SQL优化:使用explain了解SQL性能-part2
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接上文,上文对type列用实例做了说明,本文对Extra列进行一些说明。
Extra列
Using filesort
前文说,需要对所有的查询结果进行一次排序,例如当使用order by时。但是若查询时用到了index,那么对于order by来说可能就不需要排序了,因为index数据就是按照有序的方式存储的,即按照index的方式进行排列即可。
- 按照某一列(非主键)进行排序
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM t1 ORDER BY c_str_value; +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t1 | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 4915 | Using filesort | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------------+
- 按照主键进行排序,可以看到这种情况下并没有filesort。因为InnoDB中,数据项在主键索引的叶节点上,所以等于说所有的数据是按照主键次序存储的,所以不用排序。
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM t1 order by c_primary_key; +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+-------+-------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+-------+-------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t1 | index | NULL | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 10034 | NULL | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+-------+-------+
- 如果我们在c_str_value上建立索引,那么索引数据就会多出一个二级索引(存的是 当前column+对应的主键)。那么我们再次执行EXPLAIN,如下。结果显示同样需要filesort,为什么mysql不按照c_str_value的索引顺序读记录?偏偏还要进行一次排序呢。这是因为如果从索引读数据的话,是按照索引值->主键值->一行记录。那么我们可以知道在主键->一行记录的过程中,磁盘是随机读取,这样反而不如filesort来的快。
那么假如查询的列只是(主键,c_str_value)两个列时,不需要filesort,因为c_str_value的索引数据足够应对。mysql> CREATE INDEX c_str_value_idx ON t1(c_str_value); mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM t1 order by c_str_value; +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+-------+----------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+-------+----------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t1 | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 10034 | Using filesort | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+-------+----------------+
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT c_primary_key,c_str_value FROM t1 order by c_str_value; +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+-----------------+---------+------+-------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+-----------------+---------+------+-------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t1 | index | NULL | c_str_value_idx | 65 | NULL | 10034 | Using index | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+-----------------+---------+------+-------+-------------+ mysql> DROP INDEX c_str_value_idx ON t1;
- 如果仅仅是 主键列+index列 不满足需求!那么可以考虑加复合索引,例如需要查询(c_primary_key,c_multi_key_part1,c_multi_key_part2)这三列的话,那么可以给(c_multi_key_part1,c_multi_key_part2)加上index,那么这个索引数据足以应对这次排序,所以不用filesort了。
在使用复合索引时,要注意复合索引的次序,若是上面SQL中的where条件改为(where c_multi_key_part2=’1’ order by c_multi_key_part1)那么就用不到这个复合索引了。mysql> explain select c_primary_key,c_multi_key_part1,c_multi_key_part2 from t2 order by c_multi_key_part1; +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+-------------------+---------+------+---------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+-------------------+---------+------+---------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t2 | index | NULL | c_multi_key_part1 | 130 | NULL | 1179542 | Using index | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+-------------------+---------+------+---------+-------------+ mysql> explain select c_primary_key,c_multi_key_part1,c_multi_key_part2 from t2 where c_multi_key_part1=‘1‘ order by c_multi_key_part2; +----+-------------+-------+------+-------------------+-------------------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------+-------------------+-------------------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t2 | ref | c_multi_key_part1 | c_multi_key_part1 | 65 | const | 1 | Using where; Using index | +----+-------------+-------+------+-------------------+-------------------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+
使用适当的index,来把排序工作放在Insert时完成!
Using index
若是用到了索引数据,那么Extra就会有Using index。
同时需要注意是否有Using where,若是没有,意味着index的所有数据将会被遍历,那么很可能性能也不是太高。
具体实例,可以参考前面的例子。
Using temporary
如字面意思使用临时表。
-
t1左关联t2表,并按照t2表进行排序,可以看到用了临时表+排序。从输出的字面解读来说,对于来自t1的每一行记录,都有t2的唯一一条(eq_fef)对应。但是t1并不知道t2表的字段c_primary_key是索引(有序的),所以最终到t1查完之后得到result时,仍然需要进行filesort。
mysql> explain select t1.c_primary_key, t1.c_unique_key, t2.c_primary_key from t1 left join t2 on t1.c_primary_key=t2.c_primary_key order by t2.c_primary_key; +----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+--------------+---------+-------------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+--------------+---------+-------------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t1 | index | NULL | c_unique_key | 65 | NULL | 1181681 | Using index; Using temporary; Using filesort | | 1 | SIMPLE | t2 | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | dbTest.t1.c_primary_key | 1 | Using index | +----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+--------------+---------+-------------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------+
对于以上sql,可以把t1和t2调整一下次序,可以看到,对于t2的每一行记录,t1都有唯一一行与之对应。对于匹配的每一行结果,t2表知道这已经是按照我的t2.c_primary_key的次序进行排序的了,所以即不用存储临时结果,又不用再做排序了。
mysql> explain select t1.c_primary_key, t1.c_unique_key, t2.c_primary_key from t2 left join t1 on t1.c_primary_key=t2.c_primary_key order by t2.c_primary_key; +----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------------+---------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------------+---------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t2 | index | NULL | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 1179542 | Using index | | 1 | SIMPLE | t1 | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | dbTest.t2.c_primary_key | 1 | NULL | +----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------------+---------+-------------+
right join跟left join相反,left join看左边的表,而right join看右边的表!
实际上看explain输出的第一个表示谁!
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Group By子句:
- Group By可以使用index进行分组统计,这里索引(c_multi_key_part1,c_multi_key_part2)满足查询需求。
mysql> explain select max(c_multi_key_part2),c_multi_key_part1 from t1 group by c_multi_key_part1; +----+-------------+-------+-------+-------------------+-------------------+---------+------+---------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+-------+-------------------+-------------------+---------+------+---------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t1 | index | c_multi_key_part1 | c_multi_key_part1 | 130 | NULL | 1181681 | Using index | +----+-------------+-------+-------+-------------------+-------------------+---------+------+---------+-------------+
- Group By中对索引的使用有两种,松散索引扫描和紧凑索引扫描。松散索引扫描需要读取的键值数量和分组的组的数量一样多,也就是比实际存在的键值数目少很多。而紧凑型扫描将读取所有满足条件的索引值。如下,统计c_key不同值的个数,Extra中Using index for group-by表示使用松散扫描。
紧凑扫描的例子这里不再给出。mysql> explain select count(distinct c_key) from t1; +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------+---------+-------------------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------+---------+-------------------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t1 | range | c_key | c_key | 65 | NULL | 1181682 | Using index for group-by (scanning) | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------+---------+-------------------------------------+
- Group By在没有合适索引的情况下,会使用临时表存储结果,然后对临时表进行排序操作,才最终得到结果。
而事实上,若是只要分组而不需要排序的情况下,那么可以使用oder by null,告诉服务器不需要对进过进行排序,如下,这样就没有了Using filesort。mysql> explain select c_str_value from t1 group by c_str_value; +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+---------+---------------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+---------+---------------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t1 | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1181681 | Using temporary; Using filesort | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+---------+---------------------------------+
mysql> explain select c_str_value from t1 group by c_str_value order by null; +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+---------+-----------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+---------+-----------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t1 | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1181681 | Using temporary | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+---------+-----------------+
- Group By可以使用index进行分组统计,这里索引(c_multi_key_part1,c_multi_key_part2)满足查询需求。
小结
在Extra,如果有Using temporary和Using filesort,一般来说性能都不会太好,所以需要重点考虑。想在短期或者几篇文档中把所有方面都搞清楚,看来也不现实,还是多在实践中积累吧。
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