英语 - 语法

Posted 2022-08-24 ic710

考点：动词时态 △△△△△

谓语动词 = 助动词 + 实义动词

I will go to Beijing           时态

W has come.            时态

R was not convinced.       被动

I must work hard.           情态

Does he like English?       疑问

He doesn’t eat the chicken.    否定

I love you.     =   do love

He loves you  =  does love

He loved me  =  did love

 

助动词就是帮助实义动词“变态”的词

do 类       do  does   did

will 类     will (shall)    would

have类     have   has   had

be 类       am  is  are  was  were

情态助动词  can  could 等    

 

什么是时？   过去，现在，将来      过去将来

什么是态？   一般，进行，完成

 

助动词表示时态

①    do类表一般

do/does 一般现在       did 一般过去

②     have类表完成

have/has 现在完成       had 过去完成

③    be类表进行

am/is/are 现在进行      was/were 过去进行

④    wil类表将来

will 一般将来        would 过去将来

      

 

1. 1.  一般时

一般现在时  do + 动词 = 动词

            does + 动词 = 单三

一般过去时  did + 动词 = 过去式

一般现在时  动词原形/单三

一般过去时  动词过去式

1. 2.  将来时

will类表将来+动词原形do

一般将来时 will + do

过去将来时 would + do

1. 3.  进行时

be类表进行+doing

1).现在进行时 am is are + doing

I am doing my homework now.

2).过去进行时 was were + doing

I was doing my homework just now.

3).将来进行 will + be + doing

I will be doing my home work at 10:00 tomorrow.

1. 4.  完成时

have类表完成 + 过去分词done：

1).现在完成时：have/has + done

I have done my homework by now.

2).过去完成时：had + done

I had done my homework by yesterday.

3).将来完成时：will + have + done

I will have done my homework by tomorrow.

1. 5.  完成进行时

1).现在完成/进行时：have/has + been + doing

I have been watching TV.

2).过去完成/进行时：had + been + doing

I had been watching TV.

 

 

考点：被动语态 △△△△△

Be类助动词 + 过去分词（done）  本质：be的时态变化

一般现在时：am/is/are

一般过去时: was/were            + 过去分词（done）

一般将来时：will + be

过去将来时：would + be

 

现在完成时：have/has + been

过去完成时：had + been

现在进行时：am/is/are + being

过去进行时：was/were + being

 

考点：一般时态 △△△△△

一般过去时

（the day before） yesterday

Last night (Firday/week/month/year) 上一个

A moment ago 刚刚

Three days ago  三天以前

Just now    in 1949

 

一般现在时

1. 经常习惯的动作 频率词

always/often/usually/sometimes

1. 表示客观事实或普遍真理

Knowledge is power.

1. 按时间表将要发生的动作

 

一般将来时

1. will+do
2. 强调将来发生，按照计划将要

主 + be + to do

We are to have an exam this week.

1. 天要下雨用it is going to rain

I’m going to pick up money later.

1. 立刻马上即将用 be about to do

X is about to do something really stupid.

1. “将要，正要…” be on the point of doing sth

The baby is on the point of crying when her mother finally comes home.

when – 就在那时

 

考点：主将从现

时间或者条件，让步状语从句中

时间    I will tell her when she comes tomomorrow.

条件    You will surely succeed if you try your best.

让步    Although I am only a child, I will try my best to help you.

 

常见连词: if, unless, in case, as soon as, after, before

以上连词后面加一般现在时

 

考点：主祈从现

时间或者条件，让步状语从句中

Please put up your hands if you have any questions.

 

考点：祈使句 + and + 一般将来 （并列将来）

 

考点：现在完成时

时间状语

1. 从过去到现在的一段时间：

for + 一段时间

recent / recently 近来’

1. 一段时间只有起点：

since + 过去时间点（自从）

since she was born

1. 一段时间只有终点：

so far, by now, up to now, till now(到目前为止)

 

固定句型

1. 表示“第几次做这件事”

This is my first time that I have visited China.

2．这是所经历最…的

    It is the best(worst, most) + adj + n + that

    This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen.

 

考点：过去完成时  （过去的过去）

时间状语

by/until/up to + 过去的时间点

by 1996

by the end of last year

until/by then(过去某时)

up to that time

before/by the time + 一般过去时的句子

    by the time he left the room

 

两句论

1. 两件事都发生在过去
2. 先发生的用过去完成时

后发生的用一般过去时

    When she got there, the boy had left.

 

固定搭配

主语 + had on sooner done than + 过去式  （一…就…）

    He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to do his homework.

    He had hardly arrived home when he was asked to do his homework.

 

考点：将来完成时

时间状语 （一段时间截止到将来）

by(the end of)/until/up to + 将来时间

He will have finished his college life by the end of next year.

 

by the time + 从句 （将来完成时）

1.by the time + 一般现在时      （主句） 将来完成完成时

    By the time he retires, my father will have worked for almost forty years.

2.by the time + 一般过去时      （主句） 过去完成时

    By the time he retired, my father had worked for almost forty years.

 

过去将来时 （过去说将来）

I made a telephone to my son and he told me he 57 back home this weekend.

 

考点：主动表被动

1. 1.  东西好用结构

The pen writes well.

类似动词： sell drive   read  wash  clean 等

        (常搭配well  easily  badly 等副词)

The cakes sell quickly.

The car drives easily.

 

1. 2.  需要浇花结构

The flowers need watering/to be watered.

类似动词： want requires    deserve、、、、

    被动:   + to be done

            + doing

注意： be worth + doing     值得做某事

It’s worth remembering all my life.

 

1. 3.  感官动词

系动词 feel look taste sound smell 等，主语是物表示该事物本身具有某一特征。

（一般现在时的主动）

 

 

考点：非谓语动词

一般一句一主谓，如果超过一个动词

1. 用连词 and, or 等构成并列句。
2. 用连词 which, that, when 等构成三大从句。
3. 将第二个动词变形为非谓语的形式。

I am a teacher teach English. ×

I am a teacher and teach English.

I am a teacher who teaches English.

I am a teacher teaching English.

不定式 to do    目的与将来

现在分词 doing 进行和一般

过去分词 done   被动和完成

 

非谓语动词的否定式一律在其正前方加not

 

非谓语动词 作宾语

I love you.

I love (walking along the seaside of Maldives with you).

I love (to walk along the seaside of Maldives with you).

谓语动词之后出现的第二个动词变成非谓语动词

 

主语 + 动词 + to do sth

hope    wish    want    agree   promise

demand ask     refuse

manage  learn   decide

pretend     choose

 

doing

1.enjoy doing sth.  喜欢做某事

2.spend…(in) doing sth.    花费…做某事

3.be busy doing sth.        忙于

4.imagine doing sth.        想象

5.can’t help doing sth.    忍不住/情不自禁

6.feel like doing sth       想要

7.finish doing sth.         完成

8.practice doing sth.       练习

 

9.miss doing sth.           错过

10.suggest doing sth.       建议

11.keep (on) doing sth.     保持（继续）

12.mind doing sth.          介意

13.be worth doing sth.      值得

14.consider doing sth.      考虑

 

非谓语动词 作定语

1.An (intersting) story.

2.A car (having been repaired).

3.The next train (to arrive) is from New York.

实质： 前置定语 + 后置定语

 

单个 -ing/-ed, 前置

1. 1.  -ing + 名词： 表示用途

a swimming pool = a pool for swimming

a reading room = a room for reading

1. 2.  v-ing 正在…的， 表主动/进行

v-ed  已经…的， 表完成

a developing country            发展中的

a developed country             发达的

boiling water                   正在沸腾的

boiled water                    开水

the rising sun                  冉冉上升的旭日

the risen sun                   升起的太阳

1. 3.  前置定语

-ing 常修饰物，翻译成 “令人…”

-ed 常修饰人，翻译成 “感到…”

an exciting news.

an excited man.

a moving film.

 

非谓语动词 作宾补

要求与命令

ask sb. to do sth.          要求

tell sb. to do sth.         命令

 

want sb. to do sth.         想

invite sb. to do sth.       邀请

expect sb. to do sth.       期待

encourage sb. to do sth.    鼓励

advise sb. to do sth.       建议

suggest doing sth.          建议

 

1个帮助看着办（省不省均可）

help sb. to do sth.        

help sb. do sth.

 

使役动词

have/make/let + 人/物 + do

    Let it go.

have/make/let + 人/物 + done

重要考点：have sth. done 让某事被做，即做某事

          have the book printed (印刷)

          have your eyes examined (检查)

被动to还原

1. My mother makes me learn English every day.
2. I am made to learn English every day.

 

其他常考接宾补动词

1. leave/keep sb doing sth

使某人处于某种状态

Keep me waiting for 2hours.

keave-left-left

keep-kept-kept

1. get sb. to do sth.      使…做…

The doctor will get the patient to stop smoking.

 

非谓语动词 作状语

to do 作状语 通常放句首

1. To tell (you) the truth         说实话
2. To be honest,                   诚实说坦白说
3. To be frank,                    坦白说
4. To speak frankly,               坦白说
5. To begin/start with,            首先
6. Strange to say,                 说来奇怪
7. Needless to say,                不用说

 

to do 作目的状语可句首句尾表目的

1. We live to serve the people heart and soul.
2. We study hard to pass the exam.
3. He got up early to catch the bus. (目的状语)

 

only to 表示出乎意料的结果

He hurried to the station only to find the train had left.

 

v-ing 与 v-ed做状语的两种情况 (一主两动)

1. When he hears the good news,he cries.

变：Hearing the good news, he cries.

特点：  1). 两句有逻辑联系

2). 两句主语一样

 

独立主格  (两主两动)

1. When I was walking in the street, a pie fell on my head.

变：I walking in the street a pie fell on my head

牢记： 独立诸葛固定句式

1. Time/Weather permitting,we’ll go on a journey.
2. Everthing taken into consideration, he is a very good boy.
3. All things considered,we have to give up the idea.

 

非谓语动词 常考句型

1. 1.  无用句型：

It is no use, no good + (in)doing sth.

There is no use, no good, no point, no sense + (in)doing sth.

1. 2.  据说据报道句型

主 + be + said/reported/known/supposed  

to have done/to have been done… + 过去时间状语

The novels are reported to have been translated into many languages last year.

 

1. 3.  有do无to

can do nothing but + do

have nothing to do but do（原形）

无do有to： 谓语动词不含do, 则but后跟to

Have no choice but to do

 

1. 4.  发现…难做

find + sth. + difficult/hard/easy + to do

find 可换成think，consider

做…有困难

have difficulty/trouble/problem (in) doing

 

1. 5.  复合结构

I’m happy for your telling me the truth.

I’m angry for Tom’s not telling me the truth.

My/your/her/his/our/their + doing

人/物’s + doing

 

 

考点：主谓一致

1. 谓语动词用单数

主语是单数 + 动词s （单三）

主语复数s + 动词

注意：不可数名词前有量词修饰修饰时，谓语单数由量词决定

a large amount of meat is

large amounts of meat are

其他量词： a quantity of        quantities of

          a bit of              bits of

 

主语抽象表单一

    动名词短语、不定式短语、名词性从句，wh + to do 做主语，谓语用单数

1. Saying is easier than doing.
2. To teach others is to teach yourself.
3. What to do next is up to you.
4. Whatever he says is of no importance.

 

时重长度与价值

    度量名词（时间、距离、金额等）做主语，谓语用单数

1. Five times five makes twenty five.
2. Thirty dollars is too high a price for the book.
3. Another 10 years has passed since he left.

 

不定代词皆为单

    当each、either、neither、none、no one 等

    不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数

    （每一个，没有，其一说明的都是单数的意义）

1. Each has his merits.
2. Neither of the plans suits me.
3. None of the students was there.

 

and连接两名词，同一概念即用单

bread and butter

fork and knife

War and peace is a constant theme in history.

 

every、 each、 many a 连接名词要用单

在 each … and (each), every … and (every) …

  many a … and many a … 等结构后，

谓语动词只能单

Each boy and (each) girl is asked for help.

Every meeting room and (every) bedroom is occupied.

 

学科，国家及组织，专有名词常用单

 表示学科以及表示国家、组织等名称的专有名词是复数形式，但是谓语动词用单数（虚化的概念）

mathematics     数学               economics       经济学

physics         物理学             statistics      统计学

politics        政治学

 

new、means、works、a series of 形复意单

1. Every means has been tried but without result.
2. No news is good news.
3. My uncle’s works is in New York.

 

2. 谓语动词用复数

由and、both … and … 连接的并列主语，谓语动词用复数

    Both boys and girls like watching TV.

注意：当and连接的两个名词只有一个定冠词the修饰时指同一个人

    The (singer and dancer) is on the stage.

 

人们加警察。家禽并牛群，服装鞋帽及手套，常作复数没问题

集体名词：  people                     police      警察

poultry     家禽            cattle      牛群

public      公众            youth       年轻人

衣服类:     clothes     shoes       gloves

后谓语动词常用复数

The Chinese people are brave and hardworking.

The cattle are grazing in the sunshine.

 

the + 形容词，指人一般用复数

    定冠词the + 形容词表示一类人

如： the rich、 the poor、 the young、 the old、 the sick

 

3. 谓语动词可单可复的情况

1).就进原则

两or – nor 加 but, 就近原则记心间

• or

either … or …

neither … nor …

not only … but also

not … but                                     等连接的并列主语

Neither money nor fame has influence on me.

Not only you but also he is wrong.

 

倒装句和there be 句型也用就近原则

Between the two windows hands a picture and two bags.

There is a cup of tea and some apples on the table.

 

2).就远原则

和、也、除了和包括，就远原则挂嘴边

(together/along) with                      和

as well as                                 和、也

no less than                               不少于

except、besides、in addition to             除了

including                                  （包括）

The teacher, together with his students, is planting trees in the street.

 

3).可单可复

all主指人用复，指物用单

All (that can be done) has been done.

All are present besides the professor.

 

4).冠词 the 用单, a 用复

1. one of + 复数名词 + who + 谓语动词复数

the (only) one of + 复数名词 + who + 谓语动词单数（+s）

    He is one of those persons who come from the USA.

    He is the only one of those persons who comes from the USA.

 

2． ① the number of        单数        “…的数量”

    The number of the students is 2000.

       a numbers of         复数        “许多”

    A number of students are playing football.

② the variety of …    单数        “…的多样性”

   a variety of…      单数        “各种各样的”

 

 

考点：虚拟语气△△△△△

1.if虚拟条件句

对现在的虚拟 (从句往前推)

1. If I worked hard,I might have money.
2. If I had a lot of money, I could buy a ticket.
3. If I bought a ticket, I would be one board.
4. If I were on board, I should sail for America.

	if从句	主句
现在	过去式	would/should/could/might

对过去的虚拟 (从句往前推)

1. If we hadn’t been on board, we wouldn’t have met this disaster.
2. If the ship hadn’t struck an iceberg,it wouldn’t have sunk.
3. If there had been enough life boats,we would have got on the boat.

	if从句	主句
过去	had done	would/should/could/might + have done

对将来的虚拟 (从句往前推)

1. If we were alive, I would marry you some day.
2. If we were to marry ,we would live a happy life in the future.
3. If we should marry,we would have a lot of children.

	if从句	主句
将来	过去式 were to do should do	would/should/could/might + do

 

2.省略倒装句

    在if虚拟条件句句中，当句中有were，had, should时，可以省略if，把were, had ,should放在句首。 删除if首三词

1. If I were to do the work,I should do it some other way.

Were I to do the work,…

 

1. If it had not been for Tom, …

Had it not been for Tom, …

 

3. 含蓄虚拟条件句

（otherwise, but for, without）

1. 不是所有的条件句都是if引导的
2. 有时条件从句不表示不表示出来，只是暗含在上下文中这叫含蓄条件句。

But for the rain,we would have finished the task yesterday.

Without your help,we wouldn’t have finished the job.

 

4. 含有should的虚拟语气(主观的态度)   should 可以省略

坚持、命令、建议、要求、惊异、失望、理应如此的“态度词”

谓语动词是 （should） + 动词原形，其中should可以省略

省略人称不用顾，省略should还用do

1. 有主观态度有that ，  用should + 动词原形

 

一坚持，二命令，三要求，四建议，我们再加上一个desire

坚持	命令	要求	建议
insist	order	request	advise
	command	require	suggest
		demand	propose
			recommend

 

1. 在表语从句和同位语从句中，主要标志词是一些名词，这些名词很简单，就是上述动词的名词变形。

主要有： advice、demand、order、proposal、suggestion、request、requirement、desire

 

1. 标词是形容词

多了两个 strange、natural

 

5.常考句型

1. in case            以防

   for fear that          以免

   lest               害怕

谓语动词： should + 动词原形

 

1. 2.  It’s (high/about) time (that)…   该…的时候了
   1. 动词的过去式
   2. should + 动词原形， should 不能省

 

考点：定于从句△△△△△  (本质，大的形容词)

Hary Porter is a smart boy.

Hary Porter is a boy (who wears glasses).

 

关系代词

that、 which、 who、 whom、 whose、 as

关系副词

where、 when、 why

 

关系代词

从句中缺成分（主/宾/表），用关系代词

 

that	人/物	主/宾
which	物	主/宾
who	人	主/宾
whom	人	宾
whose+n	一起构成从句主语

 

1. 无限制情况下都可用that （作宾语可省略）
2. 人 + who(主)/whom(宾)
3. 物 + which
4. whose表示所属关系： 的
5. 关系词在从句中作宾语可以省略

 

关系代词的省略

关系代词在定语从句中作宾语可省略

1. He is the man who wrote the book.   (主)
2. He is the man whom I admire.        (宾)
3. She is the most beautiful girl that I have ever see.

 

关系副词

从句中不缺主宾表（仅需补充状语），用关系副词

1. when 表时间

This is the time when we first met each other.

1. where 表地点

It is the factory where we worked.

1. why 表原因

It’s the reason why we come back.

 

抽象地点

job / field / situation / case / dream / point / viewpoint

There is one point where I’d like your advice.

 

带介词的定语从句

如果空前本身就有介词

介词(in/on/with/for/about…) + which/whom

人 + 介词 whom

物 + 介词 which

 

The girl to whom Tom spoke is Mary.

 

只能用that的情况（最不避人物）

1. 修饰词 + 先行词 + that

先行词被

a).序数词first, last, next 等

b).最高级the most…; the best; the biggest 等

c).唯一性the very

The first thing (that we need to do) is to find a hotel to have a good rest.

He is the very person (that we are finding).

The best thing (that we have) is friendship.

1. 先行词（不定代词 + 多多少少） + that

all, each, both, much, many, little

something, anything, nothing, everything

He did everything (that he could) to help us.

1. who/which – that       避免重复

Who is the man (that is standing in the garden)?

1. 先行词既有人又有物

The famous writer and his books (that the TV is saying now) has aroused great interest among students.

 

只能用who的情况

1. 先行词是some， any, every, no和body, one 一起构成复合不定代词 somebody, someone 等。

Anybody (who is tall) can play basketball.

1. 先行词是one, ones, those时只能用who

The ones who work hard can go to university.

God helps those (who help themselves).

 

the way 作先行词

the way in which

the way that

the way

 

非限定性定语从句       有逗号

1. which只能位于主句后，且前有逗号

翻译成“这”，指代逗号前一整句话

    The earth goes around the sun, which is known to us all.

1. as,可放放主句前，主句后，还可以分割主句，as有“正如…正像…”的意思

As is known to us all, the earth goes around the sun.

Tom, as you know, is a writer.

 

1. 有逗号不能选why和that，需用for which代替why，其他关系词的选择同限定定语定语从句一样
2. I think作插入语

which I think is        我这样认为

 

考点：状语从句      让句子壮大的语

1. He speaks English.              单纯作状语

He speaks English well.

1. The sun rises and sets.         介词短语作状语

The sun rises in the east and set in the west.

1. I come here because I want to see you.          句子作状语

 

I love you _____ you love me.

1. 当…时

I love you when you love me.        时间状语从句

1. 在…地方

I love you where you love me.       地点状语从句

1. 因为

I love you because you love me.     原因状语从句

 

重点掌握

1. 连接词的选择
2. 状语从句语序为陈述语序

 

时间状语从句

1. …时候： when, while, as, whenever(无论…时候), each time 每当…时，every time 每次
2. 在…之前/后： before, after, since(自从), till/untill
3. 一…就 ： as soon as;

 immediately, directly, instantly

 no sooner … than, hardly … when

 the minute, the second,

 the moment, the instant

1. not … until (直到…才)

When a woman begins to think, her first thought is a new dress.

 

when, whilel, as 区别： “当…时”

1. while: 两个持续性动作 同时发生

I kept silent while he was writing.

1. as：表伴随， “随着…”、“正当…”、“一边…一边…”

As time passed, things seemed to get better.

She sang as she went along.

1. when 可代替 as 和 while

 

while 在句中的不同含义

1. While I was walking down the street, I came across an old friend.   (while = when)
2. He likes pop music while I am fond of folk music.   （while = but/however然而）

 

when 还可以表示    正在/正要 … 突然 …    正在/正要 … 就在那时 …

1. They were walking down the street when they saw an accident.
2. I was about to go swimming when our guide stopped me.
3. The baby was on the point of crying when his mother finally came home.

 

地点状语从句

where   在…地方

wherever    无论任何地方

anywhere    任何地方

everywhere  每个地方    （引导）

 

原因状语从句

be cause, as, since, for(因为)

1. Since you are free today, can you help me with my English.

2. It rained last ninght, for the ground is wet this morning.

 

now that 既然       in that 在于，因为

1. I am happy in that he helps me.

 

seeing that/ considering that 鉴于

 

必须because:

1. 引导表语从句

It was because he didn’t recognize you.

1. 从属连词前有only, just, simply 修饰。

You should’t get angry (just because some people speak ill of you).

1. for引导的句子不能放在句首，前面有逗号隔开

We must start early, for we have a long way to go.

 

条件状语从句

1. if, unless(如果不)

If you don’t hurry up, you will be late.

1. 假如

a). providing/provided/supposing/suppose

b). on condition (that)

Providing it rains tomorrow, we won’t go on a picinic.

1. as long as, so long as

You may stay here as long as you like.

目的状语从句

so that, in order that…    为了，以便

lest, for fear that, in case        以防，以免 （常考虚拟）

1. He works hard so that he may pass the exam.
2. He works hard lest he (should) fail in the exam.
3. He was asked to speak louder so that all the students in the classroom could hear him.

 

让步状语从句

考点：though, although, as, while, even if/though

1. We wouldn’t lose heart (even if we failed many times).
2. Young though/as she is, she is very smart.

 

考点：无论 no matter + 疑问词what/who/where/when/which/how = 疑问词 + ever

whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever

1. Wherever/No matter where you go,I will be right here waiting for you.
2. Whoever/No matter who you are, you must obey the regulations.

 

考点： however 和 no matter how 后须 adj./adv.

 

比较状语从句

1. than  比 -er + than

bigger than     更大    more than   更多    less than   更少

1. as … as …    … 和 … 一样

There is as much milk in this bottle as in that bottle.

1. the + 比较级 … the + 比较级        越… 越…

The happier you are, the longer you live.

1. the same … as      和 … 一样

not the same … as   和 … 不一样

Your watch is not the same as mine.

 

方式状语从句

    as          正如，正像…

    as if/though    好像

    the way     像… 那样

1. When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
2. He spoke as if he knew the question very well.
3. I don’t like the way he treated us.

 

考点：名词性从句

名词性从句永远用陈述语序

 

考点：名词性从句连词

    that  没有意思         if; whether     是否

连接代词                what/which/who/whatever/whichever/whoever

连接副词               how/when/where/why/whenever/wherever

 

1. that 用法           没有意思用that

That Taiwan belongs to China is undoubted.

   I know that you are right.

1. whether/if 用法         “是否”用whether 或 if

Whether he should get married is a question.

1. wh – 用法

When he will come remains unkown?

 

主语从句

考点：疑问词 + ever（无论）

    (Whichever of us gets home first) starts cooking.

    (Whoever is interested in the job) may apply for it.

 

考点： “所字结构” what作宾语

what I do/ need/ miss/ love …      “所…的”

(What I actually need) is not a skirt but a new pair of shoes.

(What he said in the meeting) is very important.

 

考点： “使字结构” what作主语

（What moved me）is (that the old man waited for his son all day).

 

考点： It作形式主语句型

1. It + 名词 + that从句

It is a fact that: 事实是

It is no doubt that: 毫不怀疑

It is no wonder that: 不足为奇

1. It is + 过去分词 + that从句：

It is reported that: 据报道

It must be pointed out that: 必须指出

1. it + 不及物动词 + that从句

It appears/seems that 似乎

It happens that 碰巧

 

表语从句

表语从句跟在系动词后，用于陈述事实

系动词 一       be

       二好像   seem, appear

       四变     get, become, turn, go

       五感官   feel, taste, smeel, sound, look

       持续戏动词： keep, remain(保持)

 

规则同主语从句

    It seems that it si going to snow.

    (that 只起连接作用，无意义，不可省)

    The question is whether we should go on with the work.

If不能引导表语从句

The problem is (what we should do)(to help him).

That’s where you are wrong.

 

宾语从句

1. 1.  动词宾语

Do you know when we shall have a meeting?

Can you tell me what’s your name?

接双宾语动词

show/tell/give/pass(传递)/teach/ask sb.sth.

He gave me a cpu of tea.

Show Mr.Smith this house.

1. 2.  介词宾语

I was surprised at what he said.

1. 3.  形容词宾语

有些形容词具有动词的含义

I am sorry (that I am late).

I am glad (that you can join us).

Are you sure (that his answer is right)?

 

1. 1.  陈述句作宾语

I know (that) you have passed the exam.

用that引导，that可以省略

1. 2.  一般疑问句作宾语：

whether 和if 引导都可以（whether > if）

I wonder (whether / if he needs my help).

只能用whether的情况

1. 介词后面 如 talk about whether…
2. 不定式前 如 whether to stay home or go shopping.
3. 与 or not 连用时
4. 引导主语从句/表语从句/同位语从句
5. 3.  特殊疑问句作宾语

You don’t know (when you are lucky).

She explained (why she came late).

She has got (what she wanted).

1. 4.  whoever, whatever, whichever, whenever

She can marry (whoever she chooses).

考点：特殊句型

“主谓颠倒”即为倒装！

At the foot of the mountaion

1. a viliiage lies         正常语序
2. lies a village          完全倒装
3. does a village lie      部分倒装    （半倒装）

 

三种语序

1. 正常语序 = 主语 +  谓语
2. 完全倒装 = 谓语 + 主语 （全到）
3. 部分倒装 = 助动词 + 主语 + 实义动词 （半倒装）

 

考点：完全倒装

1. 以here, there, up, down 等副词以及表地点，方位的短语为首的句子，后面主谓完全倒装

Here comes the bus.

Here are some suggestions for you.

By the table sits a foregin boy.   

Across the river lies a bridge.

1. Now 和 Then置于句首的完全倒装

原句： Your turn comes now.                 原句：The king came then.

例句： Now comes your turn.                 例句：Then came the king.

1. 主语是代词时不能倒装

Here you are.                               Here it is.

 

考点：半倒装

1. 1.  否定句首半倒装

never, seldom, scarcely(几乎不)， rarely(很少)， nowhere, hardly(几乎不)

under/in no cirumstances(绝不)

        on no account

        at no time

        in no case

        in no way

        by no means

little 几乎没有，很少

 

    Never in my life have I seen so beautiful a place like that.

    By no means can we yield to the pressure.

1. 2.  四大句型

    Hardly … when …           一 … 就 …         Hardly = Scarely

    Hardly + had sb. done + when + sb. did

    Hardly had he got out of the court when the reporters raised a lot of questions to him.

 

    no sooner … than …        一 … 就 …

    No sooner + had sb. done + than + sb. + did

    No sooner had he got out of the court than the reporters raised a lot of questions to him.

 

    Not only … but (also) …       不仅 … 而且 …

    Not only can Tom sing so well, but all his family are excellent singers.

    Not only will I visit Hongkong, but I will go to Tailand.

 

    Not until + … + 半倒装         直到 … 才

    Not until I came home last night, did Mom go to bed.

1. 3.  仅半倒

Only + 状语 置于句首用“半倒”

    Only then can I have the chance to realize.

    Only in this way can you achieve great success in the future.

    Onlu by doing some down-to-earth work shall we solve all the problem.

1. 4.  如此半倒

So + adj./adv. + 半倒 + that 陈述

Such + n + 半倒 + that + 陈述

So fast does he run that we can’t catch up with him.

Such fine weather is it that we are going to have a picnic.

1. 5.  虚拟半倒

在if虚拟条件句中，当句中有were, had, should时

原句：If I were to do the work, I should do it some other way.

例句：Were I to do the work, I should do it some other way.

were + 主语 + to do

were + 主语 + n.

had + 主语 + done

should + 主语 + do

 

1. “尽管半倒”

although、though

原句：Although he is young, he has written many popular books.

例句：Young as he is, …

强调部分提前，although变“as”

强调名，形，动，副四种词

Try as he might, he failed in the race.

Fast as he run, he failed in the race.

 

注： 强调名词提前时不带冠词

原句: Though he is a little boy, he has written many books.

例句：Little boy as he is, …

1. 也半倒，确实不倒

a).肯定情况

    A喜欢英语 A likes English.     B也喜欢英语 So does B

So + 助动词 + 主语

    b).否定情况

        A不喜欢英语 A doesn’t likes English.      B也不喜欢英语 Neither/Nor does B

    Neither/Nor does B. (两者)      Neither + 助动词 + 主语

c).确实情况

    A喜欢英语 He likes English.    确实如此： So he does.

    So + 主语 + 助动词

 

倒装解题技巧

1. 看选项： 出现语序差异，可能在考倒装
2. 看句首： 方位词？ Now/then？ 有无代词？ 全倒？ 其他 全部是半倒
3. 看句型： 加分句型，否定句首

Only + 状语

如此以至于

虚拟语气“尽管倒装”

也倒确实不倒

 

 

考点：强调句型

Lisa likes cooking at home.

1. 强调Lisa

It is Lisa that likes cooking at home.

1. 强调cooking

It is cooking that Lisa likes at home.

1. 强调at home

It is at home that Lisa likes cooking.

 

It + is/was + 被强调的部分 + that + 句中剩余部分

强调主语  that/who

强调宾语  that/whom

其他任何情况都只能用that

 

注意：

1. 强调主语主语时，注意主谓一致

It is Lilei who is late

It is the students who are late

2．原句是现在时和将来时，强调用is

   原句是过去时，强调用was

    She did cosmetic surgery in South Korea.

    It was in South Korea that she did cosmetic surgery.

高频考点

Not … until … 的强调

It was not until A that B

 

考点：感叹句

What a diligent boy he is!

How diligent a boy he is!

what 对名词感叹

how 对形容词副词感叹

 

考点：祈使句

1． 句首动词原形

Shut the door!

1. Please

Please have a cup of coffe!

This way please.

1. 以let us 或 let’s开头

Let’s go.

 

考点：反意疑问句

反意疑问句 --- 句子，助动词 + 主语？

重点： 前肯后否，前否后肯   助动词前后一致  代词前后一致

She has done her homework,hasn’t she?

 

1. 根据主语的不同情况来反意疑问句：

I’m fond of music, aren’t I?

I wish to go with them, may I?

1. 陈述部分主语是this, that 的时候，反意时用it

This is a good idea, isn’t it?

1. 陈述部分主语是不定代词everything, anything, something, nothing时，疑问部分主语为it

Nothing could make her change her mind, could it?

1. 主语是someone, no one, anyone(body)的时候，反义时用they

Someone is waiting for you, aren’t they?

1. 强调句反意疑问,反意用isn’t it/wasn’t it

It is you who are clever, isn’t it?

1. there be 句型，反意的时候用there be

There was a little water left, wasn’t there?

 

考点：根据谓语的不同情况来反意疑问句

1.否定副词构成否定句，但否定句词缀不构成否定句

常见否定副词 never, few, little, seldom(很少)， hardly(几乎不), nothing(没有)

常见否定前缀 un- / dis-

Tom doesn’t like  drinking coffee, does she?

Tom dislikes drinking coffee, doesn’t she?

1. 当句子是肯定祈使句的时候，可以用will you(或者 won’t you)

当句子是否定祈使句的时候，用will you

Never lie to my sister, will you?

Let us go, will you?

Let’s go, shall we?

1. 陈述部分用had better，疑问部分谓语用hadn’t

You had better take off your shoes, hadn’t you?

1. 陈述部分谓语用used to 结构，疑问部分谓语用didn’t 或 usen’t、usedn’t

used to do 过去常常

They used to live in the countryside, use(d)n’t they/didn’t they?

1. 陈述部分含有ought to 的反意疑问句，疑问部分用shouldn’t、oughtn’t + 主语

shouldn‘t、oughtn’t + 主语

He ought to know what to do, oughtn’t/shouldn’t he?