的姊妹篇：Android中是如何验证一个Apk的签名。在前一篇文章中我们介绍了，Android中是如何对程序进行签名的，不了解的同学可以转战：点击进入
当然在了解我们今天说到的知识点，这篇文章也是需要了解的，不然会有些知识点有些困惑的。
二、知识摘要
在我们没有开始这篇文章之前，我们回顾一下之前说到的签名机制流程：
1、对Apk中的每个文件做一次算法(数据摘要+Base64编码)，保存到MANIFEST.MF文件中
2、对MANIFEST.MF整个文件做一次算法(数据摘要+Base64编码)，存放到CERT.SF文件的头属性中，在对MANIFEST.MF文件中各个属性块做一次算法(数据摘要+Base64编码)，存到到一个属性块中。
3、对CERT.SF文件做签名，内容存档到CERT.RSA中
所以通过上面的流程可以知道，我们今天来验证签名流程也是这三个步骤
三、代码分析
我们既然要了解Android中的应用程序的签名验证过程的话，那么我们肯定需要从一个类来开始看起，那就是PackageManagerService.java，因为这个类是Apk在安装的过程中核心类：frameworks\base\services\core\java\com\android\server\pm\PackageManagerService.java
private void installPackageLI(InstallArgs args, PackageInstalledInfo res) {
……
PackageParser pp = new PackageParser();
……
try {
pp.collectCertificates(pkg, parseFlags);
pp.collectManifestDigest(pkg);
} catch (PackageParserException e) {
res.setError("Failed collect during installPackageLI", e);
return;
}
……
我们可以看到，有一个核心类：PackageParser
frameworks\base\core\java\android\content\pm\PackageParser.java
这个类也是见名知意，就是需要解析Apk包，那么就会涉及到签名信息了，下面我们就从这个类开始入手：
import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.INSTALL_PARSE_FAILED_BAD_MANIFEST; import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.INSTALL_PARSE_FAILED_BAD_PACKAGE_NAME; import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.INSTALL_PARSE_FAILED_CERTIFICATE_ENCODING; import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.INSTALL_PARSE_FAILED_INCONSISTENT_CERTIFICATES; import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.INSTALL_PARSE_FAILED_MANIFEST_MALFORMED; import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.INSTALL_PARSE_FAILED_NOT_APK; import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.INSTALL_PARSE_FAILED_NO_CERTIFICATES; import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.INSTALL_PARSE_FAILED_UNEXPECTED_EXCEPTION;
我们看到了几个我们很熟悉的信息：
import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.INSTALL_PARSE_FAILED_NO_CERTIFICATES;
这个是在安装apk包的时候出现的错误，没有证书：
那么我们就先来查找一下这个字段：
private static void collectCertificates(Package pkg, File apkFile, int flags)
throws PackageParserException {
final String apkPath = apkFile.getAbsolutePath();
StrictJarFile jarFile = null;
try {
jarFile = new StrictJarFile(apkPath);
// Always verify manifest, regardless of source
final ZipEntry manifestEntry = jarFile.findEntry(ANDROID_MANIFEST_FILENAME);
if (manifestEntry == null) {
throw new PackageParserException(INSTALL_PARSE_FAILED_BAD_MANIFEST,
"Package " + apkPath + " has no manifest");
}
final List<ZipEntry> toVerify = new ArrayList<>();
toVerify.add(manifestEntry);
// If we‘re parsing an untrusted package, verify all contents
if ((flags & PARSE_IS_SYSTEM) == 0) {
final Iterator<ZipEntry> i = jarFile.iterator();
while (i.hasNext()) {
final ZipEntry entry = i.next();
if (entry.isDirectory()) continue;
if (entry.getName().startsWith("META-INF/")) continue;
if (entry.getName().equals(ANDROID_MANIFEST_FILENAME)) continue;
toVerify.add(entry);
}
}
// Verify that entries are signed consistently with the first entry
// we encountered. Note that for splits, certificates may have
// already been populated during an earlier parse of a base APK.
for (ZipEntry entry : toVerify) {
final Certificate[][] entryCerts = loadCertificates(jarFile, entry);
if (ArrayUtils.isEmpty(entryCerts)) {
throw new PackageParserException(INSTALL_PARSE_FAILED_NO_CERTIFICATES,
"Package " + apkPath + " has no certificates at entry "
+ entry.getName());
}
final Signature[] entrySignatures = convertToSignatures(entryCerts);
if (pkg.mCertificates == null) {
pkg.mCertificates = entryCerts;
pkg.mSignatures = entrySignatures;
pkg.mSigningKeys = new ArraySet<PublicKey>();
for (int i=0; i < entryCerts.length; i++) {
pkg.mSigningKeys.add(entryCerts[i][0].getPublicKey());
}
} else {
if (!Signature.areExactMatch(pkg.mSignatures, entrySignatures)) {
throw new PackageParserException(
INSTALL_PARSE_FAILED_INCONSISTENT_CERTIFICATES, "Package " + apkPath
+ " has mismatched certificates at entry "
+ entry.getName());
}
}
}
} catch (GeneralSecurityException e) {
throw new PackageParserException(INSTALL_PARSE_FAILED_CERTIFICATE_ENCODING,
"Failed to collect certificates from " + apkPath, e);
} catch (IOException | RuntimeException e) {
throw new PackageParserException(INSTALL_PARSE_FAILED_NO_CERTIFICATES,
"Failed to collect certificates from " + apkPath, e);
} finally {
closeQuietly(jarFile);
}
}
这里看到了，当有异常的时候就会提示这个信息，我们在跟进去看看：
// Verify that entries are signed consistently with the first entry
// we encountered. Note that for splits, certificates may have
// already been populated during an earlier parse of a base APK.
for (ZipEntry entry : toVerify) {
final Certificate[][] entryCerts = loadCertificates(jarFile, entry);
if (ArrayUtils.isEmpty(entryCerts)) {
throw new PackageParserException(INSTALL_PARSE_FAILED_NO_CERTIFICATES,
"Package " + apkPath + " has no certificates at entry "
+ entry.getName());
}
final Signature[] entrySignatures = convertToSignatures(entryCerts);
if (pkg.mCertificates == null) {
pkg.mCertificates = entryCerts;
pkg.mSignatures = entrySignatures;
pkg.mSigningKeys = new ArraySet<PublicKey>();
for (int i=0; i < entryCerts.length; i++) {
pkg.mSigningKeys.add(entryCerts[i][0].getPublicKey());
}
} else {
if (!Signature.areExactMatch(pkg.mSignatures, entrySignatures)) {
throw new PackageParserException(
INSTALL_PARSE_FAILED_INCONSISTENT_CERTIFICATES, "Package " + apkPath
+ " has mismatched certificates at entry "
+ entry.getName());
}
}
}
这里有一个重要的方法：loadCertificates
private static Certificate[][] loadCertificates(StrictJarFile jarFile, ZipEntry entry)
throws PackageParserException {
InputStream is = null;
try {
// We must read the stream for the JarEntry to retrieve
// its certificates.
is = jarFile.getInputStream(entry);
readFullyIgnoringContents(is);
return jarFile.getCertificateChains(entry);
} catch (IOException | RuntimeException e) {
throw new PackageParserException(INSTALL_PARSE_FAILED_UNEXPECTED_EXCEPTION,
"Failed reading " + entry.getName() + " in " + jarFile, e);
} finally {
IoUtils.closeQuietly(is);
}
}
这个方法是加载证书内容的
1、验证Apk中的每个文件的算法(数据摘要+Base64编码)和MANIFEST.MF文件中的对应属性块内容是否配对
首先获取StrictJarFile文件中的InputStream对象
StrictJarFile这个类：libcore\luni\src\main\java\java\util\jar\StrictJarFile.java
public InputStream getInputStream(ZipEntry ze) {
final InputStream is = getZipInputStream(ze);
if (isSigned) {
JarVerifier.VerifierEntry entry = verifier.initEntry(ze.getName());
if (entry == null) {
return is;
}
return new JarFile.JarFileInputStream(is, ze.getSize(), entry);
}
return is;
}
1》获取到VerifierEntry对象entry
在JarVerifier.java：libcore\luni\src\main\java\java\util\jar\JarVerifier.java
VerifierEntry initEntry(String name) {
// If no manifest is present by the time an entry is found,
// verification cannot occur. If no signature files have
// been found, do not verify.
if (manifest == null || signatures.isEmpty()) {
return null;
}
Attributes attributes = manifest.getAttributes(name);
// entry has no digest
if (attributes == null) {
return null;
}
ArrayList<Certificate[]> certChains = new ArrayList<Certificate[]>();
Iterator<Map.Entry<String, HashMap<String, Attributes>>> it = signatures.entrySet().iterator();
while (it.hasNext()) {
Map.Entry<String, HashMap<String, Attributes>> entry = it.next();
HashMap<String, Attributes> hm = entry.getValue();
if (hm.get(name) != null) {
// Found an entry for entry name in .SF file
String signatureFile = entry.getKey();
Certificate[] certChain = certificates.get(signatureFile);
if (certChain != null) {
certChains.add(certChain);
}
}
}
// entry is not signed
if (certChains.isEmpty()) {
return null;
}
Certificate[][] certChainsArray = certChains.toArray(new Certificate[certChains.size()][]);
for (int i = 0; i < DIGEST_ALGORITHMS.length; i++) {
final String algorithm = DIGEST_ALGORITHMS[i];
final String hash = attributes.getValue(algorithm + "-Digest");
if (hash == null) {
continue;
}
byte[] hashBytes = hash.getBytes(StandardCharsets.ISO_8859_1);
try {
return new VerifierEntry(name, MessageDigest.getInstance(algorithm), hashBytes,
certChainsArray, verifiedEntries);
} catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException ignored) {
}
}
return null;
}
就是构造一个VerifierEntry对象：
/**
* Stores and a hash and a message digest and verifies that massage digest
* matches the hash.
*/
static class VerifierEntry extends OutputStream {
private final String name;
private final MessageDigest digest;
private final byte[] hash;
private final Certificate[][] certChains;
private final Hashtable<String, Certificate[][]> verifiedEntries;
VerifierEntry(String name, MessageDigest digest, byte[] hash,
Certificate[][] certChains, Hashtable<String, Certificate[][]> verifedEntries) {
this.name = name;
this.digest = digest;
this.hash = hash;
this.certChains = certChains;
this.verifiedEntries = verifedEntries;
}
/**
* Updates a digest with one byte.
*/
@Override
public void write(int value) {
digest.update((byte) value);
}
/**
* Updates a digest with byte array.
*/
@Override
public void write(byte[] buf, int off, int nbytes) {
digest.update(buf, off, nbytes);
}
/**
* Verifies that the digests stored in the manifest match the decrypted
* digests from the .SF file. This indicates the validity of the
* signing, not the integrity of the file, as its digest must be
* calculated and verified when its contents are read.
*
* @throws SecurityException
* if the digest value stored in the manifest does <i>not</i>
* agree with the decrypted digest as recovered from the
* <code>.SF</code> file.
*/
void verify() {
byte[] d = digest.digest();
if (!MessageDigest.isEqual(d, Base64.decode(hash))) {
throw invalidDigest(JarFile.MANIFEST_NAME, name, name);
}
verifiedEntries.put(name, certChains);
}
}
要构造这个对象，必须事先准备好参数。第一个参数很简单，就是要验证的文件名，直接将name传进来就好了。第二个参数是计算摘要的对象，可以通过MessageDigest.getInstance获得，不过要先告知到底要用哪个摘要算法，同样也是通过查看MANIFEST.MF文件中对应名字的属性值来决定的：
所以可以知道所用的摘要算法是SHA1。第三个参数是对应文件的摘要值，这是通过读取MANIFEST.MF文件获得的：
第四个参数是证书链，即对该apk文件签名的所有证书链信息。为什么是二维数组呢？这是因为Android允许用多个证书对apk进行签名，但是它们的证书文件名必须不同，这个知识点，我在之前的一篇文章中：签名过程详解 中有提到。
最后一个参数是已经验证过的文件列表，VerifierEntry在完成了对指定文件的摘要验证之后会将该文件的信息加到其中。
2》再去JarFile的JarFileInputStream类中看看：
static final class JarFileInputStream extends FilterInputStream {
private long count;
private ZipEntry zipEntry;
private JarVerifier.VerifierEntry entry;
private boolean done = false;
JarFileInputStream(InputStream is, ZipEntry ze,
JarVerifier.VerifierEntry e) {
super(is);
zipEntry = ze;
count = zipEntry.getSize();
entry = e;
}
@Override
public int read() throws IOException {
if (done) {
return -1;
}
if (count > 0) {
int r = super.read();
if (r != -1) {
entry.write(r);
count--;
} else {
count = 0;
}
if (count == 0) {
done = true;
entry.verify();
}
return r;
} else {
done = true;
entry.verify();
return -1;
}
}
@Override
public int read(byte[] buf, int off, int nbytes) throws IOException {
if (done) {
return -1;
}
if (count > 0) {
int r = super.read(buf, off, nbytes);
if (r != -1) {
int size = r;
if (count < size) {
size = (int) count;
}
entry.write(buf, off, size);
count -= size;
} else {
count = 0;
}
if (count == 0) {
done = true;
entry.verify();
}
return r;
} else {
done = true;
entry.verify();
return -1;
}
}
@Override
public int available() throws IOException {
if (done) {
return 0;
}
return super.available();
}
@Override
public long skip(long byteCount) throws IOException {
return Streams.skipByReading(this, byteCount);
}
}
3》PackageParser的readFullyIgnoringContents方法：
public static long readFullyIgnoringContents(InputStream in) throws IOException {
byte[] buffer = sBuffer.getAndSet(null);
if (buffer == null) {
buffer = new byte[4096];
}
int n = 0;
int count = 0;
while ((n = in.read(buffer, 0, buffer.length)) != -1) {
count += n;
}
sBuffer.set(buffer);
return count;
}
得到第二步之后的一个InputStream对象，然后就开始read操作，这里我没发现什么猫腻，但是我们从第一件事做完之后可以发现，这里的InputStream对象其实是JarInputStream，所以我们可以去看一下他的read方法的实现：
玄机原来在这里，这里的JarFileInputStream.read确实会调用其父类的read读取指定的apk内文件的内容，并且将其传给JarVerifier.VerifierEntry.write函数。当文件读完后，会接着调用JarVerifier.VerifierEntry.verify函数对其进行验证。JarVerifier.VerifierEntry.write函数非常简单：
就是将读到的文件的内容传给digest，这个digest就是前面在构造JarVerifier.VerifierEntry传进来的，对应于在MANIFEST.MF文件中指定的摘要算法。万事具备，接下来想要验证就很简单了：
通过digest就可以算出apk内指定文件的真实摘要值。而记录在MANIFEST.MF文件中对应该文件的摘要值，也在构造JarVerifier.VerifierEntry时传递给了hash变量。不过这个hash值是经过Base64编码的。所以在比较之前，必须通过Base64解码。如果不一致的话，会抛出SecurityException异常：
private static SecurityException invalidDigest(String signatureFile, String name,
String jarName) {
throw new SecurityException(signatureFile + " has invalid digest for " + name +
" in " + jarName);
}
到这里我们就分析了，Android中是如何验证MANIFEST.MF文件中的内容的，我们这里再来看一下，这里抛出异常出去：
这里捕获到异常之后，会在抛异常出去：
在这里就会抛出异常信息，所以如果我们修改了一个Apk中的一个文件内容的话，这里肯定是安装不上的。
2、验证CERT.SF文件的签名信息和CERT.RSA中的内容是否一致
1》我们就来看看StrictJarFile中的getCertificateChains方法：
/**
* Return all certificate chains for a given {@link ZipEntry} belonging to this jar.
* This method MUST be called only after fully exhausting the InputStream belonging
* to this entry.
*
* Returns {@code null} if this jar file isn‘t signed or if this method is
* called before the stream is processed.
*/
public Certificate[][] getCertificateChains(ZipEntry ze) {
if (isSigned) {
return verifier.getCertificateChains(ze.getName());
}
return null;
}
这里有一个变量判断：isSigned，他是在构造方法中赋值的：
public StrictJarFile(String fileName) throws IOException {
this.nativeHandle = nativeOpenJarFile(fileName);
this.raf = new RandomAccessFile(fileName, "r");
try {
// Read the MANIFEST and signature files up front and try to
// parse them. We never want to accept a JAR File with broken signatures
// or manifests, so it‘s best to throw as early as possible.
HashMap<String, byte[]> metaEntries = getMetaEntries();
this.manifest = new Manifest(metaEntries.get(JarFile.MANIFEST_NAME), true);
this.verifier = new JarVerifier(fileName, manifest, metaEntries);
isSigned = verifier.readCertificates() && verifier.isSignedJar();
} catch (IOException ioe) {
nativeClose(this.nativeHandle);
throw ioe;
}
guard.open("close");
}
去verifier中看看这两个方法：
/**
* If the associated JAR file is signed, check on the validity of all of the
* known signatures.
*
* @return {@code true} if the associated JAR is signed and an internal
* check verifies the validity of the signature(s). {@code false} if
* the associated JAR file has no entries at all in its {@code
* META-INF} directory. This situation is indicative of an invalid
* JAR file.
* <p>
* Will also return {@code true} if the JAR file is <i>not</i>
* signed.
* @throws SecurityException
* if the JAR file is signed and it is determined that a
* signature block file contains an invalid signature for the
* corresponding signature file.
*/
synchronized boolean readCertificates() {
if (metaEntries.isEmpty()) {
return false;
}
Iterator<String> it = metaEntries.keySet().iterator();
while (it.hasNext()) {
String key = it.next();
if (key.endsWith(".DSA") || key.endsWith(".RSA") || key.endsWith(".EC")) {
verifyCertificate(key);
it.remove();
}
}
return true;
}
这个方法其实很简单，就是判断metaEntries中是否为空，说白了，就是判断Apk中的META-INF文件夹中是否为空，只有文件就返回true。再来看看isSignedJar方法：
/**
* Returns a <code>boolean</code> indication of whether or not the
* associated jar file is signed.
*
* @return {@code true} if the JAR is signed, {@code false}
* otherwise.
*/
boolean isSignedJar() {
return certificates.size() > 0;
}
这个方法直接判断certificates这个集合是否为空。我们全局搜索一下这个集合在哪里存入的数据的地方，找到了verifyCertificate方法，同时我们发现，在上面的readCertificates方法中，就调用了这个方法，其实这个方法就是读取证书信息的。
下面来看一下verifyCertificate方法：
/**
* @param certFile
*/
private void verifyCertificate(String certFile) {
// Found Digital Sig, .SF should already have been read
String signatureFile = certFile.substring(0, certFile.lastIndexOf(‘.‘)) + ".SF";
byte[] sfBytes = metaEntries.get(signatureFile);
if (sfBytes == null) {
return;
}
byte[] manifestBytes = metaEntries.get(JarFile.MANIFEST_NAME);
// Manifest entry is required for any verifications.
if (manifestBytes == null) {
return;
}
byte[] sBlockBytes = metaEntries.get(certFile);
try {
Certificate[] signerCertChain = JarUtils.verifySignature(
new ByteArrayInputStream(sfBytes),
new ByteArrayInputStream(sBlockBytes));
if (signerCertChain != null) {
certificates.put(signatureFile, signerCertChain);
}
} catch (IOException e) {
return;
} catch (GeneralSecurityException e) {
throw failedVerification(jarName, signatureFile);
}
// Verify manifest hash in .sf file
Attributes attributes = new Attributes();
HashMap<String, Attributes> entries = new HashMap<String, Attributes>();
try {
ManifestReader im = new ManifestReader(sfBytes, attributes);
im.readEntries(entries, null);
} catch (IOException e) {
return;
}
// Do we actually have any signatures to look at?
if (attributes.get(Attributes.Name.SIGNATURE_VERSION) == null) {
return;
}
boolean createdBySigntool = false;
String createdBy = attributes.getValue("Created-By");
if (createdBy != null) {
createdBySigntool = createdBy.indexOf("signtool") != -1;
}
// Use .SF to verify the mainAttributes of the manifest
// If there is no -Digest-Manifest-Main-Attributes entry in .SF
// file, such as those created before java 1.5, then we ignore
// such verification.
if (mainAttributesEnd > 0 && !createdBySigntool) {
String digestAttribute = "-Digest-Manifest-Main-Attributes";
if (!verify(attributes, digestAttribute, manifestBytes, 0, mainAttributesEnd, false, true)) {
throw failedVerification(jarName, signatureFile);
}
}
// Use .SF to verify the whole manifest.
String digestAttribute = createdBySigntool ? "-Digest" : "-Digest-Manifest";
if (!verify(attributes, digestAttribute, manifestBytes, 0, manifestBytes.length, false, false)) {
Iterator<Map.Entry<String, Attributes>> it = entries.entrySet().iterator();
while (it.hasNext()) {
Map.Entry<String, Attributes> entry = it.next();
Manifest.Chunk chunk = manifest.getChunk(entry.getKey());
if (chunk == null) {
return;
}
if (!verify(entry.getValue(), "-Digest", manifestBytes,
chunk.start, chunk.end, createdBySigntool, false)) {
throw invalidDigest(signatureFile, entry.getKey(), jarName);
}
}
}
metaEntries.put(signatureFile, null);
signatures.put(signatureFile, entries);
}
2》获取证书信息，并且验证CERT.SF文件的签名信息和CERT.RSA中的内容是否一致。
// Found Digital Sig, .SF should already have been read
String signatureFile = certFile.substring(0, certFile.lastIndexOf(‘.‘)) + ".SF";
byte[] sfBytes = metaEntries.get(signatureFile);
if (sfBytes == null) {
return;
}
byte[] manifestBytes = metaEntries.get(JarFile.MANIFEST_NAME);
// Manifest entry is required for any verifications.
if (manifestBytes == null) {
return;
}
byte[] sBlockBytes = metaEntries.get(certFile);
try {
Certificate[] signerCertChain = JarUtils.verifySignature(
new ByteArrayInputStream(sfBytes),
new ByteArrayInputStream(sBlockBytes));
if (signerCertChain != null) {
certificates.put(signatureFile, signerCertChain);
}
} catch (IOException e) {
return;
} catch (GeneralSecurityException e) {
throw failedVerification(jarName, signatureFile);
}
这里首先获取到，签名文件。我们在之前的一篇文章中说到了，签名文件和证书文件的名字是一样的。
同时这里还调用了JarUtils类：libcore\luni\src\main\java\org\apache\harmony\security\utils\JarUtils.java
中的verifySignature方法来获取证书，这里就不做太多的解释了，如何从一个RSA文件中获取证书，这样的代码网上也是有的，而且后面我会演示一下，如何获取。
/**
* This method handle all the work with PKCS7, ASN1 encoding, signature verifying,
* and certification path building.
* See also PKCS #7: Cryptographic Message Syntax Standard:
* http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2315.txt
* @param signature - the input stream of signature file to be verified
* @param signatureBlock - the input stream of corresponding signature block file
* @return array of certificates used to verify the signature file
* @throws IOException - if some errors occurs during reading from the stream
* @throws GeneralSecurityException - if signature verification process fails
*/
public static Certificate[] verifySignature(InputStream signature, InputStream
signatureBlock) throws IOException, GeneralSecurityException {
BerInputStream bis = new BerInputStream(signatureBlock);
ContentInfo info = (ContentInfo)ContentInfo.ASN1.decode(bis);
SignedData signedData = info.getSignedData();
if (signedData == null) {
throw new IOException("No SignedData found");
}
Collection<org.apache.harmony.security.x509.Certificate> encCerts
= signedData.getCertificates();
if (encCerts.isEmpty()) {
return null;
}
X509Certificate[] certs = new X509Certificate[encCerts.size()];
int i = 0;
for (org.apache.harmony.security.x509.Certificate encCert : encCerts) {
certs[i++] = new X509CertImpl(encCert);
}
List<SignerInfo> sigInfos = signedData.getSignerInfos();
SignerInfo sigInfo;
if (!sigInfos.isEmpty()) {
sigInfo = sigInfos.get(0);
} else {
return null;
}
// Issuer
X500Principal issuer = sigInfo.getIssuer();
// Certificate serial number
BigInteger snum = sigInfo.getSerialNumber();
// Locate the certificate
int issuerSertIndex = 0;
for (i = 0; i < certs.length; i++) {
if (issuer.equals(certs[i].getIssuerDN()) &&
snum.equals(certs[i].getSerialNumber())) {
issuerSertIndex = i;
break;
}
}
if (i == certs.length) { // No issuer certificate found
return null;
}
if (certs[issuerSertIndex].hasUnsupportedCriticalExtension()) {
throw new SecurityException("Can not recognize a critical extension");
}
// Get Signature instance
Signature sig = null;
String da = sigInfo.getDigestAlgorithm();
String dea = sigInfo.getDigestEncryptionAlgorithm();
String alg = null;
if (da != null && dea != null) {
alg = da + "with" + dea;
try {
sig = Signature.getInstance(alg, OpenSSLProvider.PROVIDER_NAME);
} catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {}
}
if (sig == null) {
alg = da;
if (alg == null) {
return null;
}
try {
sig = Signature.getInstance(alg, OpenSSLProvider.PROVIDER_NAME);
} catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
return null;
}
}
sig.initVerify(certs[issuerSertIndex]);
......
这里返回的是一个证书的数组。
3、MANIFEST.MF整个文件签名在CERT.SF文件中头属性中的值是否匹配以及验证MANIFEST.MF文件中的各个属性块的签名在CERT.SF文件中是否匹配
1》第一件事是：验证MANIFEST.MF整个文件签名在CERT.SF文件中头属性中的值是否匹配
// Use .SF to verify the mainAttributes of the manifest
// If there is no -Digest-Manifest-Main-Attributes entry in .SF
// file, such as those created before java 1.5, then we ignore
// such verification.
if (mainAttributesEnd > 0 && !createdBySigntool) {
String digestAttribute = "-Digest-Manifest-Main-Attributes";
if (!verify(attributes, digestAttribute, manifestBytes, 0, mainAttributesEnd, false, true)) {
throw failedVerification(jarName, signatureFile);
}
}
这里的manifestBytes：
byte[] manifestBytes = metaEntries.get(JarFile.MANIFEST_NAME);
就是MANIFEST.MF文件内容。继续看一下verify方法：
private boolean verify(Attributes attributes, String entry, byte[] data,
int start, int end, boolean ignoreSecondEndline, boolean ignorable) {
for (int i = 0; i < DIGEST_ALGORITHMS.length; i++) {
String algorithm = DIGEST_ALGORITHMS[i];
String hash = attributes.getValue(algorithm + entry);
if (hash == null) {
continue;
}
MessageDigest md;
try {
md = MessageDigest.getInstance(algorithm);
} catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
continue;
}
if (ignoreSecondEndline && data[end - 1] == ‘\n‘ && data[end - 2] == ‘\n‘) {
md.update(data, start, end - 1 - start);
} else {
md.update(data, start, end - start);
}
byte[] b = md.digest();
byte[] hashBytes = hash.getBytes(StandardCharsets.ISO_8859_1);
return MessageDigest.isEqual(b, Base64.decode(hashBytes));
}
return ignorable;
}
这个方法其实很简单，就是验证传入的data数据块的数据摘要算法和传入的attributes中的算法块的值是否匹配，比如这里：
String algorithm = DIGEST_ALGORITHMS[i]; String hash = attributes.getValue(algorithm + entry);
这里的algorithm是算法：
private static final String[] DIGEST_ALGORITHMS = new String[] {
"SHA-512",
"SHA-384",
"SHA-256",
"SHA1",
};
这里的entry也是传入的，我们看到传入的是：-Digest
这样就是CERT.SF文件中的一个条目：
2》第二件事是：验证MANIFEST.MF文件中的各个属性块的签名在CERT.SF文件中是否匹配
// Use .SF to verify the whole manifest.
String digestAttribute = createdBySigntool ? "-Digest" : "-Digest-Manifest";
if (!verify(attributes, digestAttribute, manifestBytes, 0, manifestBytes.length, false, false)) {
Iterator<Map.Entry<String, Attributes>> it = entries.entrySet().iterator();
while (it.hasNext()) {
Map.Entry<String, Attributes> entry = it.next();
Manifest.Chunk chunk = manifest.getChunk(entry.getKey());
if (chunk == null) {
return;
}
if (!verify(entry.getValue(), "-Digest", manifestBytes,
chunk.start, chunk.end, createdBySigntool, false)) {
throw invalidDigest(signatureFile, entry.getKey(), jarName);
}
}
}
这里我们可以看到也是同样调用verify方法来验证CERT.SF中的条目信息的。
最后我们再看一下是如何配对签名信息的，在PackageParser中的collectCertificates方法：
这里会比对已经安装的apk的签名和准备要安装的apk的签名是否一致，如果不一致的话，就会报错：
这个错，也是我们经常会遇到的，就是同样的apk，签名不一致导致的问题。
我们从上面的分析代码中可以看到，这里的Signature比对签名，其实就是比对证书中的公钥信息：
上面我们就看完了Android中验证签名信息的流程，下面我们再来梳理一下流程吧：
所有有关apk文件的签名验证工作都是在JarVerifier里面做的，一共分成三步：
1、JarVerifier.VerifierEntry.verify做了验证，即保证apk文件中包含的所有文件，对应的摘要值与MANIFEST.MF文件中记录的一致。
2、JarVeirifer.verifyCertificate使用证书文件(在META-INF目录下，以.DSA、.RSA或者.EC结尾的文件)检验签名文件(在META-INF目录下，和证书文件同名，但扩展名为.SF的文件)是没有被修改过的。这里我们可以注意到，Android中在验证的过程中对SF喝RSA文件的名字并不关心，这个在之前的签名过程 文章中介绍到了。
3、JarVeirifer.verifyCertificate中使用签名文件CERT.SF，检验MANIFEST.MF文件中的内容也没有被篡改过
综上所述：
首先，如果你改变了apk包中的任何文件，那么在apk安装校验时，改变后的文件摘要信息与MANIFEST.MF的检验信息不同，于是验证失败，程序就不能成功安装。
其次，如果你对更改的过的文件相应的算出新的摘要值，然后更改MANIFEST.MF文件里面对应的属性值，那么必定与CERT.SF文件中算出的摘要值不一样，照样验证失败。
这里都会提示安装失败信息：
如果你还不死心，继续计算MANIFEST.MF的摘要值，相应的更改CERT.SF里面的值.
那么数字签名值必定与CERT.RSA文件中记录的不一样，还是失败。
这里的失败信息：
那么能不能继续伪造数字签名呢？不可能，因为没有数字证书对应的私钥。
所以，如果要重新打包后的应用程序能再Android设备上安装，必须对其进行重签名。
从上面的分析可以得出，只要修改了Apk中的任何内容，就必须重新签名，不然会提示安装失败，当然这里不会分析，后面一篇文章会注重分析为何会提示安装失败。
总结
到这里我们就介绍完了Android中的apk的签名验证过程，再结合之前的一篇文章，我们可以了解到了Android中的签名机制了。这个也是对Android中的安全机制的一个深入了解吧，新年快乐~~
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