Python3简易接口自动化测试框架设计与实现 实例2
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目录
1、开发环境
2、用到的模块
3、框架设计 ?3.1、流程
3.2、项目结构
5、日志打印
6、接口请求类封装
7、Excel数据读取
7.1、读取配置文件
7.1、编写Excel操作类
8、用例组装
9、用例运行结果校验
10、运行用例
11 、小结
1、开发环境
操作系统：Ubuntu18
开发工具：IDEA+PyCharm插件
Python版本：3.6
2、用到的模块
requests：用于发送请求
xlrd：操作Excel，组织测试用例
smtplib，email：发送测试报告
logging：日志追踪
json：数据格式化
Django：接口开发
configparser：读取配置文件
3、框架设计
3.1、流程
接口用例是通过Excel来组织的，定义了URL，Request Body等列。执行流程如下：
使用xlrd工具读取Excel中的信息，拼接成一个个完整的请求。
接口请求类拿到一个个完整的请求的去执行，这个过程需要记录日志，每一次执行情况都要有迹可循。
回填测试结果，发送邮件，归档每次的运行结果。更好一点的做法是把历史运行情况做个报表，更直观。
优点：
用例通过Excel来组织，不需要编写代码，上手难度小。
在用例个数不是很多的情况，开发速度快。
缺点：
用例依赖是痛点。
只能支持接口自动化用例。
Excel中用例无法预先检查正确性，只有跑一把才能知道。
无法很好地管理大量用例，且不支持团队协同作业，个人用来回归测试或上线后的冒烟测试会是一个不错的选择。
通过优缺点的对比，可以明显发现这个框架的硬伤其实很多了。所以无论是业界开源的自动化测试框架或企业自研的还没有见过用Excel来组织用例的。值得一提的是个别企业自研的自动化框架非常难用，抑或是把一堆工具简单组合到一起。根本无法提高团队的生产力。不过好的产品也不是一蹴而就的，需要一个持续优化的过程。所以上面用Excel组织用例的框架还是值的玩一玩的，暂且命名为apitest吧。目前比较好的自动化测试框架有unittest，testng，pytest等。
3.2、项目结构
testcase：存放测试用例或请求的json文件。
config：配置文件。
report：测试报告和日志文件及其归档。
untils：工具集，send_request用来发送请求，email_tool用来发送邮件，excel_tool用来读取Excel中的数据，check_result用来校验结果，run_main用例执行入口，log_trace用来追踪日志。
5、日志打印
采用内置logging模块才记录运行日志，设置日志级别。
log_trace.log:
|
import logging
filename = "../report/test_case_run.log"
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO,
format=‘%(asctime)s %(levelname)s1 %(filename)s [line:%(lineno)d] %(message)s‘,
datefmt=‘%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S‘,
filename=filename,
filemode=‘w‘)
|
6、接口请求类封装
安装第三方模块requests
| pip install requests |
定义函数send_request，根据传入的方法类型分别去调用request的get，post，delete，put等方法去发送请求。send_request.py:
|
import requests
from untils. log_trace import *
#发送get请求
def get_request(url,data=None,headers=None):
res = requests.get(url=url,data=data,headers=headers)
return res
#发送post请求
def post_request(url,data,headers=None):
res = requests.post(url=url,data=data,headers=headers)
return res
#发送delete请求
def del_request(url,data=None,headers=None):
res = requests.delete(url,data=data)
return res
#发送put请求
def put_request(url,data,headers=None):
pass
def send_request(method,url,data=None,headers=None):
try:
logging.info(headers)
if headers:
if method == "GET":
return get_request(url,data,headers=headers)
if method == "POST":
return post_request(url,data=data,headers=headers)
if method == "DELETE":
return del_request(url,data=data,headers=headers)
#put使用频率低，暂时不写
if method == "PUT":
return put_request(url,data=data,headers=headers)
else:
logging.info("Header is null")
except Exception as e:
logging.info("send request fail:%s"%e)
|
在untils_test.py中编写代码测试send_request方法，代码如下：
|
#coding:utf-8
from untils.send_request import send_request
def test_send_request():
url="http://127.0.0.1:9000/articles/"
headers = {
"X-Token":"0a6db4e59c7fff2b2b94a297e2e5632e"
}
res = send_request("GET",url,headers=headers)
print(res.json())
if __name__ == "__main__":
test_send_request()
|
运行结果：
|
/usr/bin/python3.6 /home/stephen/IdeaProjects/apitest/untils/untils_test.py
{‘status‘: ‘BS.200‘, ‘all_titles‘: {‘amy1‘: ‘alive‘, ‘modifytest‘: ‘alive‘, ‘addTest‘: ‘alive‘}, ‘msg‘: ‘query articles sucess.‘}
Process finished with exit code 0
|
7、Excel数据读取
用例是放在Excel中的，用xlrd来读取数据，写数据需要用到xluntils，先安装：
|
pip install xlrd
pip install xluntils
|
7.1、读取配置文件
读取Excel数据，我们需要知道对应的行和列，列相对固定，在配置文件settings中定义，然后读取，行作为参数传入。conf/settings文件中的定义如下：
[excel]
case_no=0
case_name=1
is_run=2
case_level=3
case_header=4
case_cookies=5
req_type=6
case_url=7
case_body=8
expect_result=9
operator=10
actual_result=11
test_result=12
在unitls/load_conf.py中编写读取配置的方法，获取各项列值的方法。lood_conf()函数需要传入两个参数：配置项字符串标识符，配置项类型。比如要读取excel下整数case_url：lood_conf("excel.case_url","int")。class excel_config()下定义返回各项列值的方法。
完整代码如下：
import configparser
‘‘‘
read conf from setting.conf
@:parameter:identstr,value_type
value_type:"int" or "str"
‘‘‘
def lood_conf(identstr,value_type):
cf = configparser.ConfigParser()
cf.read("../config/settings.conf")
idenlist = identstr.split(‘.‘)
if value_type == "int":
try:
value = cf.getint(idenlist[0],idenlist[1])
return value
except (configparser.NoSectionError ,configparser.NoOptionError) as e:
print(e)
if value_type == "str":
try:
value = cf.get(idenlist[0],idenlist[1])
return value
except (configparser.NoSectionError ,configparser.NoOptionError) as e:
print(e)
‘‘‘
获取url，request body等的列号
‘‘‘
class excel_config():
#获取用例编号的列
def caseno_col(self):
return lood_conf("excel.case_no","int")
def casename_col(self):
return lood_conf("excel.case_name","int")
def isrun_col(self):
#print(lood_conf("excel.is_run","int"))
return lood_conf("excel.is_run","int")
def level_col(self):
return lood_conf("excel.case_level","int")
def header_col(self):
return lood_conf("excel.case_header","int")
def cookies_col(self):
return lood_conf("excel.case_cookies","int")
def reqtype_col(self):
return lood_conf("excel.req_type","int")
def caseurl_col(self):
return lood_conf("excel.case_url","int")
def casebody_col(self):
return lood_conf("excel.case_body","int")
def expectresult_col(self):
return lood_conf("excel.expect_result","int")
def actualresult_col(self):
return lood_conf("excel.actual_result","int")
def testresult_col(self):
return lood_conf("excel.test_result","int")
def test_operator_col(self):
return lood_conf("excel.operator","int")
7.1、编写Excel操作类
unitls/excel_tool.py中定义了获取用例编号，用例名称等方法，需要传入行。回写测试结果，回写实际结果方法需要传入两个参数：行，值。完整代码如下：
|
#coding:utf-8
import xlrd
from untils.log_trace import *
from xlutils.copy import copy
from untils.load_conf import excel_config
class excel_tool():
def __init__(self,excel_name):
self.curr_excel = xlrd.open_workbook(excel_name)
self.table = self.curr_excel.sheet_by_index(0)
#print(self.table.cell(1,1).value)
#实例化excel_config
self.config = excel_config()
self.rows = self.table.nrows
self.excel_name = excel_name
#获取用例编号
def get_caseno(self,row):
caseno = self.table.cell(row,self.config.caseno_col()).value
if caseno:
return caseno
else:
logging.info("case no is null")
return None
#获取用例名称
def get_casename(self,row):
casename = self.table.cell(row,self.config.casename_col()).value
return casename
#获取是否运行标志
def get_runflag(self,row):
run_flag = self.table.cell(row,self.config.isrun_col()).value
return run_flag
#获取用例级别
def get_caselevel(self,row):
caselevel = self.table.cell(row,self.config.level_col()).value
return caselevel
#获取请求url
def get_caseurl(self,row):
caseurl = self.table.cell(row,self.config.caseurl_col()).value
return caseurl
#获取请求body
#获取请求body
def get_casebody(self,row):
case_body = self.table.cell(row,self.config.casebody_col()).value
return case_body
#获取header
def get_headerflag(self,row):
headerflag = self.table.cell(row,self.config.header_col()).value
return headerflag
#获取coocikes
def get_cookiesflag(self,row):
cookiesflag = self.table.cell(row,self.config.cookies_col()).value
return cookiesflag
#获取请求类型
def get_methodtype(self,row):
method_type = self.table.cell(row,self.config.reqtype_col()).value
return method_type
#获取预期结果
def get_expectres(self,row):
expect_res = self.table.cell(row,self.config.expectresult_col()).value
return expect_res
#获取测试结果
def get_testres(self,row):
test_res= self.table.cell(row,self.config.testresult_col()).value
return test_res
#获取操作符
def get_operator(self,row):
operator = self.table.cell(row,self.config.test_operator_col()).value
return operator
#回写测试结果到excel
def write_testres(self,row,value):
wbook = copy(xlrd.open_workbook(self.excel_name))
sheet = wbook.get_sheet(0)
sheet.write(row, self.config.testresult_col(), value)
wbook.save(self.excel_name)
#回写实际结果
def write_actualres(self,row,value):
wbook = copy(xlrd.open_workbook(self.excel_name))
sheet = wbook.get_sheet(0)
sheet.write(row, self.config.actualresult_col(), value)
wbook.save(self.excel_name) |
8、用例组装
有了Excel操作类，就可以方便读取数据和回填结果了。接下来，在unitls/run_main.py中来组装用例。组装之前，先获取是否运行的标志：
运行标志为N，不组装，将用例标记为skiiped，回填测试结果到Excel文件中。
运行标志为Y，开始组装用例并执行，并对比预期结果和实际结果。
用例执行通过，将用例标记为pass，回填测试结果和实际结果，实际结果为接口的返回。
用例执行失败，将用例标记为failed，回填测试结果和实际结果。
接口鉴权需要用到的headers，先在run_main.py 中写死，这个问题后面解决，在上面的过程中，增加必要的日志，方便定位问题和查看用例的运行日志。完整代码如下：
|
#coding:utf-8
from untils.excel_tool import excel_tool
from untils.send_request import send_request
from untils.log_trace import *
from untils.check_result import CheckResult
import json
headers = {
"X-Token":"0a6db4e59c7fff2b2b94a297e2e5632e"
}
class runner():
def __init__(self):
self.excel = excel_tool("../testcase/test.xls")
self.check = CheckResult()
def join_case(self):
global skip_list,sucess_list,failed_list,skip_list
sucess_list = []
sucess_list = []
failed_list = []
skip_list = []
for row in range(1,self.excel.rows):
no = self.excel.get_caseno(row)
url = self.excel.get_caseurl(row)
isrun = self.excel.get_runflag(row)
name = self.excel.get_casename(row)
level = self.excel.get_caselevel(row)
data = self.excel.get_casebody(row)
expect_res = self.excel.get_expectres(row)
method = self.excel.get_methodtype(row)
hasheader = self.excel.get_headerflag(row)
operator = self.excel.get_operator(row)
if isrun == "Y":
logging.info("Begin to run test case : %s,case number :%s" %(name,no))
logging.info("Request method type is :%s" %method)
logging.info("Request URL:%s" %url)
logging.info("Request Body:%s" %json.dumps(json.loads(data),sort_keys=True,indent=2))
res = send_request(method,url,data=data,headers=headers)
is_sucess = self.check.cmpdict(eval(expect_res),eval(res.text),operator)
print(is_sucess)
if is_sucess:
sucess_list.append(name)
#回写测试结果
self.excel.write_testres(row,"pass")
#回写实际结果
self.excel.write_actualres(row,res.text)
logging.info("Test case %s run sucess." %name)
else:
failed_list.append(name)
print("fail",is_sucess)
#回写测试结果
self.excel.write_testres(row,"failed")
#回写实际结果
self.excel.write_actualres(row,res.text)
logging.error("Test case %s run fail." %name)
logging.info("Response is:%s" %json.dumps(res.json(),sort_keys=True,indent=2))
else:
skip_list.append(name)
self.excel.write_testres(row,"skipped")
def sum(self):
total = len(sucess_list)+len(failed_list) + len(skip_list)
failed = len(failed_list)
sucess = len(sucess_list)
logging.info("-----------------------------------------------------------")
logging.info("本次一共运行：%s 个用例" %total)
logging.info("本次运行通过：%s 个用例" %sucess)
logging.info("本次运行跳过：%s 个用例" %len(skip_list))
logging.info("跳过的用例：%s" %skip_list)
logging.info("-----------------------------------------------------------")
|
9、用例运行结果校验
在untils/run_main.py中方法cmpdict()是用来校验预期和结果实际结果是否匹配，需要传入三个参数：预期结果字典，实际结果字典，操作符。在check_result.py中编写校验用例结果的方法。目前只支持两种操作符，equal和notequal，预期结果为字典，其中不能嵌套字典。和完整代码如下：
from untils.log_trace import *
class CheckResult():
def dict_value(self,key,actual):
try:
if key in actual:
return actual[key]
else:
for keys in actual:
return self.dict_value(key,actual[keys])
except Exception as e:
logging.error(e)
return None
def cmpdict(self,expect,actual,equal):
logging.info("Begin to check result of testcase.")
is_dict = isinstance(expect,dict) and isinstance(actual,dict)
if is_dict:
if equal == "equal":
for key in expect.keys():
if expect[key] == self.dict_value(key,actual):
logging.info("%s is equal to %s" %(expect[key],self.dict_value(key,actual)))
return True
else:
|
logging.error("%s is not equal to %s" %(expect[key],self.dict_value(key,actual)))
return False
if equal == "notequal":
for key in expect.keys():
if key != self.dict_value(key,actual):
logging.info("%s is not equal to %s" %(expect[key],self.dict_value(key,actual)))
return True
else:
logging.error("%s is equal to %s" %(expect[key],self.dict_value(key,actual)))
return False
else:
logging.error("Operator :%s is not support now,you can define it in file[check_result.py]" %equal)
else:
logging.error("Expect or actual result is not dict,check it in excel. ")
|
10、运行用例
在untils/untils_test.py中导入run_mian模块来测试一下：
|
from untils.run_main import runner
if __name__ == "__main__":
#test_send_request()
runner = runner()
runner.join_case()
runner.sum()
|
运行untils_test.py，然后去到Excel中查看运行结果：
report路径下查看测试用例运行日志，如下所示：
Sat, 11 May 2019 19:37:56 INFO check_result.py [line:16] Begin to check result of testcase.
Sat, 11 May 2019 19:37:56 ERROR check_result.py [line:38] Operator :e1qual is not support now,you can define it in file[check_result.py]
Sat, 11 May 2019 19:37:56 INFO run_main.py [line:37] Begin to run test case : 查询文章,case number :1.0
Sat, 11 May 2019 19:37:56 INFO run_main.py [line:38] Request method type is :GET
Sat, 11 May 2019 19:37:56 INFO run_main.py [line:39] Request URL:http://127.0.0.1:9000/articles
Sat, 11 May 2019 19:37:56 INFO run_main.py [line:40] Request Body:{}
Sat, 11 May 2019 19:37:56 INFO send_request.py [line:25] {‘X-Token‘: ‘0a6db4e59c7fff2b2b94a297e2e5632e‘}
Sat, 11 May 2019 19:37:56 INFO check_result.py [line:16] Begin to check result of testcase.
Sat, 11 May 2019 19:37:56 INFO check_result.py [line:22] BS.200 is equal to BS.200
Sat, 11 May 2019 19:37:56 INFO run_main.py [line:52] Test case 查询文章 run sucess.
Sat, 11 May 2019 19:37:56 INFO run_main.py [line:62] Response is:{
"all_titles": {
"Hello": "alive",
"amy1": "alive",
"modifytest": "alive",
"useasge of ddt": "alive"
},
"msg": "query articles sucess.",
"status": "BS.200"
}
Sat, 11 May 2019 19:37:56 INFO run_main.py [line:37] Begin to run test case : 新增文章,case number :2.0
Sat, 11 May 2019 19:37:56 INFO run_main.py [line:38] Request method type is :POST
Sat, 11 May 2019 19:37:56 INFO run_main.py [line:39] Request URL:http://127.0.0.1:9000/articles/
Sat, 11 May 2019 19:37:56 INFO run_main.py [line:40] Request Body:{
"content": "useasge of ddt",
"title": "useasge of ddt"
}
Sat, 11 May 2019 19:37:56 INFO send_request.py [line:25] {‘X-Token‘: ‘0a6db4e59c7fff2b2b94a297e2e5632e‘}
Sat, 11 May 2019 19:37:56 INFO check_result.py [line:16] Begin to check result of testcase.
Sat, 11 May 2019 19:37:56 ERROR check_result.py [line:25] BS.200 is not equal to BS.400
Sat, 11 May 2019 19:37:56 ERROR run_main.py [line:60] Test case 新增文章 run fail.
Sat, 11 May 2019 19:37:56 INFO run_main.py [line:62] Response is:{
"msg": "title aleady exist,fail to publish.",
"status": "BS.400"
}
Sat, 11 May 2019 19:37:56 INFO run_main.py [line:37] Begin to run test case : 修改文章,case number :3.0
Sat, 11 May 2019 19:37:56 INFO run_main.py [line:38] Request method type is :POST
Sat, 11 May 2019 19:37:56 INFO run_main.py [line:39] Request URL:http://127.0.0.1:9000/articles/7
Sat, 11 May 2019 19:37:56 INFO run_main.py [line:40] Request Body:{
"content": "modify test",
"title": "modify test"
}
Sat, 11 May 2019 19:37:56 INFO send_request.py [line:25] {‘X-Token‘: ‘0a6db4e59c7fff2b2b94a297e2e5632e‘}
Sat, 11 May 2019 19:37:57 INFO check_result.py [line:16] Begin to check result of testcase.
Sat, 11 May 2019 19:37:57 ERROR check_result.py [line:25] BS.200 is not equal to BS.300
Sat, 11 May 2019 19:37:57 ERROR run_main.py [line:60] Test case 修改文章 run fail.
Sat, 11 May 2019 19:37:57 INFO run_main.py [line:62] Response is:{
"msg": "article is not exists,fail to modify.",
"status": "BS.300"
}
Sat, 11 May 2019 19:37:57 INFO run_main.py [line:37] Begin to run test case : 删除文章,case number :4.0
Sat, 11 May 2019 19:37:57 INFO run_main.py [line:38] Request method type is :DELETE
Sat, 11 May 2019 19:37:57 INFO run_main.py [line:39] Request URL:http://127.0.0.1:9000/articles/7
Sat, 11 May 2019 19:37:57 INFO run_main.py [line:40] Request Body:{}
Sat, 11 May 2019 19:37:57 INFO send_request.py [line:25] {‘X-Token‘: ‘0a6db4e59c7fff2b2b94a297e2e5632e‘}
Sat, 11 May 2019 19:37:57 INFO check_result.py [line:16] Begin to check result of testcase.
Sat, 11 May 2019 19:37:57 ERROR check_result.py [line:25] BS.200 is not equal to BS.300
Sat, 11 May 2019 19:37:57 ERROR run_main.py [line:60] Test case 删除文章 run fail.
Sat, 11 May 2019 19:37:57 INFO run_main.py [line:62] Response is:{
"msg": "article is not exists,fail to delete.",
"status": "BS.300"
}
Sat, 11 May 2019 19:37:57 INFO run_main.py [line:74] -----------------------------------------------------------
Sat, 11 May 2019 19:37:57 INFO run_main.py [line:75] 本次一共运行：5 个用例
Sat, 11 May 2019 19:37:57 INFO run_main.py [line:76] 本次运行通过：1 个用例
Sat, 11 May 2019 19:37:57 INFO run_main.py [line:77] 本次运行跳过：1 个用例
Sat, 11 May 2019 19:37:57 INFO run_main.py [line:78] 跳过的用例：[‘新增文章缺少title‘]
Sat, 11 May 2019 19:37:57 INFO run_main.py [line:79] -----------------------------------------------------------
11 、小结
框架终于能跑起来了，但是遗留的问题还很多。
很多地方的代码不够健壮，这个后面慢慢优化。还有用例校验支持的运算符比较少。
发送邮件模块待完成。
Headers的问题如何解决？
如果请求的body比较多，写在Excel是不是很不美观呀？这个可以从固定地方读取文件来完成。
Excel中测试用例有没有必填项呀？这个可以在运行结果之前进行校验，必填项缺少，不运行。
最关键的一点，如果第二个用例依赖于第一个用例的返回，用例依赖一直是个痛点，下一篇解决。
还有很多问题比如，重试机制，耗时的用例设置超时时间，超时默认为失败等等.......
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