爬虫前奏,带你感受爬虫
Posted 琪齐
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爬虫
网络爬虫(又被称为网页蜘蛛,网络机器人,在FOAF社区中间,更经常的称为网页追逐者),是一种按照一定的规则,自动地抓取万维网信息的程序或者脚本。
另外一些不常使用的名字还有蚂蚁、自动索引、模拟程序或者蠕虫。大概知道什么是爬虫了吧,那就带你看看它的好玩之处。
Requests
在带进爬虫的世界中之前那肯定是要一一系列的准备工作了,首先就是requests这个模块喽。言归正传......
Python标准库中提供了:urllib、urllib2、httplib等模块以供Http请求,但是,它的 API 太渣了。它是为另一个时代、另一个互联网所创建的。
它需要巨量的工作,甚至包括各种方法覆盖,来完成最简单的任务。
import urllib2 import json import cookielib def urllib2_request(url, method="GET", cookie="", headers={}, data=None): """ :param url: 要请求的url :param cookie: 请求方式,GET、POST、DELETE、PUT.. :param cookie: 要传入的cookie,cookie= \'k1=v1;k1=v2\' :param headers: 发送数据时携带的请求头,headers = {\'ContentType\':\'application/json; charset=UTF-8\'} :param data: 要发送的数据GET方式需要传入参数,data={\'d1\': \'v1\'} :return: 返回元祖,响应的字符串内容 和 cookiejar对象 对于cookiejar对象,可以使用for循环访问: for item in cookiejar: print item.name,item.value """ if data: data = json.dumps(data) cookie_jar = cookielib.CookieJar() handler = urllib2.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie_jar) opener = urllib2.build_opener(handler) opener.addheaders.append([\'Cookie\', \'k1=v1;k1=v2\']) request = urllib2.Request(url=url, data=data, headers=headers) request.get_method = lambda: method response = opener.open(request) origin = response.read() return origin, cookie_jar # GET result = urllib2_request(\'http://127.0.0.1:8001/index/\', method="GET") # POST result = urllib2_request(\'http://127.0.0.1:8001/index/\', method="POST", data= {\'k1\': \'v1\'}) # PUT result = urllib2_request(\'http://127.0.0.1:8001/index/\', method="PUT", data= {\'k1\': \'v1\'})
Requests 是使用 Apache2 Licensed 许可证的 基于Python开发的HTTP 库,其在Python内置模块的基础上进行了高度的封装,从而使得Pythoner进行网络请求时,
变得美好了许多,使用Requests可以轻而易举的完成浏览器可有的任何操作。
1、GET请求
# 1、无参数实例 import requests ret = requests.get(\'https://github.com/timeline.json\') print ret.url print ret.text # 2、有参数实例 import requests payload = {\'key1\': \'value1\', \'key2\': \'value2\'} ret = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload) print ret.url print ret.text
向 https://github.com/timeline.json 发送一个GET请求,将请求和响应相关均封装在 ret 对象中。
2、POST请求
# 1、基本POST实例 import requests payload = {\'key1\': \'value1\', \'key2\': \'value2\'} ret = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload) print ret.text # 2、发送请求头和数据实例 import requests import json url = \'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint\' payload = {\'some\': \'data\'} headers = {\'content-type\': \'application/json\'} ret = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers) print ret.text print ret.cookies
向https://api.github.com/some/endpoint发送一个POST请求,将请求和相应相关的内容封装在 ret 对象中。
3、其他请求
requests.get(url, params=None, **kwargs) requests.post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs) requests.put(url, data=None, **kwargs) requests.head(url, **kwargs) requests.delete(url, **kwargs) requests.patch(url, data=None, **kwargs) requests.options(url, **kwargs) # 以上方法均是在此方法的基础上构建 requests.request(method, url, **kwargs)
requests模块已经将常用的Http请求方法为用户封装完成,用户直接调用其提供的相应方法即可。
def request(method, url, **kwargs): """Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`. :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object. :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object. :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`. :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`. :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`. :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`. :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`. :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``\'name\': file-like-objects`` (or ``{\'name\': (\'filename\', fileobj)}``) for multipart encoding upload. :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth. :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple. :type timeout: float or tuple :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Set to True if POST/PUT/DELETE redirect following is allowed. :type allow_redirects: bool :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy. :param verify: (optional) whether the SSL cert will be verified. A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided. Defaults to ``True``. :param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded. :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, (\'cert\', \'key\') pair. :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object :rtype: requests.Response Usage:: >>> import requests >>> req = requests.request(\'GET\', \'http://httpbin.org/get\') <Response [200]> """ # By using the \'with\' statement we are sure the session is closed, thus we # avoid leaving sockets open which can trigger a ResourceWarning in some # cases, and look like a memory leak in others. with sessions.Session() as session: return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
如果这些还不能满足你,更多requests模块相关的文档见:http://cn.python-requests.org/zh_CN/latest/
自动登陆抽屉并点赞
感受下不在抽屉登录页面登录,自己写脚本来实现登录效果,并且可以点赞的那种小过瘾。
### 1、首先登陆任何页面,获取cookie i1 = requests.get(url= "http://dig.chouti.com/help/service") ### 2、用户登陆,携带上一次的cookie,后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权 i2 = requests.post( url= "http://dig.chouti.com/login", data= { \'phone\': "86手机号", \'password\': "密码", \'oneMonth\': "" }, cookies = i1.cookies.get_dict() ) ### 3、点赞(只需要携带已经被授权的gpsd即可) gpsd = i1.cookies.get_dict()[\'gpsd\'] i3 = requests.post( url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589523", cookies={\'gpsd\': gpsd} ) print(i3.text)
“破解”微信公众号
上面的是不是有点意思,那就在来点刺激的。我们来“破解”微信公众号。是不是期待...
“破解”微信公众号其实就是使用Python代码自动实现【登陆公众号】->【获取观众用户】-> 【向关注用户发送消息】。
注:只能向48小时内有互动的粉丝主动推送消息
1、自动登陆
分析对于web登录页面,用户验证时做的操作:
①登陆的URL:https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN
②POST的数据为:
{ \'username\': 用户名, \'pwd\': 密码的MD5值, \'imgcode\': "", \'f\': \'json\' }
③POST的请求头的Referer值,微信后台用次来检查是谁发送来的请求
④请求发送并登陆成功后,获取用户响应的cookie,以后操作其他页面时需要携带此cookie
⑤请求发送并登陆成功后,获取用户相应的内容中的token
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import requests import time import hashlib def _password(pwd): ha = hashlib.md5() ha.update(pwd) return ha.hexdigest() def login(): login_dict = { \'username\': "用户名", \'pwd\': _password("密码"), \'imgcode\': "", \'f\': \'json\' } login_res = requests.post( url= "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN", data=login_dict, headers={\'Referer\': \'https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN\'}) # 登陆成功之后获取服务器响应的cookie resp_cookies_dict = login_res.cookies.get_dict() # 登陆成功后,获取服务器响应的内容 resp_text = login_res.text # 登陆成功后,获取token token = re.findall(".*token=(\\d+)", resp_text)[0] print resp_text print token print resp_cookies_dict login()
登陆成功获取的相应内容如下:
响应内容: {"base_resp":{"ret":0,"err_msg":"ok"},"redirect_url":"\\/cgi-bin\\/home?t=home\\/index&lang=zh_CN&token=537908795"} 响应cookie: {\'data_bizuin\': \'3016804678\', \'bizuin\': \'3016804678\', \'data_ticket\': \'CaoX+QA0ZA9LRZ4YM3zZkvedyCY8mZi0XlLonPwvBGkX0/jY/FZgmGTq6xGuQk4H\', \'slave_user\': \'gh_5abeaed48d10\', \'slave_sid\': \'elNLbU1TZHRPWDNXSWdNc2FjckUxalM0Y000amtTamlJOUliSnRnWGRCdjFseV9uQkl5cUpHYkxqaGJNcERtYnM2WjdFT1pQckNwMFNfUW5fUzVZZnFlWGpSRFlVRF9obThtZlBwYnRIVGt6cnNGbUJsNTNIdTlIc2JJU29QM2FPaHZjcTcya0F6UWRhQkhO\'}
2、获取信息
访问其他页面获取用户信息
分析用户管理页面,通过Pyhton代码以Get方式访问此页面,分析响应到的 html 代码,
从中获取用户信息:
①获取用户的URL:https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/user_tag?action=get_all_data&lang=zh_CN&token=登陆时获取的token
②发送GET请求时,需要携带登陆成功后获取的cookie
{\'data_bizuin\': \'3016804678\', \'bizuin\': \'3016804678\', \'data_ticket\': \'C4YM3zZ...
③获取当前请求的响应的html代码
④通过正则表达式获取html中的指定内容(Python的模块Beautiful Soup)
⑤获取html中每个用户的 data-fakeid属性,该值是用户的唯一标识,通过它可向用户推送消息
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import requests import time import hashlib import json import re LOGIN_COOKIES_DICT = {} def _password(pwd): ha = hashlib.md5() ha.update(pwd) return ha.hexdigest() def login(): login_dict = { \'username\': "用户名", \'pwd\': _password("密码"), \'imgcode\': "", \'f\': \'json\' } login_res = requests.post( url= "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN", data=login_dict, headers={\'Referer\': \'https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN\'}) # 登陆成功之后获取服务器响应的cookie resp_cookies_dict = login_res.cookies.get_dict() # 登陆成功后,获取服务器响应的内容 resp_text = login_res.text # 登陆成功后,获取token token = re.findall(".*token=(\\d+)", resp_text)[0] return {\'token\': token, \'cookies\': resp_cookies_dict} def standard_user_list(content): content = re.sub(\'\\s*\', \'\', content) content = re.sub(\'\\n*\', \'\', content) data = re.findall("""cgiData=(.*);seajs""", content)[0] data = data.strip() while True: temp = re.split(\'({)(\\w+)(:)\', data, 1) if len(temp) == 5: temp[2] = \'"\' + temp[2] + \'"\' data = \'\'.join(temp) else: break while True: temp = re.split(\'(,)(\\w+)(:)\', data, 1) if len(temp) == 5: temp[2] = \'"\' + temp[2] + \'"\' data = \'\'.join(temp) else: break data = re.sub(\'\\*\\d+\', "", data) ret = json.loads(data) return ret def get_user_list(): login_dict = login() LOGIN_COOKIES_DICT.update(login_dict) login_cookie_dict = login_dict[\'cookies\'] res_user_list = requests.get( url= "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/user_tag", params = {"action": "get_all_data", "lang": "zh_CN", "token": login_dict[\'token\']}, cookies = login_cookie_dict, headers={\'Referer\': \'https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN\'} ) user_info = standard_user_list(res_user_list.text) for item in user_info[\'user_list\']: print "%s %s " % (item[\'nick_name\'],item[\'id\'],) get_user_list()
3、发送消息
分析给用户发送消息的页面,从网络请求中剖析得到发送消息的URL,从而使用Python代码发送消息:
①发送消息的URL:https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/singlesend?t=ajax-response&f=json&token=登陆时获取的token放在此处&lang=zh_CN
②从登陆时相应的内容中获取:token和cookie
③从用户列表中获取某个用户唯一标识: fake_id
④封装消息,并发送POST请求
send_dict = { \'token\': 登陆时获取的token, \'lang\': "zh_CN", \'f\': \'json\', \'ajax\': 1, \'random\': "0.5322618900912392", \'type\': 1, \'content\': 要发送的内容, \'tofakeid\': 用户列表中获取的用户的ID, \'imgcode\': \'\' }
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import requests import time import hashlib import json import re LOGIN_COOKIES_DICT = {} def _password(pwd): ha = hashlib.md5() ha.update(pwd) return ha.hexdigest() def login(): login_dict = { \'username\': "用户名", \'pwd\': _password("密码"), \'imgcode\': "", \'f\': \'json\' } login_res = requests.post( url= "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN", data=login_dict, headers={\'Referer\': \'https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN\'}) # 登陆成功之后获取服务器响应的cookie resp_cookies_dict = login_res.cookies.get_dict() # 登陆成功后,获取服务器响应的内容 resp_text = login_res.text # 登陆成功后,获取token token = re.findall(".*token=(\\d+)", resp_text)[0] return {\'token\': token, \'cookies\': resp_cookies_dict} def standard_user_list(content): content = re.sub(\'\\s*\', \'\', content) content = re.sub(\'\\n*\', \'\', content) data = re.findall("""cgiData=(.*);seajs""", content)[0] data = data.strip() while True: temp = re.split(\'({)(\\w+)(:)\', data, 1) if len(temp) == 5: temp[2] = \'"\' + temp[2] + \'"\' data = \'\'.join(temp) else: break while True: temp = re.split(\'(,)(\\w+)(:)\', data, 1) if len(temp) == 5: temp[2] = \'"\' + temp[2] + \'"\' data = \'\'.join(temp) else: break data = re.sub(\'\\*\\d+\', "", data) ret = json.loads(data) return ret def get_user_list(): login_dict = login() LOGIN_COOKIES_DICT.update(login_dict) login_cookie_dict = login_dict[\'cookies\'] res_user_list = requests.get( url= "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/user_tag", params = {"action": "get_all_data", "lang": "zh_CN", "token": login_dict[\'token\']}, cookies = login_cookie_dict, headers={\'Referer\': \'https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN\'} ) user_info = standard_user_list(res_user_list.text) for item in user_info[\'user_list\']: print "%s %s " % (item[\'nick_name\'],item[\'id\'],) def send_msg(user_fake_id, content=\'啥也没发\'): login_dict = LOGIN_COOKIES_DICT token = login_dict[\'token\'] login_cookie_dict = login_dict[\'cookies\'] send_dict = { \'token\': token, \'lang\': "zh_CN", \'f\': \'json\', \'ajax\': 1, \'random\': "0.5322618900912392", \'type\': 1, \'content\': content, \'tofakeid\': user_fake_id, \'imgcode\': \'\' } send_url = "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/singlesend?t=ajax-response&f=json&token=%s&lang=zh_CN" % (token,) message_list = requests.post( url=send_url, data=send_dict, cookies=login_cookie_dict, headers={\'Referer\': \'https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN\'} ) get_user_list() fake_id = raw_input(\'请输入用户ID:\') content = raw_input(\'请输入消息内容:\') send_msg(fake_id, content)
以上就是“破解”微信公众号的整个过程,通过Python代码实现了自动【登陆微信公众号平台】【获取用户列表】【指定用户发送消息】。
有没有一点点“黑客”的赶脚,是不是迫不及待的想去尝试了...
上面的代码可能比较分散,直接上源码把:猛击
想要学习更多的爬虫后续的更新在:http://www.cnblogs.com/kongqi816-boke/p/5827243.html
有意想不到的呦。
如果还不能满足你的求知欲望,还有更多详见:http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/5354900.html
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