python day6
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模块,用一砣代码实现了某个功能的代码集合。
类似于函数式编程和面向过程编程,函数式编程则完成一个功能,其他代码用来调用即可,提供了代码的重用性和代码间的耦合。而对于一个复杂的功能来,可能需要多个函数才能完成(函数又可以在不同的.py文件中),n个 .py 文件组成的代码集合就称为模块。
如:os 是系统相关的模块;file是文件操作相关的模块
模块分为三种:
- 自定义模块
- 内置模块
- 开源模块
自定义模块
1、定义模块
情景一:
情景二:
情景三:
2、导入模块
Python之所以应用越来越广泛,在一定程度上也依赖于其为程序员提供了大量的模块以供使用,如果想要使用模块,则需要导入。导入模块有一下几种方法:
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import module from module.xx.xx import xx from module.xx.xx import xx as rename from module.xx.xx import * |
导入模块其实就是告诉Python解释器去解释那个py文件
- 导入一个py文件,解释器解释该py文件
- 导入一个包,解释器解释该包下的 __init__.py 文件
那么问题来了,导入模块时是根据那个路径作为基准来进行的呢?即:sys.path
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import sys print sys.path
结果: [\'/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/calculator/p1/pp1\', \'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/setuptools-15.2-py2.7.egg\', \'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/distribute-0.6.28-py2.7.egg\', \'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/mysql_python-1.2.4b4-py2.7-macosx-10.10-x86_64.egg\', \'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/xlutils-1.7.1-py2.7.egg\', \'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/xlwt-1.0.0-py2.7.egg\', \'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/xlrd-0.9.3-py2.7.egg\', \'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/tornado-4.1-py2.7-macosx-10.10-x86_64.egg\', \'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/backports.ssl_match_hostname-3.4.0.2-py2.7.egg\', \'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/certifi-2015.4.28-py2.7.egg\', \'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pyOpenSSL-0.15.1-py2.7.egg\', \'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/six-1.9.0-py2.7.egg\', \'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/cryptography-0.9.1-py2.7-macosx-10.10-x86_64.egg\', \'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/cffi-1.1.1-py2.7-macosx-10.10-x86_64.egg\', \'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/ipaddress-1.0.7-py2.7.egg\', \'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/enum34-1.0.4-py2.7.egg\', \'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pyasn1-0.1.7-py2.7.egg\', \'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/idna-2.0-py2.7.egg\', \'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pycparser-2.13-py2.7.egg\', \'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/Django-1.7.8-py2.7.egg\', \'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/paramiko-1.10.1-py2.7.egg\', \'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/gevent-1.0.2-py2.7-macosx-10.10-x86_64.egg\', \'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/greenlet-0.4.7-py2.7-macosx-10.10-x86_64.egg\', \'/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/calculator\', \'/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python27.zip\', \'/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7\', \'/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/plat-darwin\', \'/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/plat-mac\', \'/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/plat-mac/lib-scriptpackages\', \'/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/lib-tk\', \'/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/lib-old\', \'/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/lib-dynload\', \'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages\', \'/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages\'] |
如果sys.path路径列表没有你想要的路径,可以通过 sys.path.append(\'路径\') 添加。
通过os模块可以获取各种目录,例如:
import sys
import os
pre_path = os.path.abspath(\'../\')
sys.path.append(pre_path)
开源模块
一、下载安装
下载安装有两种方式:
yum
pip
apt-get
...
下载源码
解压源码
进入目录
编译源码 python setup.py build
安装源码 python setup.py install
注:在使用源码安装时,需要使用到gcc编译和python开发环境,所以,需要先执行:
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yum install gcc yum install python-devel 或 apt-get python-dev |
安装成功后,模块会自动安装到 sys.path 中的某个目录中,如:
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/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/ |
二、导入模块
同自定义模块中导入的方式
三、模块 paramiko
paramiko是一个用于做远程控制的模块,使用该模块可以对远程服务器进行命令或文件操作,值得一说的是,fabric和ansible内部的远程管理就是使用的paramiko来现实。
1、下载安装
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# pycrypto,由于 paramiko 模块内部依赖pycrypto,所以先下载安装pycrypto
# 下载安装 pycrypto wget http://files.cnblogs.com/files/wupeiqi/pycrypto-2.6.1.tar.gz tar -xvf pycrypto-2.6.1.tar.gz cd pycrypto-2.6.1 python setup.py build python setup.py install
# 进入python环境,导入Crypto检查是否安装成功
# 下载安装 paramiko wget http://files.cnblogs.com/files/wupeiqi/paramiko-1.10.1.tar.gz tar -xvf paramiko-1.10.1.tar.gz cd paramiko-1.10.1 python setup.py build python setup.py install
# 进入python环境,导入paramiko检查是否安装成功 |
2、使用模块
#!/usr/bin/env python
#coding:utf-8
import paramiko
ssh = paramiko.SSHClient()
ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())
ssh.connect(\'192.168.1.108\', 22, \'alex\', \'123\')
stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command(\'df\')
print stdout.read()
ssh.close();
import paramiko
private_key_path = \'/home/auto/.ssh/id_rsa\'
key = paramiko.RSAKey.from_private_key_file(private_key_path)
ssh = paramiko.SSHClient()
ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())
ssh.connect(\'主机名 \', 端口, \'用户名\', key)
stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command(\'df\')
print stdout.read()
ssh.close()
import os,sys
import paramiko
t = paramiko.Transport((\'182.92.219.86\',22))
t.connect(username=\'wupeiqi\',password=\'123\')
sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(t)
sftp.put(\'/tmp/test.py\',\'/tmp/test.py\')
t.close()
import os,sys
import paramiko
t = paramiko.Transport((\'182.92.219.86\',22))
t.connect(username=\'wupeiqi\',password=\'123\')
sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(t)
sftp.get(\'/tmp/test.py\',\'/tmp/test2.py\')
t.close()
import paramiko
pravie_key_path = \'/home/auto/.ssh/id_rsa\'
key = paramiko.RSAKey.from_private_key_file(pravie_key_path)
t = paramiko.Transport((\'182.92.219.86\',22))
t.connect(username=\'wupeiqi\',pkey=key)
sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(t)
sftp.put(\'/tmp/test3.py\',\'/tmp/test3.py\')
t.close()
import paramiko
pravie_key_path = \'/home/auto/.ssh/id_rsa\'
key = paramiko.RSAKey.from_private_key_file(pravie_key_path)
t = paramiko.Transport((\'182.92.219.86\',22))
t.connect(username=\'wupeiqi\',pkey=key)
sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(t)
sftp.get(\'/tmp/test3.py\',\'/tmp/test4.py\')
t.close()
内置模块
一、os
用于提供系统级别的操作
os.getcwd() 获取当前工作目录,即当前python脚本工作的目录路径
os.chdir("dirname") 改变当前脚本工作目录;相当于shell下cd
os.curdir 返回当前目录: (\'.\')
os.pardir 获取当前目录的父目录字符串名:(\'..\')
os.makedirs(\'dirname1/dirname2\') 可生成多层递归目录
os.removedirs(\'dirname1\') 若目录为空,则删除,并递归到上一级目录,如若也为空,则删除,依此类推
os.mkdir(\'dirname\') 生成单级目录;相当于shell中mkdir dirname
os.rmdir(\'dirname\') 删除单级空目录,若目录不为空则无法删除,报错;相当于shell中rmdir dirname
os.listdir(\'dirname\') 列出指定目录下的所有文件和子目录,包括隐藏文件,并以列表方式打印
os.remove() 删除一个文件
os.rename("oldname","newname") 重命名文件/目录
os.stat(\'path/filename\') 获取文件/目录信息
os.sep 输出操作系统特定的路径分隔符,win下为"\\\\",Linux下为"/"
os.linesep 输出当前平台使用的行终止符,win下为"\\t\\n",Linux下为"\\n"
os.pathsep 输出用于分割文件路径的字符串
os.name 输出字符串指示当前使用平台。win->\'nt\'; Linux->\'posix\'
os.system("bash command") 运行shell命令,直接显示
os.environ 获取系统环境变量
os.path.abspath(path) 返回path规范化的绝对路径
os.path.split(path) 将path分割成目录和文件名二元组返回
os.path.dirname(path) 返回path的目录。其实就是os.path.split(path)的第一个元素
os.path.basename(path) 返回path最后的文件名。如何path以/或\\结尾,那么就会返回空值。即os.path.split(path)的第二个元素
os.path.exists(path) 如果path存在,返回True;如果path不存在,返回False
os.path.isabs(path) 如果path是绝对路径,返回True
os.path.isfile(path) 如果path是一个存在的文件,返回True。否则返回False
os.path.isdir(path) 如果path是一个存在的目录,则返回True。否则返回False
os.path.join(path1[, path2[, ...]]) 将多个路径组合后返回,第一个绝对路径之前的参数将被忽略
os.path.getatime(path) 返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后存取时间
os.path.getmtime(path) 返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后修改时间
更多猛击这里
二、sys
用于提供对解释器相关的操作
sys.argv 命令行参数List,第一个元素是程序本身路径
sys.exit(n) 退出程序,正常退出时exit(0)
sys.version 获取Python解释程序的版本信息
sys.maxint 最大的Int值
sys.path 返回模块的搜索路径,初始化时使用PYTHONPATH环境变量的值
sys.platform 返回操作系统平台名称
sys.stdout.write(\'please:\')
val = sys.stdin.readline()[:-1]
更多猛击这里
三、hashlib
用于加密相关的操作,代替了md5模块和sha模块,主要提供 SHA1, SHA224, SHA256, SHA384, SHA512 ,MD5 算法
import sha
hash = sha.new()
hash.update(\'admin\')
print hash.hexdigest()
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import hashlib
# ######## md5 ########
hash = hashlib.md5() hash.update(\'admin\') print hash.hexdigest()
# ######## sha1 ########
hash = hashlib.sha1() hash.update(\'admin\') print hash.hexdigest()
# ######## sha256 ########
hash = hashlib.sha256() hash.update(\'admin\') print hash.hexdigest()
# ######## sha384 ########
hash = hashlib.sha384() hash.update(\'admin\') print hash.hexdigest()
# ######## sha512 ########
hash = hashlib.sha512() hash.update(\'admin\') print hash.hexdigest() |
以上加密算法虽然依然非常厉害,但时候存在缺陷,即:通过撞库可以反解。所以,有必要对加密算法中添加自定义key再来做加密。
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import hashlib
# ######## md5 ########
hash = hashlib.md5(\'898oaFs09f\') hash.update(\'admin\') print hash.hexdigest() |
还不够吊?python 还有一个 hmac 模块,它内部对我们创建 key 和 内容 再进行处理然后再加密
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import hmac h = hmac.new(\'wueiqi\') h.update(\'hellowo\') print h.hexdigest() |
不能再牛逼了!!!
四、json 和 pickle
用于序列化的两个模块
- json,用于字符串 和 python数据类型间进行转换
- pickle,用于python特有的类型 和 python的数据类型间进行转换
Json模块提供了四个功能:dumps、dump、loads、load
pickle模块提供了四个功能:dumps、dump、loads、load
五、执行系统命令
可以执行shell命令的相关模块和函数有:
- os.system
- os.spawn*
- os.popen* --废弃
- popen2.* --废弃
- commands.* --废弃,3.x中被移除
import commands
result = commands.getoutput(\'cmd\')
result = commands.getstatus(\'cmd\')
result = commands.getstatusoutput(\'cmd\')
以上执行shell命令的相关的模块和函数的功能均在 subprocess 模块中实现,并提供了更丰富的功能。
call
执行命令,返回状态码
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ret = subprocess.call(["ls", "-l"], shell=False) ret = subprocess.call("ls -l", shell=True) |
shell = True ,允许 shell 命令是字符串形式
check_call
执行命令,如果执行状态码是 0 ,则返回0,否则抛异常
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subprocess.check_call(["ls", "-l"]) subprocess.check_call("exit 1", shell=True) |
check_output
执行命令,如果状态码是 0 ,则返回执行结果,否则抛异常
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subprocess.check_output(["echo", "Hello World!"]) subprocess.check_output("exit 1", shell=True) |
subprocess.Popen(...)
用于执行复杂的系统命令
参数:
- args:shell命令,可以是字符串或者序列类型(如:list,元组)
- bufsize:指定缓冲。0 无缓冲,1 行缓冲,其他 缓冲区大小,负值 系统缓冲
- stdin, stdout, stderr:分别表示程序的标准输入、输出、错误句柄
- preexec_fn:只在Unix平台下有效,用于指定一个可执行对象(callable object),它将在子进程运行之前被调用
- close_sfs:在windows平台下,如果close_fds被设置为True,则新创建的子进程将不会继承父进程的输入、输出、错误管道。
所以不能将close_fds设置为True同时重定向子进程的标准输入、输出与错误(stdin, stdout, stderr)。 - shell:同上
- cwd:用于设置子进程的当前目录
- env:用于指定子进程的环境变量。如果env = None,子进程的环境变量将从父进程中继承。
- universal_newlines:不同系统的换行符不同,True -> 同意使用 \\n
- startupinfo与createionflags只在windows下有效
将被传递给底层的CreateProcess()函数,用于设置子进程的一些属性,如:主窗口的外观,进程的优先级等等
import subprocess
ret1 = subprocess.Popen(["mkdir","t1"])
ret2 = subprocess.Popen("mkdir t2", shell=True)
终端输入的命令分为两种:
- 输入即可得到输出,如:ifconfig
- 输入进行某环境,依赖再输入,如:python
import subprocess
obj = subprocess.Popen("mkdir t3", shell=True, cwd=\'/home/dev\',)
import subprocess
obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
obj.stdin.write(\'print 1 \\n \')
obj.stdin.write(\'print 2 \\n \')
obj.stdin.write(\'print 3 \\n \')
obj.stdin.write(\'print 4 \\n \')
obj.stdin.close()
cmd_out = obj.stdout.read()
obj.stdout.close()
cmd_error = obj.stderr.read()
obj.stderr.close()
print cmd_out
print cmd_error
import subprocess
obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
obj.stdin.write(\'print 1 \\n \')
obj.stdin.write(\'print 2 \\n \')
obj.stdin.write(\'print 3 \\n \')
obj.stdin.write(\'print 4 \\n \')
out_error_list = obj.communicate()
print out_error_list
import subprocess
obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
out_error_list = obj.communicate(\'print "hello"\')
print out_error_list
六、shutil
高级的 文件、文件夹、压缩包 处理模块
shutil.copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst[, length])
将文件内容拷贝到另一个文件中,可以部分内容
def copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst, length=16*1024):
"""copy data from file-like object fsrc to file-like object fdst"""
while 1:
buf = fsrc.read(length)
if not buf:
break
fdst.write(buf)
shutil.copyfile(src, dst)
拷贝文件
def copyfile(src, dst):
"""Copy data from src to dst"""
if _samefile(src, dst):
raise Error("`%s` and `%s` are the same file" % (src, dst))
for fn in [src, dst]:
try:
st = os.stat(fn)
except OSError:
# File most likely does not exist
pass
else:
# XXX What about other special files? (sockets, devices...)
if stat.S_ISFIFO(st.st_mode):
raise SpecialFileError("`%s` is a named pipe" % fn)
with open(src, \'rb\') as fsrc:
with open(dst, \'wb\') as fdst:
copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst)
shutil.copymode(src, dst)
仅拷贝权限。内容、组、用户均不变
def copymode(src, dst):
"""Copy mode bits from src to dst"""
if hasattr(os, \'chmod\'):
st = os.stat(src)
mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode)
os.chmod(dst, mode)
shutil.copystat(src, dst)
拷贝状态的信息,包括:mode bits, atime,
mtime, flags
def copystat(src, dst):
"""Copy all stat info (mode bits, atime, mtime, flags) from src to dst"""
st = os.stat(src)
mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode)
if hasattr(os, \'utime\'):
os.utime(dst, (st.st_atime, st.st_mtime))
if hasattr(os, \'chmod\'):
os.chmod(dst, mode)
if hasattr(os, \'chflags\') and hasattr(st, \'st_flags\'):
try:
os.chflags(dst, st.st_flags)
except OSError, why:
for err in \'EOPNOTSUPP\', \'ENOTSUP\':
if hasattr(errno, err) and why.errno == getattr(errno, err):
break
else:
raise
shutil.copy(src, dst)
拷贝文件和权限
def copy(src, dst):
"""Copy data and mode bits ("cp src dst").
The destination may be a directory.
"""
if os.path.isdir(dst):
dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src))
copyfile(src, dst)
copymode(src, dst)
shutil.copy2(src, dst)
拷贝文件和状态信息
def copy2(src, dst):
"""Copy data and all stat info ("cp -p src dst").
The destination may be a directory.
"""
if os.path.isdir(dst):
dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src))
copyfile(src, dst)
copystat(src, dst)
shutil.ignore_patterns(*patterns)
shutil.copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None)
递归的去拷贝文件
例如:copytree(source, destination, ignore=ignore_patterns(\'*.pyc\', \'tmp*\'))
def ignore_patterns(*patterns):
"""Function that can be used as copytree() ignore parameter.
Patterns is a sequence of glob-style patterns
that are used to exclude files"""
def _ignore_patterns(path, names):
ignored_names = []
for pattern in patterns:
ignored_names.extend(fnmatch.filter(names, pattern))
return set(ignored_names)
return _ignore_patterns
def copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None):
"""Recursively copy a directory tree using copy2().
The destination directory must not already exist.
If exception(s) occur, an Error is raised with a list of reasons.
If the optional symlinks flag is true, symbolic links in the
source tree result in symbolic links in the destination tree; if
it is false, the contents of the files pointed to by symbolic
links are copied.
The optional ignore argument is a callable. If given, it
is called with the `src` parameter, which is the directory
being visited by copytree(), and `names` which is the list of
`src` contents, as returned by os.listdir():
callable(src, names) -> ignored_names
Since copytree() is called recursively, the callable will be
called once for each directory that is copied. It returns a
list of names relative to the `src` directory that should
not be copied.
XXX Consider this example code rather than the ultimate tool.
"""
names = os.listdir(src)
if ignore is not None:
ignored_names = ignore(src, names)
else:
ignored_names = set()
os.makedirs(dst)
errors = []
for name in names:
if name in ignored_names:
continue
srcname = os.path.join(src, name)
dstname = os.path.join(dst, name)
try:
if symlinks and os.path.islink(srcname):
linkto = os.readlink(srcname)
os.symlink(linkto, dstname)
elif os.path.isdir(srcname):
copytree(srcname, dstname, symlinks, ignore)
else:
# Will raise a SpecialFileError for unsupported file types
copy2(srcname, dstname)
# catch the Error from the recursive copytree so that we can
# continue with other files
except Error, err:
errors.extend(err.args[0])
except EnvironmentError, why:
errors.append((srcname, dstname, str(why)))
try:
copystat(src, dst)
except OSError, why:
if WindowsError is not None and isinstance(why, WindowsError):
# Copying file access times may fail on Windows
pass
else:
errors.append((src, dst, str(why)))
if errors:
raise Error, errors
shutil.rmtree(path[, ignore_errors[,
onerror]])
递归的去删除文件
def rmtree(path, ignore_errors=False, onerror=None):
"""Recursively delete a directory tree.
If ignore_errors is set, errors are ignored; otherwise, if onerror
is set, it is called to handle the error with arguments (func,
path, exc_info) where func is os.listdir, os.remove, or os.rmdir;
path is the argument to that function that caused it to fail; and
exc_info is a tuple returned by sys.exc_info(). If ignore_errors
is false and onerror is None, an exception is raised.
"""
if ignore_errors:
def onerror(*args):
pass
elif onerror is None:
def onerror(*args):
raise
try:
if os.path.islink(path):
# symlinks to directories are forbidden, see bug #1669
raise OSError("Cannot call rmtree on a symbolic link")
except OSError:
onerror(os.path.islink, path, sys.exc_info())
# can\'t continue even if onerror hook returns
return
names = []
try:
names = os.listdir(path)
except os.error, err:
onerror(os.listdir, path, sys.exc_info())
for name in names:
fullname = os.path.join(path, name)
try:
mode = os.lstat(fullname).st_mode
except os.error:
mode = 0
if stat.S_ISDIR(mode):
rmtree(fullname, ignore_errors, onerror)
else:
try:
os.remove(fullname)
except os.error, err:
onerror(os.remove, fullname, sys.exc_info())
try:
os.rmdir(path)
except os.error:
onerror(os.rmdir, path, sys.exc_info())
shutil.move(src, dst)
递归的去移动文件
def move(src, dst):
"""Recursively move a file or directory to another location. This is
similar to the Unix "mv" command.
If the destination is a directory or a symlink to a directory, the source
is moved inside the directory. The destination path must not already
exist.
If the destination already exists but is not a directory, it may be
overwritten depending on os.rename() semantics.
If the destination is on our current filesystem, then rename() is used.
Otherwise, src is copied to the destination and then removed.
A lot more could be done here... A look at a mv.c shows a lot of
the issues this implementation glosses over.
"""
real_dst = dst
if os.path.isdir(dst):
if _samefile(src, dst):
# We might be on a case insensitive filesystem,
# perform the rename anyway.
os.rename(src, dst)
return
real_dst = os.path.join(dst, _basename(src))
if os.path.exists(real_dst):
raise Error, "Destination path \'%s\' already exists" % real_dst
try:
os.rename(src, real_dst)
except OSError:
if os.path.isdir(src):
if _destinsrc(src, dst):
raise Error, "Cannot move a directory \'%s\' into itself \'%s\'." % (src, dst)
copytree(src, real_dst, symlinks=True)
rmtree(src)
else:
copy2(src, real_dst)
os.unlink(src)
shutil.make_archive(base_name, format,...)
创建压缩包并返回文件路径,例如:zip、tar
- base_name: 压缩包的文件名,也可以是压缩包的路径。只是文件名时,则保存至当前目录,否则保存至指定路径,
如:www =>保存至当前路径
如:/Users/wupeiqi/www =>保存至/Users/wupeiqi/ - format: 压缩包种类,“zip”, “tar”, “bztar”,“gztar”
- root_dir: 要压缩的文件夹路径(默认当前目录)
- owner: 用户,默认当前用户
- group: 组,默认当前组
- logger: 用于记录日志,通常是logging.Logger对象
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#将 /Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test 下的文件打包放置当前程序目录
import shutil ret = shutil.make_archive("wwwwwwwwww", \'gztar\', root_dir=\'/Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test\')
#将 /Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test 下的文件打包放置 /Users/wupeiqi/目录 import shutil ret = shutil.make_archive("/Users/wupeiqi/wwwwwwwwww", \'gztar\', root_dir=\'/Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test\') |
shutil 对压缩包的处理是调用 ZipFile 和 TarFile 两个模块来进行的,详细:
七、ConfigParser
用于对特定的配置进行操作,当前模块的名称在 python 3.x 版本中变更为 configparser。
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# 注释1 ; 注释2
[section1] k1 = v1 k2:v2
[section2] k1 = v1 |
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import ConfigParser
config = ConfigParser.ConfigParser() config.read(\'i.cfg\')
# ########## 读 ########## #secs = config.sections() #print secs #options = config.options(\'group2\') #print options
#item_list = config.items(\'group2\') #print item_list
#val = config.get(\'group1\',\'key\') #val = config.getint(\'group1\',\'key\')
# ########## 改写 ########## #sec = config.remove_section(\'group1\') #config.write(open(\'i.cfg\', "w"))
#sec = config.has_section(\'wupeiqi\') #sec = config.add_section(\'wupeiqi\') #config.write(open(\'i.cfg\', "w"))
#config.set(\'group2\',\'k1\',11111) #config.write(open(\'i.cfg\', "w"))
#config.remove_option(\'group2\',\'age\') #config.write(open(\'i.cfg\', "w")) |
八、logging
用于便捷记录日志且线程安全的模块
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import logging
logging.basicConfig(filename=\'log.log\', format=\'%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s -%(module)s: %(message)s\', datefmt=\'%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %p\', level=10)
logging.debug(\'debug\') logging.info(\'info\') logging.warning(\'warning\') logging.error(\'error\') logging.critical(\'critical\') logging.log(10,\'log\') |
对于等级:
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CRITICAL = 50 FATAL = CRITICAL ERROR = 40 WARNING = 30 WARN = WARNING INFO = 20 DEBUG = 10 NOTSET = 0 |
只有大于当前日志等级的操作才会被记录。
对于格式,有如下属性可是配置:
九、time
时间相关的操作,时间有三种表示方式:
- 时间戳 1970年1月1日之后的秒,即:time.time()
- 格式化的字符串 2014-11-11 11:11, 即:time.strftime(\'%Y-%m-%d\')
- 结构化时间 元组包含了:年、日、星期等... time.struct_time 即:time.localtime()
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print time.time() print time.mktime(time.localtime())
print time.gmtime() #可加时间戳参数 print time.localtime() #可加时间戳参数 print time.strptime(\'2014-11-11\', \'%Y-%m-%d\')
print time.strftime(\'%Y-%m-%d\') #默认当前时间 print time.strftime(\'%Y-%m-%d\',time.localtime()) #默认当前时间 print time.asctime() print time.asctime(time.localtime()) print time.ctime(time.time())
import datetime \'\'\' datetime.date:表示日期的类。常用的属性有year, month, day datetime.time:表示时间的类。常用的属性有hour, minute, second, microsecond datetime.datetime:表示日期时间 datetime.timedelta:表示时间间隔,即两个时间点之间的长度 timedelta([days[, seconds[, microseconds[, milliseconds[, minutes[, hours[, weeks]]]]]]]) strftime("%Y-%m-%d") \'\'\' import datetime print datetime.datetime.now() print datetime.datetime.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=5) |
十、re
re模块用于对python的正则表达式的操作。
字符:
. 匹配除换行符以外的任意字符
\\w 匹配字母或数字或下划线或汉字
\\s 匹配任意的空白符
\\d 匹配数字
\\b 匹配单词的开始或结束
^ 匹配字符串的开始
$ 匹配字符串的结束
次数:
* 重复零次或更多次
+ 重复一次或更多次
? 重复零次或一次
{n} 重复n次
{n,} 重复n次或更多次
{n,m} 重复n到m次
IP:
^(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\\d|[0-1]?\\d?\\d)(\\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\\d|[0-1]?\\d?\\d)){3}$
手机号:
^1[3|4|5|8][0-9]\\d{8}$
1、match(pattern, string, flags=0)
从起始位置开始根据模型去字符串中匹配指定内容,匹配单个
- 正则表达式
- 要匹配的字符串
- 标志位,用于控制正则表达式的匹配方式
import re
obj = re.match(\'\\d+\', \'123uuasf\')
if obj:
print obj.group()
# flags
I = IGNORECASE = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE # ignore case
L = LOCALE = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_LOCALE # assume current 8-bit locale
U = UNICODE = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_UNICODE # assume unicode locale
M = MULTILINE = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_MULTILINE # make anchors look for newline
S = DOTALL = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_DOTALL # make dot match newline
X = VERBOSE = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_VERBOSE # ignore whitespace and comments
2、search(pattern, string, flags=0)
根据模型去字符串中匹配指定内容,匹配单个
import re
obj = re.search(\'\\d+\', \'u123uu888asf\')
if obj:
print obj.group()
3、group和groups
a = "123abc456"
print re.search("([0-9]*)([a-z]*)([0-9]*)", a).group()
print re.search("([0-9]*)([a-z]*)([0-9]*)", a).group(0)
print re.search("([0-9]*)([a-z]*)([0-9]*)", a).group(1)
print re.search("([0-9]*)([a-z]*)([0-9]*)", a).group(2)
print re.search("([0-9]*)([a-z]*)([0-9]*)", a).groups()
4、findall(pattern, string, flags=0)
上述两中方式均用于匹配单值,即:只能匹配字符串中的一个,如果想要匹配到字符串中所有符合条件的元素,则需要使用 findall。
import re
obj = re.findall(\'\\d+\', \'fa123uu888asf\')
print obj
5、sub(pattern, repl, string, count=0, flags=0)
用于替换匹配的字符串
content = "123abc456"
new_content = re.sub(\'\\d+\', \'sb\', content)
# new_content = re.sub(\'\\d+\', \'sb\', content, 1)
print new_content
相比于str.replace功能更加强大
6、split(pattern, string, maxsplit=0, flags=0)
根据指定匹配进行分组
content = "\'1 - 2 * ((60-30+1*(9-2*5/3+7/3*99/4*2998+10*568/14))-(-4*3)/(16-3*2) )\'"
new_content = re.split(\'\\*\', content)
# new_content = re.split(\'\\*\', content, 1)
print new_content
content = "\'1 - 2 * ((60-30+1*(9-2*5/3+7/3*99/4*2998+10*568/14))-(-4*3)/(16-3*2) )\'"
new_content = re.split(\'[\\+\\-\\*\\/]+\', content)
# new_content = re.split(\'\\*\', content, 1)
print new_content
inpp = \'1-2*((60-30 +(-40-5)*(9-2*5/3 + 7 /3*99/4*2998 +10 * 568/14 )) - (-4*3)/ (16-3*2))\'
inpp = re.sub(\'\\s*\',\'\',inpp)
new_content = re.split(\'\\(([\\+\\-\\*\\/]?\\d+[\\+\\-\\*\\/]?\\d+){1}\\)\', inpp, 1)
print new_content
相比于str.split更加强大
实例:计算器源码
十一、random
随机数
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mport random print random.random() print random.randint(1,2) print random.randrange(1,10) |
随机验证码实例:
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import random 以上是关于python day6的主要内容,如果未能解决你的问题,请参考以下文章 |