python爬虫-代理池的维护
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简介
我们可以从网上或者付费获取大量代理，但是这其中很多依然不可用，那么搭建高效的代理池，对代理ip进行筛选是十分必要的
准备工作：
安装Redis数据库，还需要安装aiohttp、requests、redis-py、pyquery、Flask库，安装流程请百度自行查询
由于文件内容较多，所以就不一一讲解了，直接创建一个Python Package模块包，下次直接调用
创建一个Python Package包，取名为proxypool
一.创建一个setting.py文件，用于存放配置信息。代码如下：
# Redis数据库地址 REDIS_HOST = ‘127.0.0.1‘ # Redis端口 REDIS_PORT = 6379 # Redis密码，如无填None REDIS_PASSWORD = None REDIS_KEY = ‘proxies‘ # 代理分数 MAX_SCORE = 100 MIN_SCORE = 0 INITIAL_SCORE = 10 VALID_STATUS_CODES = [200, 302] # 代理池数量界限 POOL_UPPER_THRESHOLD = 50000 # 检查周期 TESTER_CYCLE = 20 # 获取周期 GETTER_CYCLE = 300 # 测试API，建议抓哪个网站测哪个 TEST_URL = ‘http://www.baidu.com‘ # API配置 API_HOST = ‘0.0.0.0‘ API_PORT = 5555
二.创建error.py文件，处理代理池枯竭情况
class PoolEmptyError(Exception): def __init__(self): Exception.__init__(self) def __str__(self): return repr(‘代理池已经枯竭‘)
三.创建存储模块，用于进行代理ip的存储，删除，更新等等操作
import redis from proxypool.error import PoolEmptyError from proxypool.setting import REDIS_HOST, REDIS_PORT, REDIS_PASSWORD, REDIS_KEY from proxypool.setting import MAX_SCORE, MIN_SCORE, INITIAL_SCORE from random import choice import re class RedisClient(object): def __init__(self, host=REDIS_HOST, port=REDIS_PORT, password=REDIS_PASSWORD): """ 初始化 :param host: Redis 地址 :param port: Redis 端口 :param password: Redis密码 """ self.db = redis.StrictRedis(host=host, port=port, password=password, decode_responses=True) def add(self, proxy, score=INITIAL_SCORE): """ 添加代理，设置分数为最高 :param proxy: 代理 :param score: 分数 :return: 添加结果 """ if not re.match(‘\d+\.\d+\.\d+\.\d+\:\d+‘, proxy): print(‘代理不符合规范‘, proxy, ‘丢弃‘) return if not self.db.zscore(REDIS_KEY, proxy): return self.db.zadd(REDIS_KEY, score, proxy) def random(self): """ 随机获取有效代理，首先尝试获取最高分数代理，如果不存在，按照排名获取，否则异常 :return: 随机代理 """ result = self.db.zrangebyscore(REDIS_KEY, MAX_SCORE, MAX_SCORE) if len(result): return choice(result) else: result = self.db.zrevrange(REDIS_KEY, 0, 100) if len(result): return choice(result) else: raise PoolEmptyError def decrease(self, proxy): """ 代理值减一分，小于最小值则删除 :param proxy: 代理 :return: 修改后的代理分数 """ score = self.db.zscore(REDIS_KEY, proxy) if score and score > MIN_SCORE: print(‘代理‘, proxy, ‘当前分数‘, score, ‘减1‘) return self.db.zincrby(REDIS_KEY, proxy, -1) else: print(‘代理‘, proxy, ‘当前分数‘, score, ‘移除‘) return self.db.zrem(REDIS_KEY, proxy) def exists(self, proxy): """ 判断是否存在 :param proxy: 代理 :return: 是否存在 """ return not self.db.zscore(REDIS_KEY, proxy) == None def max(self, proxy): """ 将代理设置为MAX_SCORE :param proxy: 代理 :return: 设置结果 """ print(‘代理‘, proxy, ‘可用，设置为‘, MAX_SCORE) return self.db.zadd(REDIS_KEY, MAX_SCORE, proxy) def count(self): """ 获取数量 :return: 数量 """ return self.db.zcard(REDIS_KEY) def all(self): """ 获取全部代理 :return: 全部代理列表 """ return self.db.zrangebyscore(REDIS_KEY, MIN_SCORE, MAX_SCORE) def batch(self, start, stop): """ 批量获取 :param start: 开始索引 :param stop: 结束索引 :return: 代理列表 """ return self.db.zrevrange(REDIS_KEY, start, stop - 1) if __name__ == ‘__main__‘: conn = RedisClient() result = conn.batch(680, 688) print(result)
四.创建一个importer.py文件，用于录入ip代理：
from proxypool.db import RedisClient conn = RedisClient() def set(proxy): result = conn.add(proxy) print(proxy) print(‘录入成功‘ if result else ‘录入失败‘) def scan(): print(‘请输入代理, 输入exit退出读入‘) while True: proxy = input() if proxy == ‘exit‘: break set(proxy) if __name__ == ‘__main__‘: scan()
五.创建utils.py文件,用于抓取网页，代码如下：
import requests from requests.exceptions import ConnectionError base_headers = ‘User-Agent‘: ‘Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (Khtml, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.71 Safari/537.36‘, ‘Accept-Encoding‘: ‘gzip, deflate, sdch‘, ‘Accept-Language‘: ‘en-US,en;q=0.9,zh-CN;q=0.8,zh;q=0.7‘ def get_page(url, options=): """ 抓取代理 :param url: :param options: :return: """ headers = dict(base_headers, **options) print(‘正在抓取‘, url) try: response = requests.get(url, headers=headers) print(‘抓取成功‘, url, response.status_code) if response.status_code == 200: return response.text except ConnectionError: print(‘抓取失败‘, url) return None
六.获取模块，创建crawler.py文件，用于从各大网站抓取代理
import json import re from .utils import get_page from pyquery import PyQuery as pq class ProxyMetaclass(type): def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs): count = 0 attrs[‘__CrawlFunc__‘] = [] for k, v in attrs.items(): if ‘crawl_‘ in k: attrs[‘__CrawlFunc__‘].append(k) count += 1 attrs[‘__CrawlFuncCount__‘] = count return type.__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs) class Crawler(object, metaclass=ProxyMetaclass): def get_proxies(self, callback): proxies = [] for proxy in eval("self.()".format(callback)): print(‘成功获取到代理‘, proxy) proxies.append(proxy) return proxies def crawl_daili66(self, page_count=4): """ 获取代理66 :param page_count: 页码 :return: 代理 """ start_url = ‘http://www.66ip.cn/.html‘ urls = [start_url.format(page) for page in range(1, page_count + 1)] for url in urls: print(‘Crawling‘, url) html = get_page(url) if html: doc = pq(html) trs = doc(‘.containerbox table tr:gt(0)‘).items() for tr in trs: ip = tr.find(‘td:nth-child(1)‘).text() port = tr.find(‘td:nth-child(2)‘).text() yield ‘:‘.join([ip, port]) def crawl_ip3366(self): for page in range(1, 4): start_url = ‘http://www.ip3366.net/free/?stype=1&page=‘.format(page) html = get_page(start_url) ip_address = re.compile(‘<tr>\s*<td>(.*?)</td>\s*<td>(.*?)</td>‘) # \s * 匹配空格，起到换行作用 re_ip_address = ip_address.findall(html) for address, port in re_ip_address: result = address + ‘:‘ + port yield result.replace(‘ ‘, ‘‘) def crawl_kuaidaili(self): for i in range(1, 4): start_url = ‘http://www.kuaidaili.com/free/inha//‘.format(i) html = get_page(start_url) if html: ip_address = re.compile(‘<td data-title="IP">(.*?)</td>‘) re_ip_address = ip_address.findall(html) port = re.compile(‘<td data-title="PORT">(.*?)</td>‘) re_port = port.findall(html) for address, port in zip(re_ip_address, re_port): address_port = address + ‘:‘ + port yield address_port.replace(‘ ‘, ‘‘) def crawl_xicidaili(self): for i in range(1, 3): start_url = ‘http://www.xicidaili.com/nn/‘.format(i) headers = ‘Accept‘: ‘text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8‘, ‘Cookie‘: ‘_free_proxy_session=BAh7B0kiD3Nlc3Npb25faWQGOgZFVEkiJWRjYzc5MmM1MTBiMDMzYTUzNTZjNzA4NjBhNWRjZjliBjsAVEkiEF9jc3JmX3Rva2VuBjsARkkiMUp6S2tXT3g5a0FCT01ndzlmWWZqRVJNek1WanRuUDBCbTJUN21GMTBKd3M9BjsARg%3D%3D--2a69429cb2115c6a0cc9a86e0ebe2800c0d471b3‘, ‘Host‘: ‘www.xicidaili.com‘, ‘Referer‘: ‘http://www.xicidaili.com/nn/3‘, ‘Upgrade-Insecure-Requests‘: ‘1‘, html = get_page(start_url, options=headers) if html: find_trs = re.compile(‘<tr class.*?>(.*?)</tr>‘, re.S) trs = find_trs.findall(html) for tr in trs: find_ip = re.compile(‘<td>(\d+\.\d+\.\d+\.\d+)</td>‘) re_ip_address = find_ip.findall(tr) find_port = re.compile(‘<td>(\d+)</td>‘) re_port = find_port.findall(tr) for address, port in zip(re_ip_address, re_port): address_port = address + ‘:‘ + port yield address_port.replace(‘ ‘, ‘‘) def crawl_ip3366(self): for i in range(1, 4): start_url = ‘http://www.ip3366.net/?stype=1&page=‘.format(i) html = get_page(start_url) if html: find_tr = re.compile(‘<tr>(.*?)</tr>‘, re.S) trs = find_tr.findall(html) for s in range(1, len(trs)): find_ip = re.compile(‘<td>(\d+\.\d+\.\d+\.\d+)</td>‘) re_ip_address = find_ip.findall(trs[s]) find_port = re.compile(‘<td>(\d+)</td>‘) re_port = find_port.findall(trs[s]) for address, port in zip(re_ip_address, re_port): address_port = address + ‘:‘ + port yield address_port.replace(‘ ‘, ‘‘) def crawl_iphai(self): start_url = ‘http://www.iphai.com/‘ html = get_page(start_url) if html: find_tr = re.compile(‘<tr>(.*?)</tr>‘, re.S) trs = find_tr.findall(html) for s in range(1, len(trs)): find_ip = re.compile(‘<td>\s+(\d+\.\d+\.\d+\.\d+)\s+</td>‘, re.S) re_ip_address = find_ip.findall(trs[s]) find_port = re.compile(‘<td>\s+(\d+)\s+</td>‘, re.S) re_port = find_port.findall(trs[s]) for address, port in zip(re_ip_address, re_port): address_port = address + ‘:‘ + port yield address_port.replace(‘ ‘, ‘‘) def crawl_data5u(self): start_url = ‘http://www.data5u.com/free/gngn/index.shtml‘ headers = ‘Accept‘: ‘text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8‘, ‘Accept-Encoding‘: ‘gzip, deflate‘, ‘Accept-Language‘: ‘en-US,en;q=0.9,zh-CN;q=0.8,zh;q=0.7‘, ‘Cache-Control‘: ‘max-age=0‘, ‘Connection‘: ‘keep-alive‘, ‘Cookie‘: ‘JSESSIONID=47AA0C887112A2D83EE040405F837A86‘, ‘Host‘: ‘www.data5u.com‘, ‘Referer‘: ‘http://www.data5u.com/free/index.shtml‘, ‘Upgrade-Insecure-Requests‘: ‘1‘, ‘User-Agent‘: ‘Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_13_1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.108 Safari/537.36‘, html = get_page(start_url, options=headers) if html: ip_address = re.compile(‘<span><li>(\d+\.\d+\.\d+\.\d+)</li>.*?<li class=\"port.*?>(\d+)</li>‘, re.S) re_ip_address = ip_address.findall(html) for address, port in re_ip_address: result = address + ‘:‘ + port yield result.replace(‘ ‘, ‘‘)
七.创建getter.py文件，用于动态的调用所有以crawl开头的方法，获取抓取到的代理，存储到数据库中
from proxypool.tester import Tester from proxypool.db import RedisClient from proxypool.crawler import Crawler from proxypool.setting import * import sys class Getter(): def __init__(self): self.redis = RedisClient() self.crawler = Crawler() def is_over_threshold(self): """ 判断是否达到了代理池限制 """ if self.redis.count() >= POOL_UPPER_THRESHOLD: return True else: return False def run(self): print(‘获取器开始执行‘) if not self.is_over_threshold(): for callback_label in range(self.crawler.__CrawlFuncCount__): callback = self.crawler.__CrawlFunc__[callback_label] # 获取代理 proxies = self.crawler.get_proxies(callback) sys.stdout.flush() for proxy in proxies: self.redis.add(proxy)
八.检测模块：创建tester.py文件，测试ip代理
import asyncio import aiohttp import time import sys try: from aiohttp import ClientError except: from aiohttp import ClientProxyConnectionError as ProxyConnectionError from proxypool.db import RedisClient from proxypool.setting import * class Tester(object): def __init__(self): self.redis = RedisClient() async def test_single_proxy(self, proxy): """ 测试单个代理 :param proxy: :return: """ conn = aiohttp.TCPConnector(verify_ssl=False) async with aiohttp.ClientSession(connector=conn) as session: try: if isinstance(proxy, bytes): proxy = proxy.decode(‘utf-8‘) real_proxy = ‘http://‘ + proxy print(‘正在测试‘, proxy) async with session.get(TEST_URL, proxy=real_proxy, timeout=15, allow_redirects=False) as response: if response.status in VALID_STATUS_CODES: self.redis.max(proxy) print(‘代理可用‘, proxy) else: self.redis.decrease(proxy) print(‘请求响应码不合法 ‘, response.status, ‘IP‘, proxy) except (ClientError, aiohttp.client_exceptions.ClientConnectorError, asyncio.TimeoutError, AttributeError): self.redis.decrease(proxy) print(‘代理请求失败‘, proxy) def run(self): """ 测试主函数 :return: """ print(‘测试器开始运行‘) try: count = self.redis.count() print(‘当前剩余‘, count, ‘个代理‘) for i in range(0, count, BATCH_TEST_SIZE): start = i stop = min(i + BATCH_TEST_SIZE, count) print(‘正在测试第‘, start + 1, ‘-‘, stop, ‘个代理‘) test_proxies = self.redis.batch(start, stop) loop = asyncio.get_event_loop() tasks = [self.test_single_proxy(proxy) for proxy in test_proxies] loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.wait(tasks)) sys.stdout.flush() time.sleep(5) except Exception as e: print(‘测试器发生错误‘, e.args)
九.接口模块：用于对接数据库，创建api.py文件
from flask import Flask, g from .db import RedisClient __all__ = [‘app‘] app = Flask(__name__) def get_conn(): if not hasattr(g, ‘redis‘): g.redis = RedisClient() return g.redis @app.route(‘/‘) def index(): return ‘<h2>Welcome to Proxy Pool System</h2>‘ @app.route(‘/random‘) def get_proxy(): """ Get a proxy :return: 随机代理 """ conn = get_conn() return conn.random() @app.route(‘/count‘) def get_counts(): """ Get the count of proxies :return: 代理池总量 """ conn = get_conn() return str(conn.count()) if __name__ == ‘__main__‘: app.run()
十.调度模块：将以上三大模块通过多进程的形式运行起来，创建scheduler.py文件
import time from multiprocessing import Process from proxypool.api import app from proxypool.getter import Getter from proxypool.tester import Tester from proxypool.db import RedisClient from proxypool.setting import * class Scheduler(): def schedule_tester(self, cycle=TESTER_CYCLE): """ 定时测试代理 """ tester = Tester() while True: print(‘测试器开始运行‘) tester.run() time.sleep(cycle) def schedule_getter(self, cycle=GETTER_CYCLE): """ 定时获取代理 """ getter = Getter() while True: print(‘开始抓取代理‘) getter.run() time.sleep(cycle) def schedule_api(self): """ 开启API """ app.run(API_HOST, API_PORT) def run(self): print(‘代理池开始运行‘) if TESTER_ENABLED: tester_process = Process(target=self.schedule_tester) tester_process.start() if GETTER_ENABLED: getter_process = Process(target=self.schedule_getter) getter_process.start() if API_ENABLED: api_process = Process(target=self.schedule_api) api_process.start()
运行
调用scheduler的run()方法就能启动整个代理池
然后打开浏览器http://127.0.0.1:5555可以看到首页
访问http://127.0.0.1:5555/random,可以获得随机可用代理
获取代码如下，并且使用网站http://httpbin.org/get进行模拟操作
import requests PROXY_POOL_URL = "http://127.0.0.1:5555/random" def get_proxy(): try: response = requests.get(PROXY_POOL_URL) if response.status_code == 200: return response.text except requests.exceptions.ConnectionError: #print("没有获取到代理ip，请检查代理池内部") return None #--------------------------------------------------------- proxy = get_proxy() proxies = "http":"http://"+proxy, "https":"https://"+proxy, try: response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get",proxies=proxies) print(response.text) except requests.exceptions.ConnectionError as e: print("Error",e.args)
付费代理
不同的付费代理各不相同，但是基本规则相差不大，比较常见的有讯代理，阿布云代理，大象代理等等
下面以大象代理为例，获取到代理接口链接，可以直接使用其中的代理ip，也可以将其放入代理池进行检验，放到crawler.py中，下次只需要重新添加链接即可使用
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