完整性约束
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原文章:https://www.cnblogs.com/majj/p/9169241.html
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基本介绍
PRIMARY KEY (PK) #标识该字段为该表的主键,可以唯一的标识记录 FOREIGN KEY (FK) #标识该字段为该表的外键 NOT NULL #标识该字段不能为空 UNIQUE KEY (UK) #标识该字段的值是唯一的 AUTO_INCREMENT #标识该字段的值自动增长(整数类型,而且为主键) DEFAULT #为该字段设置默认值 UNSIGNED #无符号 ZEROFILL #使用0填充 #===========说明=============== #1. 是否允许为空,默认NULL,可设置NOT NULL,字段不允许为空,必须赋值 #2. 字段是否有默认值,缺省的默认值是NULL,如果插入记录时不给字段赋值,此字段使用默认值 sex enum(‘male‘,‘female‘) not null default ‘male‘ #必须为正值(无符号) 不允许为空 默认是20 age int unsigned NOT NULL default 20 # 3. 是否是key 主键 primary key 外键 foreign key 索引 (index,unique...)
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not nul 与 default
# 是否可空,null表示空,非字符串 # not null - 不可空 # null - 可空 # 默认值,创建列时可以指定默认值,当插入数据时如果未主动设置,则自动添加默认值 create table tb1( nid int not null defalut 2, num int not null );
mysql> create table t11(id int);# id字段默认可以为空 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec) mysql> desc t11; +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ row in set (0.03 sec) mysql> insert into t11 values(); #给t11表插一个空的值 Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) #查询结果如下 mysql> select * from t11; +------+ | id | +------+ | NULL | +------+ row in set (0.00 sec) 默认值可以为空
mysql> create table t12(id int not null);#设置字段id不为空 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec) mysql> desc t12; +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | | NULL | | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ row in set (0.01 sec) mysql> insert into t12 values();#不能插入空 ERROR 1364 (HY000): Field ‘id‘ doesn‘t have a default value 设置not null,插入值时不能为空
# 第一种情况 mysql> create table t13(id int default 1); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec) mysql> desc t13; +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | YES | | 1 | | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ row in set (0.01 sec) mysql> insert into t13 values(); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from t13; +------+ | id | +------+ | 1 | +------+ row in set (0.00 sec) # 第二种情况 mysql> create table t14(id int not null default 2); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql> desc t14; +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | | 2 | | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ row in set (0.01 sec) mysql> select * from t14; +----+ | id | +----+ | 2 | +----+ row in set (0.00 sec) 设置id字段有默认值后,则无论id字段是null还是not null,都可以插入空,插入空默认填入default指定的默认值
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unique
- 单列唯一
#使用约束条件unique,来对公司部门的字段进行设置。 #第一种创建unique的方式 #例子1: create table department( id int, name char(10) unique ); mysql> insert into department values(1,‘it‘),(2,‘it‘); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry ‘it‘ for key ‘name‘ #例子2: create table department( id int unique, name char(10) unique ); insert into department values(1,‘it‘),(2,‘sale‘); #第二种创建unique的方式 create table department( id int, name char(10) , unique(id), unique(name) ); insert into department values(1,‘it‘),(2,‘sale‘);
- 联合唯一
# 创建services表 mysql> create table services( id int, ip char(15), port int, unique(id), unique(ip,port) ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec) mysql> desc services; +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | YES | UNI | NULL | | | ip | char(15) | YES | MUL | NULL | | | port | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+ rows in set (0.01 sec) #联合唯一,只要两列记录,有一列不同,既符合联合唯一的约束 mysql> insert into services values (1,‘192,168,11,23‘,80), (2,‘192,168,11,23‘,81), (3,‘192,168,11,25‘,80); Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec) Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> select * from services; +------+---------------+------+ | id | ip | port | +------+---------------+------+ | 1 | 192,168,11,23 | 80 | | 2 | 192,168,11,23 | 81 | | 3 | 192,168,11,25 | 80 | +------+---------------+------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into services values (4,‘192,168,11,23‘,80); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry ‘192,168,11,23-80‘ for key ‘ip‘
- 单列唯一
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primary key
在MySQL的一个表中只有唯一的一个主键,不能有多列主键,但可以有复合主键 一个表中可以: 单列做主键 多列做主键(复合主键) 约束:等价于 not null unique,字段的值不为空且唯一 存储引擎默认是(innodb):对于innodb存储引擎来说,一张表必须有一个主键。
- 单列主键
# 创建t14表,为id字段设置主键,唯一的不同的记录 create table t14( id int primary key, name char(16) ); insert into t14 values (1,‘xiaoma‘), (2,‘xiaohong‘); mysql> insert into t14 values(2,‘wxxx‘); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry ‘6‘ for key ‘PRIMARY‘ # not null + unique的化学反应,相当于给id设置primary key create table t15( id int not null unique, name char(16) ); mysql> create table t15( -> id int not null unique, -> name char(16) -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> desc t15; +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | name | char(16) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+ rows in set (0.02 sec)
- 复合主键
create table t16( ip char(15), port int, primary key(ip,port) ); insert into t16 values (‘1.1.1.2‘,80), (‘1.1.1.2‘,81); 验证复合主键的使用
- 单列主键
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auto_increment
#约束:约束的字段为自动增长,约束的字段必须同时被key约束
# 创建student create table student( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20), sex enum(‘male‘,‘female‘) default ‘male‘ ); mysql> desc student; +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | sex | enum(‘male‘,‘female‘) | YES | | male | | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ rows in set (0.17 sec) #插入记录 mysql> insert into student(name) values (‘老白‘),(‘小白‘); Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.01 sec) Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> select * from student; +----+--------+------+ | id | name | sex | +----+--------+------+ | 1 | 老白 | male | | 2 | 小白 | male | +----+--------+------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) 不指定id,则自动增长
mysql> insert into student values(4,‘asb‘,‘female‘); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into student values(7,‘wsb‘,‘female‘); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) mysql> select * from student; +----+--------+--------+ | id | name | sex | +----+--------+--------+ | 1 | 老白 | male | | 2 | 小白 | male | | 4 | asb | female | | 7 | wsb | female | +----+--------+--------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) # 再次插入一条不指定id的记录,会在之前的最后一条记录继续增长 mysql> insert into student(name) values (‘大白‘); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from student; +----+--------+--------+ | id | name | sex | +----+--------+--------+ | 1 | 老白 | male | | 2 | 小白 | male | | 4 | asb | female | | 7 | wsb | female | | 8 | 大白 | male | +----+--------+--------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) 也可以指定id
mysql> delete from student; Query OK, 5 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from student; Empty set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from student; Empty set (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into student(name) values(‘ysb‘); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) mysql> select * from student; +----+------+------+ | id | name | sex | +----+------+------+ | 9 | ysb | male | +----+------+------+ row in set (0.00 sec) #应该用truncate清空表,比起delete一条一条地删除记录,truncate是直接清空表,在删除大表时用它 mysql> truncate student; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec) mysql> insert into student(name) values(‘xiaobai‘); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from student; +----+---------+------+ | id | name | sex | +----+---------+------+ | 1 | xiaobai | male | +----+---------+------+ row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> 对于自增的字段,在用delete删除后,再插入值,该字段仍按照删除前的位置继续增长
清空表区分delete和truncate的区别:
delete from t1; #如果有自增id,新增的数据,仍然是以删除前的最后一样作为起始。
truncate table t1;数据量大,删除速度比上一条快,且直接从零开始。
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foreign key
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快速理解foreign key
之前创建表的时候都是在一张表中添加记录,比如如下表:公司有3个部门,但是有1个亿的员工,那意味着部门这个字段需要重复存储,部门名字越长,越浪费。
- 解决方法
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我们完全可以定义一个部门表
然后让员工信息表关联该表,如何关联,即foreign key
我们可以将上表改为如下结构:
此时有两张表,一张是employee表,简称emp表(关联表,也就从表)。一张是department表,简称dep表(被关联表,也叫主表) - 创建两张表操作:
#1.创建表时先创建被关联表,再创建关联表 # 先创建被关联表(dep表) create table dep( id int primary key, name varchar(20) not null, descripe varchar(20) not null ); #再创建关联表(emp表) create table emp( id int primary key, name varchar(20) not null, age int not null, dep_id int, constraint fk_dep foreign key(dep_id) references dep(id) ); #2.插入记录时,先往被关联表中插入记录,再往关联表中插入记录 insert into dep values (1,‘IT‘,‘IT技术有限部门‘), (2,‘销售部‘,‘销售部门‘), (3,‘财务部‘,‘花钱太多部门‘); insert into emp values (1,‘zhangsan‘,18,1), (2,‘lisi‘,19,1), (3,‘egon‘,20,2), (4,‘yuanhao‘,40,3), (5,‘alex‘,18,2); 3.删除表 #按道理来说,删除了部门表中的某个部门,员工表的有关联的记录相继删除。 mysql> delete from dep where id=3; ERROR 1451 (23000): Cannot delete or update a parent row: a foreign key constraint fails (`db5`.`emp`, CONSTRAINT `fk_name` FOREIGN KEY (`dep_id`) REFERENCES `dep` (`id`)) #但是先删除员工表的记录之后,再删除当前部门就没有任何问题 mysql> delete from emp where dep =3; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from emp; +----+----------+-----+--------+ | id | name | age | dep_id | +----+----------+-----+--------+ | 1 | zhangsan | 18 | 1 | | 2 | lisi | 18 | 1 | | 3 | egon | 20 | 2 | | 5 | alex | 18 | 2 | +----+----------+-----+--------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> delete from dep where id=3; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from dep; +----+-----------+----------------------+ | id | name | descripe | +----+-----------+----------------------+ | 1 | IT | IT技术有限部门 | | 2 | 销售部 | 销售部门 | +----+-----------+----------------------+ rows in set (0.00 sec)
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上面的删除表记录的操作比较繁琐,按道理讲,裁掉一个部门,该部门的员工也会被裁掉。其实呢,在建表的时候还有个很重要的内容,叫同步删除,同步更新
接下来将刚建好的两张表全部删除,先删除关联表(emp),再删除被关联表(dep)
接下来:
重复上面的操作建表
注意:在关联表中加入
on delete cascade #同步删除
on update cascade #同步更新create table emp( id int primary key, name varchar(20) not null, age int not null, dep_id int, constraint fk_dep foreign key(dep_id) references dep(id) on delete cascade #同步删除 on update cascade #同步更新 );
- 接下来的操作,就复合我们正常的生活中的情况了。
#再去删被关联表(dep)的记录,关联表(emp)中的记录也跟着删除 mysql> delete from dep where id=3; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from dep; +----+-----------+----------------------+ | id | name | descripe | +----+-----------+----------------------+ | 1 | IT | IT技术有限部门 | | 2 | 销售部 | 销售部门 | +----+-----------+----------------------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from emp; +----+----------+-----+--------+ | id | name | age | dep_id | +----+----------+-----+--------+ | 1 | zhangsan | 18 | 1 | | 2 | lisi | 19 | 1 | | 3 | egon | 20 | 2 | | 5 | alex | 18 | 2 | +----+----------+-----+--------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) #再去更改被关联表(dep)的记录,关联表(emp)中的记录也跟着更改 mysql> update dep set id=222 where id=2; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec) Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0 # 赶紧去查看一下两张表是否都被删除了,是否都被更改了 mysql> select * from dep; +-----+-----------+----------------------+ | id | name | descripe | +-----+-----------+----------------------+ | 1 | IT | IT技术有限部门 | | 222 | 销售部 | 销售部门 | +-----+-----------+----------------------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from emp; +----+----------+-----+--------+ | id | name | age | dep_id | +----+----------+-----+--------+ | 1 | zhangsan | 18 | 1 | | 2 | lisi | 19 | 1 | | 3 | egon | 20 | 222 | | 5 | alex | 18 | 222 | +----+----------+-----+--------+ rows in set (0.00 sec)
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