kubernetes实践指南

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一、Docker相关内容
二、Kubernets简介
三、kuadm安装k8s

一、Docker相关内容

1、Docker工具集

Docker三剑客：Compse、swarm、machine

    docker compose：适用于单机，容器编排定义
    docker swarm：对所有Docker宿主机资源整合，集群管理
    docker machine：初始化Docker环境，跨平台支持

mesos+marathon
mesos：主机资源整合分配调度管理工具的框架
marathon：基于Mesos的私有PaaS
kubernets:

2、Compse

Docker_Compse: https://docs.docker.com/compose/overview/
Compose定义的Yaml格式资源定义

version: ‘3‘
services:
  web:
    build: .
    ports:
    - "5000:5000"
    volumes:
    - .:/code
    - logvolume01:/var/log
    links:
    - redis
  redis:
    image: redis
volumes:
  logvolume01:

3、CI、CD&CD

CI：持续集成Continnuous Intergration //Dev提交代码->测试->通过[合并主线到代码仓库]
CD：持续交付Continnuous Delivery //将应用发布出去（灰度） 目的是最小化部署或发布过程中团队固有的摩擦
CD：持续部署Continnuous Deployment //一种更高程度的自动化，无论何时代码有较大改动，都会自动进行构建／部署
图1
技术图片

二、Kubernets简介

kubernets为多个主机资源整合，提供一个统一的资源管理、调度
k8s为Google内部Borg的翻版，CoreOS被RedHat收购
官网介绍：https://kubernetes.io/zh/docs/

1、k8s特性：

1）自动装箱、自我修复，水平扩展，服务发现和负载均衡，自动发布和回滚
2）密钥和配置管理
之前是基于原生file文件修改配置，最好是基于环境变量修改 //entrypoint 脚本(用户传递的环境变量替换到配置文件中)
镜像启动时，动态加载配置信息 //
假如要修改一个配置 //ansible推送 或者 应用程序的配置信息保存在配置服务器上，启动时加载(修改只需要修改配置服务器即可)
3）存储编排、任务批量处理

2、集群模型：

有中心节点 //master+多slave,k8s:一般三个master(HA),其他都是node
无中心节点 //任何一个shard，都可以接受请求，并路由到其他节点

控制器：监控容器状态->有控制器管理器->控制器管理器(冗余HA)
Controller manager:监控每一个控制器的健康，Controller manager自身做冗余

3、组件

  • Master:集群控制节点，一般建议3HA
    API Server：集群内增删改查的入口
    Scheduler：调度Pod
    Controller-Manager：所有资源对象的自动化控制中心（大总管）
  • Node:(也被称作Minion)，实际的工作节点
    kubelet: 负责Pod的创建，启动等；并且与Master节点密切协作，实现集群管理（向master注册自己，周期汇报自身情况）
    kube-proxy:实现Kubernets Service的通信与负载均衡机制
    docker:Docker引擎
  • Pod: Pod是容器的外壳，对容器的封装，k8s最小的调度单位
    pod内放容器，一个pod内可以包含多个容器;
    pod内容器共享网络名称空间 //net ,ups,ipc空间 uer ,mnt和pid是隔离的
    volume属于pod，不再属于同一个容器;一个pod内的所有容器，只能运行在同一个node上
    一般一个pod内只放一个容器, 如果需要一个pod内放置多个容器，一般是有一个主的，其他的是slave的
    为了方便Pod管理，可以为pod打上标签(label,key/value格式) ; label selector :标签选择器

  • Label:
    对各种资源对象添加的属性（可以对Pod,Node,Service,RC等添加）
    Label Selector:实现复杂的条件选择，类似于sql的where查询
    kube-controller进程通过Service定义的Label Selector监控Pod副本个数
    kube-proxy通过Service的label selector选择对应的Pod

  • Replicatin Controller：一个期望的场景
    Pod期待的副本数
    用于筛选目标的Pod的Label selector
    当Pod的数量小于预期数量时，用于创建新的Pod的Pode模板
    kubernetes v1.2后升级修改名称为Replica Sets(下一代的RC)

  • Deployment: 解决Pod编排问题
    内部使用Replication Set来实现
    对无状态Pod集合管理
    和RC功能非常接近

  • Horizontal Pod Autoscaler:(HPA)
    HPA:自动根据流量、负载等，自动扩缩容

  • StatefulSet:
    Pod的管理对象：RC，Deploymnet、DaemonSet、Job都是无状态的。
    有状态服务特点：
    1）每个节点有固定的身份ID，集群中的成员需要相互发现和通信，例如mysql、zk等
    2）集群规模固定，不能随意变动
    3）每个节点都是有状态的，通常会持久化数据到永久存储中
    4）如果磁盘损坏，则集群的某个节点无法正常运行，集群功能受损
    Statefuleset从本质上来说和Deployment/RC一样，但是具有以下特点：
    StatefulSet中的每个Pod都有稳定的、唯一的网络标识，用来发现集群内的其他成员；示例pod1的StatefuleSet名称为(mq-0),第二个为mq-1,第三个为mq-2
    StatefulSet中容器的启停顺序是受控的，操作第n个时，前n-1个Pod已经启动
    StatefulSet中的每个Pod采用稳定的持久化存储卷，通过PV/PVC来实现，删除Pod时默认不会删除 StatefulSet相关的存储卷
    还要与Headless Service结合使用，格式为：$podname.$headless service name

  • Service：服务，也称为微服务
    前端应用->[label selector]--->[Pod1(label=bk1)],[Pod2(label=bk1],[],[]...
    kube-proxy,负责接收Service的请求兵转发到后端Pod实例上，内部实现负载均衡和会话保持
    k8s在此基础上提升：使用Cluster IP解决TCP网络通信问题
    kubectl get endpoints;获取容器暴露端口

  • Job
    控制一组Pod去完成类似于批处理的任务，其中每个Docker只运行一次，当Job控制的所有Pod副本都运行结束时，对应的Job也就结束了
    k8s在1.5version之后提供了CronJob来实现定时反复执行的能力

  • Persistent Volume:
    Volume: Pod中能够被多个容器访问的共享目录，支持Ceph、ClusterFS等分布式文件系统
    Persistent Volume(PV)&Persistent Volume Chain(PVC)：网络存储，并且支持读写权限隔离

  • Namespace:
    实现多租户的资源隔离，默认namespace为defaut
    kubectl get namespaces

  • Annotation:
    注解和Label类似，key/value形式定义;Label具有更严格的命名规则，定义的对象为元数据，Annotation则是用户任意定义的附加信息

  • configMap
    配置信息key/value，存储在etcd数据库中，然后提供API方便k8s相关组件或客户应用CRUD操作这些数据

  • 其他相关概念
    etcd:存储Master数据信息，类zookeeper，需要HA
    CNI(Conteinre Network Interface) 是 google 和 CoreOS 主导制定的容器网络标准
    图4:
    技术图片
    这个协议连接了两个组件：容器管理系统和网络插件。它们之间通过 JSON 格式的文件进行通信，实现容器的网络功能。具体的事情都是插件来实现的，包括：创建容器网络空间（network namespace）、把网络接口（interface）放到对应的网络空间、给网络接口分配 IP 等等。
    flannel:支持网络配置，不支持网络策略，简单
    calico:网络配置、网络策略，较为复杂
    canel:集合flannel和calico
    Docker公司提供 CNM 标准。目前 CNM 只能使用在 docker 中，CNI应用场景更广
    图6
    技术图片
    有兴趣的可以了解下

* K8s网络 8
Pod级别
多个Pod内部容器见通信:lo
各Pod间的通信：桥接、overlay network、
Service级别
Node级别
图2
技术图片
其他组件：https://github.com/kubernetes/

三、kuadm安装k8s

图3：
技术图片

安装方式1：使用进程方式，接受systemctl管控（比较繁琐）
安装方式2：使用kubeadm方式，所有节点都安装docker和kubelet，k8s的管控节点也运行为Pod
controller-manager,scheduler,apiserver,etcd
kube-proxy,kubelet,flannel都要运行为Pod

1、实验环境：

============================
主机ip    主机名 主机配置
192.168.170.135 master  (2c2g)
192.168.170.137 node1   (2c2g)
192.168.170.139 node2   (2c2g)
============================

2、基础环境准备(所有节点都要安装)

1)hostnamectl set-hostname $hostname //设置主机名
2)设置hosts

[[email protected] ~]# cat /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1   localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
::1         localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
192.168.170.135 matser
192.168.170.137 node1
192.168.170.139 node2

3)关闭iptable和SELinux

systemctl stop fireward;systemctl disbale fireward
setenforce 0;sed -i ‘[email protected]=.*@[email protected]‘  /etc/selinux/config

4)关闭swap 

swapoff -a;sed -i ‘s/.*swap.*/#&/‘ /etc/fstab

5)配置yum
kubernets源

[kubernetes]
name=Kubernetes
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-x86_64/
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
repo_gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/yum-key.gpg https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/rpm-package-key.gpg
Docker源：
wget https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo -O /etc/yum.repos.d/docker-ce.repo

6)安装工具

yum install docker 
yum -y install  kubelet kubeadm kubectl --disableexcludes=kubernetes
systemctl enable docker //node1和node2;Kubelet负责与其他节点集群通信，并进行本节点Pod和容器生命周期的管理

3、配置master

kubeadm config print init-defaults > /etc/kubernetes/init.default.yaml
cp init.default.yaml init-config.yaml并且修改init-config.yaml
示例：
[[email protected] kubernetes]# cat init-config.yaml 

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: ClusterConfiguration
imageRepository: registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers
kubernetesVersion: v1.14.0
networking:
  podSubnet: "192.168.3.0/24"

advertiseAddress:master机器ip
image-repository:镜像仓库，建议修改为registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers
service-cidr:服务发现地址
pod-network-cidr:pod网段
其他参数可自行设置

下载镜像

[[email protected] kubernetes]# kubeadm config images pull --config=/etc/kubernetes/init-config.yaml 
[config/images] Pulled registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-apiserver:v1.14.0
[config/images] Pulled registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-controller-manager:v1.14.0
[config/images] Pulled registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-scheduler:v1.14.0
[config/images] Pulled registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-proxy:v1.14.0
[config/images] Pulled registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/pause:3.1
[config/images] Pulled registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/etcd:3.3.10
[config/images] Pulled registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/coredns:1.3.1

[[email protected] kubernetes]# kubeadm init --config=init-config.yaml  
[[email protected] kubernetes]# kubeadm init --config=init-config.yaml 
[init] Using Kubernetes version: v1.14.0
[preflight] Running pre-flight checks
    [WARNING IsDockerSystemdCheck]: detected "cgroupfs" as the Docker cgroup driver. The recommended driver is "systemd". Please follow the guide at https://kubernetes.io/docs/setup/cri/
    [WARNING Hostname]: hostname "i" could not be reached
    [WARNING Hostname]: hostname "i": lookup i on 192.168.170.2:53: server misbehaving
error execution phase preflight: [preflight] Some fatal errors occurred:
    [ERROR DirAvailable--var-lib-etcd]: /var/lib/etcd is not empty
[preflight] If you know what you are doing, you can make a check non-fatal with `--ignore-preflight-errors=...`
[[email protected] kubernetes]# rm -rf /var/lib/etcd/
[[email protected] kubernetes]# kubeadm init --config=init-config.yaml 
[init] Using Kubernetes version: v1.14.0
[preflight] Running pre-flight checks
    [WARNING IsDockerSystemdCheck]: detected "cgroupfs" as the Docker cgroup driver. The recommended driver is "systemd". Please follow the guide at https://kubernetes.io/docs/setup/cri/
    [WARNING Hostname]: hostname "i" could not be reached
    [WARNING Hostname]: hostname "i": lookup i on 192.168.170.2:53: server misbehaving
[preflight] Pulling images required for setting up a Kubernetes cluster
[preflight] This might take a minute or two, depending on the speed of your internet connection
[preflight] You can also perform this action in beforehand using ‘kubeadm config images pull‘
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet environment file with flags to file "/var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env"
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet configuration to file "/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml"
[kubelet-start] Activating the kubelet service
[certs] Using certificateDir folder "/etc/kubernetes/pki"
[certs] Generating "front-proxy-ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "front-proxy-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "etcd/ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "apiserver-etcd-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "etcd/server" certificate and key
[certs] etcd/server serving cert is signed for DNS names [i localhost] and IPs [192.168.170.135 127.0.0.1 ::1]
[certs] Generating "etcd/healthcheck-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "etcd/peer" certificate and key
[certs] etcd/peer serving cert is signed for DNS names [i localhost] and IPs [192.168.170.135 127.0.0.1 ::1]
[certs] Generating "ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "apiserver" certificate and key
[certs] apiserver serving cert is signed for DNS names [i kubernetes kubernetes.default kubernetes.default.svc kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local] and IPs [10.96.0.1 192.168.170.135]
[certs] Generating "apiserver-kubelet-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "sa" key and public key
[kubeconfig] Using kubeconfig folder "/etc/kubernetes"
[kubeconfig] Writing "admin.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing "kubelet.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing "controller-manager.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing "scheduler.conf" kubeconfig file
[control-plane] Using manifest folder "/etc/kubernetes/manifests"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-apiserver"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-controller-manager"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-scheduler"
[etcd] Creating static Pod manifest for local etcd in "/etc/kubernetes/manifests"
[wait-control-plane] Waiting for the kubelet to boot up the control plane as static Pods from directory "/etc/kubernetes/manifests". This can take up to 4m0s
[apiclient] All control plane components are healthy after 29.511659 seconds
[upload-config] storing the configuration used in ConfigMap "kubeadm-config" in the "kube-system" Namespace
[kubelet] Creating a ConfigMap "kubelet-config-1.14" in namespace kube-system with the configuration for the kubelets in the cluster
[upload-certs] Skipping phase. Please see --experimental-upload-certs
[mark-control-plane] Marking the node i as control-plane by adding the label "node-role.kubernetes.io/master=‘‘"
[mark-control-plane] Marking the node i as control-plane by adding the taints [node-role.kubernetes.io/master:NoSchedule]
[bootstrap-token] Using token: ls1ey1.uf8m218idns3bjs8
[bootstrap-token] Configuring bootstrap tokens, cluster-info ConfigMap, RBAC Roles
[bootstrap-token] configured RBAC rules to allow Node Bootstrap tokens to post CSRs in order for nodes to get long term certificate credentials
[bootstrap-token] configured RBAC rules to allow the csrapprover controller automatically approve CSRs from a Node Bootstrap Token
[bootstrap-token] configured RBAC rules to allow certificate rotation for all node client certificates in the cluster
[bootstrap-token] creating the "cluster-info" ConfigMap in the "kube-public" namespace
[addons] Applied essential addon: CoreDNS
[addons] Applied essential addon: kube-proxy

Your Kubernetes control-plane has initialized successfully!

To start using your cluster, you need to run the following as a regular user:

  mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
  sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
  sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

You should now deploy a pod network to the cluster.
Run "kubectl apply -f [podnetwork].yaml" with one of the options listed at:
  https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/addons/

Then you can join any number of worker nodes by running the following on each as root:

kubeadm join 192.168.170.135:6443 --token ls1ey1.uf8m218idns3bjs8     --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:ef81ea9df5425aeb92ac34c08bb8a8646f82f50445cccdb6eff1e6c84aa00101

4、配置node

[[email protected] kubernetes]# kubeadm config print init-defaults &> ./init.default.yaml
[[email protected] kubernetes]# cp init.default.yaml init-config.yaml
[[email protected] kubernetes]# cat init-config.yaml  //修改后的配置
apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: JoinConfiguration
discovery:
  bootstrapToken:
    apiServerEndpoint: 192.168.170.135:6443
    token: ls1ey1.uf8m218idns3bjs8
    unsafeSkipCAVerification: true
  tlsBootstrapToken: ls1ey1.uf8m218idns3bjs8

[[email protected] kubernetes]# kubeadm join --config=init-config.yaml 
[preflight] Running pre-flight checks
    [WARNING IsDockerSystemdCheck]: detected "cgroupfs" as the Docker cgroup driver. The recommended driver is "systemd". Please follow the guide at https://kubernetes.io/docs/setup/cri/
[preflight] Reading configuration from the cluster...
[preflight] FYI: You can look at this config file with ‘kubectl -n kube-system get cm kubeadm-config -oyaml‘
[kubelet-start] Downloading configuration for the kubelet from the "kubelet-config-1.14" ConfigMap in the kube-system namespace
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet configuration to file "/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml"
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet environment file with flags to file "/var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env"
[kubelet-start] Activating the kubelet service
[kubelet-start] Waiting for the kubelet to perform the TLS Bootstrap...

This node has joined the cluster:
* Certificate signing request was sent to apiserver and a response was received.
* The Kubelet was informed of the new secure connection details.

Run ‘kubectl get nodes‘ on the control-plane to see this node join the cluster.

在node1和node2上分别做同样的操作

5、安装网络插件

[[email protected] kubernetes]# kubectl get nodes
NAME    STATUS     ROLES    AGE     VERSION
i       NotReady   master   13m     v1.14.3
node1   NotReady   <none>   4m46s   v1.14.3
node2   NotReady   <none>   74s     v1.14.3

[[email protected] kubernetes]# kubectl get cs
NAME                 STATUS    MESSAGE             ERROR
scheduler            Healthy   ok                  
controller-manager   Healthy   ok                  
etcd-0               Healthy   "health":"true"   

[[email protected] kubernetes]# kubectl apply -f   "https://cloud.weave.works/k8s/net?k8s-version=$(kubectl version |base64 |tr -d ‘\n‘)" 
serviceaccount/weave-net created
clusterrole.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/weave-net created
clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/weave-net created
role.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/weave-net created
rolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/weave-net created
daemonset.extensions/weave-net created

[[email protected] kubernetes]# kubectl get nodes --all-namespaces
NAME    STATUS   ROLES    AGE   VERSION
i       Ready    master   24m   v1.14.3
node1   Ready    <none>   15m   v1.14.3
node2   Ready    <none>   11m   v1.14.3
[[email protected] kubernetes]# kubectl get pods --all-namespaces
NAMESPACE     NAME                        READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
kube-system   coredns-8686dcc4fd-cvd7k    1/1     Running   0          24m
kube-system   coredns-8686dcc4fd-ntb22    1/1     Running   0          24m
kube-system   etcd-i                      1/1     Running   0          23m
kube-system   kube-apiserver-i            1/1     Running   0          23m
kube-system   kube-controller-manager-i   1/1     Running   0          23m
kube-system   kube-proxy-fvd2t            1/1     Running   0          15m
kube-system   kube-proxy-jcfvp            1/1     Running   0          24m
kube-system   kube-proxy-jr6lj            1/1     Running   0          12m
kube-system   kube-scheduler-i            1/1     Running   0          23m
kube-system   weave-net-bjmt2             2/2     Running   0          104s
kube-system   weave-net-kwg5l             2/2     Running   0          104s
kube-system   weave-net-v54m4             2/2     Running   0          104s

[[email protected] kubernetes]# kubectl --namespace=kube-system describe pod etcd-i  //如果发现pod状态问题，可查看错误原因

kubeadmin reset 可作用于主机恢复原状，然后重新执行kubeadm init再次安装

容器分布情况：
master:pause 8个、apiserver、controller、scheduler、kube-proxy、etcd、weave-npc、weave-kube、coredns
node1和node2:kube-proxy、kube-proxy(pause)、weave-npc、weave-kube、weave-kube(pause)

6、安装dashboard

wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/dashboard/v1.10.1/src/deploy/recommended/kubernetes-dashboard.yaml
[[email protected] kubernetes]# sed -i ‘s/k8s.gcr.io/loveone/g‘ kubernetes-dashboard.yaml
[[email protected] kubernetes]# sed -i "160a \ \ \ \ \ \ nodePort: 30001" kubernetes-dashboard.yaml
[[email protected] kubernetes]# sed -i "161a \ \ type:\ NodePort" kubernetes-dashboard.yaml
[[email protected] kubernetes]# kubectl create -f kubernetes-dashboard.yaml
[[email protected] kubernetes]# kubectl get deployment kubernetes-dashboard -n kube-system
[[email protected] kubernetes]# kubectl get pods -n kube-system -o wide
[[email protected] kubernetes]# kubectl get services -n kube-system
[[email protected] kubernetes]# netstat -ntlp|grep 30001

获取令牌：使用令牌方式登陆

[[email protected] kubernetes]# kubectl describe secrets -n kube-system $(kubectl -n kube-system get secret | awk ‘/dashboard-admin/print $1‘)

图5
技术图片

7、创建容器测试

[[email protected] kubernetes]# kubectl create deployment nginx --image=nginx
[[email protected] kubernetes]# kubectl expose deployment nginx --port=80 --type=NodePort
[[email protected] kubernetes]# kubectl get pod,svc
[[email protected] kubernetes]# kubectl get pods
NAME                     READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
nginx-65f88748fd-9tgtv   1/1     Running   0          4m19s

** 问题1：***

[[email protected] kubernetes]# docker  images
REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
centos              latest              49f7960eb7e4        12 months ago       200MB
swarm               latest              ff454b4a0e84        12 months ago       12.7MB
[[email protected] kubernetes]# docker rmi -f ff454b4a0e84 
Error: No such image: ff454b4a0e84

解决方法：

systemctl stop docker;rm -rf /var/lib/docker;systemctl start docker

参考链接：
Kubernets中文社区：https://www.kubernetes.org.cn/doc-16
Kubernets官网：https://kubernetes.io/zh/docs/
Kubernets Git：https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes
kuadm安装k8s：https://www.kubernetes.org.cn/5462.html
kubernetes下载链接：https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/releases

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