Swift3.0P1 语法指南——控制流
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1、For循环
(1)for in
使用for-in来遍历一个集合里的元素。
1 for index in 1...5 { 2 print("\(index) times 5 is \(index * 5)") 3 } 4 // 1 times 5 is 5 5 // 2 times 5 is 10 6 // 3 times 5 is 15 7 // 4 times 5 is 20 8 // 5 times 5 is 25
上面的例子中,index
是一个每次循环遍历开始时被自动赋值的常量。这种情况下,index
在使用前不需要声明,只需要将它包含在循环的声明中,就可以对其进行隐式声明,而无需使用let
关键字声明。
如果不需要知道区间内每一项的值,你可以使用下划线(_
)替代变量名来忽略对值的访问:
1 let base = 3 2 let power = 10 3 var answer = 1 4 for _ in 1...power { 5 answer *= base 6 } 7 print("\(base) to the power of \(power) is \(answer)") 8 // prints "3 to the power of 10 is 59049"
使用for-in
遍历一个数组所有元素:
1 let names = ["Anna", "Alex", "Brian", "Jack"] 2 for name in names { 3 print("Hello, \(name)!") 4 } 5 // Hello, Anna! 6 // Hello, Alex! 7 // Hello, Brian! 8 // Hello, Jack!
遍历字典:
1 let numberOfLegs = ["spider": 8, "ant": 6, "cat": 4] 2 for (animalName, legCount) in numberOfLegs { 3 print("\(animalName)s have \(legCount) legs") 4 } 5 // ants have 6 legs 6 // cats have 4 legs 7 // spiders have 8 legs
字典元素的遍历顺序和插入顺序可能不同,字典的内容在内部是无序的,所以遍历元素时不能保证顺序。
(2)for
除了for-in
循环,Swift 提供使用条件判断和递增方法的标准 C 样式for
循环:
1 for var index = 0; index < 3; ++index {
2 print("index is \(index)")
3 }
4 // index is 0
5 // index is 1
6 // index is 2
在初始化表达式中声明的常量和变量(比如var index = 0
)只在for
循环的生命周期里有效。如果想在循环结束后访问index
的值,你必须要在循环生命周期开始前声明index
。
1 var index: Int
2 for index = 0; index < 3; ++index {
3 print("index is \(index)")
4 }
5 // index is 0
6 // index is 1
7 // index is 2
8 print("The loop statements were executed \(index) times")
9 // prints "The loop statements were executed 3 times"
2、While循环
(1)while
1 var square = 0 2 var diceRoll = 0 3 while square < finalSquare { 4 // 掷骰子 5 if ++diceRoll == 7 { diceRoll = 1 } 6 // 根据点数移动 7 square += diceRoll 8 if square < board.count { 9 // 如果玩家还在棋盘上,顺着梯子爬上去或者顺着蛇滑下去 10 square += board[square] 11 } 12 } 13 print("Game over!")
(2)repeat-while
相当于其他语言中的do-while
1 repeat { 2 // move up or down for a snake or ladder 3 square += board[square] 4 // roll the dice 5 if ++diceRoll == 7 { diceRoll = 1 } 6 // move by the rolled amount 7 square += diceRoll 8 } while square < finalSquare 9 print("Game over!")
3、if
1 temperatureInFahrenheit = 90 2 if temperatureInFahrenheit <= 32 { 3 print("It‘s very cold. Consider wearing a scarf.") 4 } else if temperatureInFahrenheit >= 86 { 5 print("It‘s really warm. Don‘t forget to wear sunscreen.") 6 } else { 7 print("It‘s not that cold. Wear a t-shirt.") 8 } 9 // prints "It‘s really warm. Don‘t forget to wear sunscreen."
4、Switch
1 let someCharacter: Character = "e" 2 switch someCharacter { 3 case "a", "e", "i", "o", "u": 4 print("\(someCharacter) is a vowel") 5 case "b", "c", "d", "f", "g", "h", "j", "k", "l", "m", 6 "n", "p", "q", "r", "s", "t", "v", "w", "x", "y", "z": 7 print("\(someCharacter) is a consonant") 8 default: 9 print("\(someCharacter) is not a vowel or a consonant") 10 } 11 // prints "e is a vowel"
与 C 语言和 Objective-C 中的switch
语句不同,在 Swift 中,当匹配的 case 分支中的代码执行完毕后,程序会终止switch
语句,而不会继续执行下一个 case 分支。这也就是说,不需要在 case 分支中显式地使用break
语句。这使得switch
语句更安全、更易用,也避免了因忘记写break
语句而产生的错误。
每一个 case 分支都必须包含至少一条语句。像下面这样书写代码是无效的,因为第一个 case 分支是空的:
1 let anotherCharacter: Character = "a" 2 switch anotherCharacter { 3 case "a": 4 case "A": 5 print("The letter A") 6 default: 7 print("Not the letter A") 8 } 9 // this will report a compile-time error
一个 case 也可以包含多个模式,用逗号把它们分开(如果太长了也可以分行写):
1 switch some value to consider { 2 case value 1, 3 value 2: 4 statements 5 }
(1)区间匹配
1 let approximateCount = 62 2 let countedThings = "moons orbiting Saturn" 3 var naturalCount: String 4 switch approximateCount { 5 case 0: 6 naturalCount = "no" 7 case 1..<5: 8 naturalCount = "a few" 9 case 5..<12: 10 naturalCount = "several" 11 case 12..<100: 12 naturalCount = "dozens of" 13 case 100..<1000: 14 naturalCount = "hundreds of" 15 default: 16 naturalCount = "many" 17 } 18 print("There are \(naturalCount) \(countedThings).") 19 // prints "There are dozens of moons orbiting Saturn."
(2)元组
1 let somePoint = (1, 1) 2 switch somePoint { 3 case (0, 0): 4 print("(0, 0) is at the origin") 5 case (_, 0): 6 print("(\(somePoint.0), 0) is on the x-axis") 7 case (0, _): 8 print("(0, \(somePoint.1)) is on the y-axis") 9 case (-2...2, -2...2): 10 print("(\(somePoint.0), \(somePoint.1)) is inside the box") 11 default: 12 print("(\(somePoint.0), \(somePoint.1)) is outside of the box") 13 } 14 // prints "(1, 1) is inside the box"
(3)值绑定
允许将匹配的值绑定到一个临时的常量或变量,这些常量或变量在该 case 分支里就可以被引用了。
1 let anotherPoint = (2, 0) 2 switch anotherPoint { 3 case (let x, 0): 4 print("on the x-axis with an x value of \(x)") 5 case (0, let y): 6 print("on the y-axis with a y value of \(y)") 7 case let (x, y): 8 print("somewhere else at (\(x), \(y))") 9 } 10 // prints "on the x-axis with an x value of 2"
(4)Where
Switch的case分支允许用where子句来作额外的判断:
1 let yetAnotherPoint = (1, -1) 2 switch yetAnotherPoint { 3 case let (x, y) where x == y: 4 print("(\(x), \(y)) is on the line x == y") 5 case let (x, y) where x == -y: 6 print("(\(x), \(y)) is on the line x == -y") 7 case let (x, y): 8 print("(\(x), \(y)) is just some arbitrary point") 9 } 10 // prints "(1, -1) is on the line x == -y"
(5)复合case语句
1 let someCharacter: Character = "e" 2 switch someCharacter { 3 case "a", "e", "i", "o", "u": 4 print("\(someCharacter) is a vowel") 5 case "b", "c", "d", "f", "g", "h", "j", "k", "l", "m", 6 "n", "p", "q", "r", "s", "t", "v", "w", "x", "y", "z": 7 print("\(someCharacter) is a consonant") 8 default: 9 print("\(someCharacter) is not a vowel or a consonant") 10 } 11 // Prints "e is a vowel"
1 let stillAnotherPoint = (9, 0) 2 switch stillAnotherPoint { 3 case (let distance, 0), (0, let distance): 4 print("On an axis, \(distance) from the origin") 5 default: 6 print("Not on an axis") 7 } 8 // Prints "On an axis, 9 from the origin"
5、控制转移语句
(1)continue
continue
语句告诉一个循环体立刻停止本次循环迭代,重新开始下次循环迭代。
1 let puzzleInput = "great minds think alike" 2 var puzzleOutput = "" 3 for character in puzzleInput.characters { 4 switch character { 5 case "a", "e", "i", "o", "u", " ": 6 continue 7 default: 8 puzzleOutput.append(character) 9 } 10 } 11 print(puzzleOutput) 12 // 输出 "grtmndsthnklk"
(2)break
当在一个循环体中使用break
时,会立刻中断该循环体的执行,然后跳转到表示循环体结束的大括号(}
)后的第一行代码。
当在一个switch
代码块中使用break
时,会立即中断该switch
代码块的执行,并且跳转到表示switch
代码块结束的大括号(}
)后的第一行代码。
1 let numberSymbol: Character = "三" // Simplified Chinese for the number 3 2 var possibleIntegerValue: Int? 3 switch numberSymbol { 4 case "1", "?", "一", "?": 5 possibleIntegerValue = 1 6 case "2", "?", "二", "?": 7 possibleIntegerValue = 2 8 case "3", "?", "三", "?": 9 possibleIntegerValue = 3 10 case "4", "?", "四", "?": 11 possibleIntegerValue = 4 12 default: 13 break 14 } 15 if let integerValue = possibleIntegerValue { 16 print("The integer value of \(numberSymbol) is \(integerValue).") 17 } else { 18 print("An integer value could not be found for \(numberSymbol).") 19 } 20 // prints "The integer value of 三 is 3."
(3)Fallthrough
Swift 中的switch
不会从上一个 case 分支落入到下一个 case 分支中。相反,只要第一个匹配到的 case 分支完成了它需要执行的语句,整个switch
代码块完成了它的执行。相比之下,C 语言要求你显示的插入break
语句到每个switch
分支的末尾来阻止自动落入到下一个 case 分支中。
如果需要 C 风格的贯穿的特性,可以在每个需要该特性的 case 分支中使用fallthrough
关键字:
1 let integerToDescribe = 5 2 var description = "The number \(integerToDescribe) is" 3 switch integerToDescribe { 4 case 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19: 5 description += " a prime number, and also" 6 fallthrough 7 default: 8 description += " an integer." 9 } 10 print(description) 11 // prints "The number 5 is a prime number, and also an integer."
注意: fallthrough
关键字不会检查它下一个将会落入执行的 case 中的匹配条件。fallthrough
简单地使代码执行继续连接到下一个 case 中的执行代码,这和 C 语言标准中的switch
语句特性是一样的。
(4)带Label的语句
在 Swift 中,可以在循环体和switch
代码块中嵌套循环体和switch
代码块来创造复杂的控制流结构。然而,循环体和switch
代码块两者都可以使用break
语句来提前结束整个方法体。因此,显示地指明break
语句想要终止的是哪个循环体或者switch
代码块,会很有用。类似地,如果你有许多嵌套的循环体,显示指明continue
语句想要影响哪一个循环体也会非常有用。
为了实现这个目的,你可以使用标签来标记一个循环体或者switch
代码块,当使用break
或者continue
时,带上这个标签,可以控制该标签代表对象的中断或者执行。
1 gameLoop: while square != finalSquare { 2 if ++diceRoll == 7 { diceRoll = 1 } 3 switch square + diceRoll { 4 case finalSquare: 5 // 到达最后一个方块,游戏结束 6 break gameLoop 7 case let newSquare where newSquare > finalSquare: 8 // 超出最后一个方块,再掷一次骰子 9 continue gameLoop 10 default: 11 // 本次移动有效 12 square += diceRoll 13 square += board[square] 14 } 15 } 16 print("Game over!")
(5)提前退出
像if
语句一样,guard语句
的执行取决于一个表达式的布尔值。可以用guard
语句来要求条件必须为真时执行guard
语句后的代码。不同于if
语句,一个guard
语句总是有一个else
分句,如果条件不为真则执行else
分局中的代码。
1 func greet(person: [String: String]) { 2 guard let name = person["name"] else { 3 return 4 } 5 6 print("Hello \(name)!") 7 8 guard let location = person["location"] else { 9 print("I hope the weather is nice near you.") 10 return 11 } 12 13 print("I hope the weather is nice in \(location).") 14 } 15 16 greet(["name": "John"]) 17 // prints "Hello John!" 18 // prints "I hope the weather is nice near you." 19 greet(["name": "Jane", "location": "Cupertino"]) 20 // prints "Hello Jane!" 21 // prints "I hope the weather is nice in Cupertino."
如果条件不被满足,在else
分支上的代码就会被执行。这个分支必须转移控制以退出guard
语句出现的代码段。它可以用控制转移语句如return
,break
或continue
做这件事,或者调用一个不返回的方法或函数,例如fatalError()
。
与可以实现同样功能的if
语句相比,使用guard
语句会提升我们代码的可靠性。 可以使你的代码连贯地被执行而不需要将它包在else
块中,它可以使你处理违反要求的代码接近要求。
(6)检查API的可用性
1 if #available(ios 9, OSX 10.10, *) { 2 // Use iOS 9 APIs on iOS, and use OS X v10.10 APIs on OS X 3 } else { 4 // Fall back to earlier iOS and OS X APIs 5 }
以上可用性条件指定在iOS平台下,if
段的代码仅仅在iOS9及更高系统中可运行;在OS X平台下,仅在OS X v10.10及更高系统可运行。最后一个参数,*
,是必须的并且指定在任何其他平台上,if
段的代码在最小可用部署目标指定项目中执行。
在它普遍的形式中,可用性条件获取了平台名字和版本的清单。平台名字可以是iOS
,OSX
或watchOS
。除了特定的主板本号像iOS8,我们可以指定较小的版本号像iOS8.3以及 OS X v10.10.3。
1 if #available(platform name version, ..., *) { 2 statements to execute if the APIs are available 3 } else { 4 fallback statements to execute if the APIs are unavailable 5 }
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