Asp.Net Core 服务生命周期
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1.前言
在ConfigureServices方法中的容器注册每个应用程序的服务,Asp.Core都可以为每个应用程序提供三种服务生命周期:
●Transient(暂时):每次请求都会创建一个新的实例。这种生命周期最适合轻量级,无状态服务。
●Scoped(作用域):在同一个作用域内只初始化一个实例 ,可以理解为每一个请求只创建一个实例,同一个请求会在一个作用域内。
●Singleton(单例):整个应用程序生命周期以内只创建一个实例,后续每个请求都使用相同的实例。如果应用程序需要单例行为,建议让服务容器管理服务的生命周期,而不是在自己的类中实现单例模式。
2.服务生命周期与注册选项案例演示
为了演示生命周期和注册选项之间的差异,请考虑以下接口,将任务表示为具有唯一标识符 OperationId 的操作。根据以下接口配置操作服务的生命周期的方式,容器在类请求时提供相同或不同的服务实例:
public interface IOperation { Guid OperationId { get; } } public interface IOperationTransient : IOperation { } public interface IOperationScoped : IOperation { } public interface IOperationSingleton : IOperation { } public interface IOperationSingletonInstance : IOperation { }
上面四种服务接口在 Operation 类中实现。调用Operation类时将自动生成一个GUID,下面是Operation类的实现:
public class Operation : IOperationTransient, IOperationScoped, IOperationSingleton, IOperationSingletonInstance { public Operation() : this(Guid.NewGuid()) { } public Operation(Guid id) { OperationId = id; } public Guid OperationId { get; private set; } }
再注册一个OperationService服务实例,当通过依赖关系注入请求 OperationService 实例时,它将接收每个服务的新实例或基于从属服务(Operation)的生命周期的现有实例。OperationService 服务作用就是第二次调用 Operation类,查看Operation类实例的作用域变化。
public class OperationService { public OperationService( IOperationTransient transientOperation, IOperationScoped scopedOperation, IOperationSingleton singletonOperation, IOperationSingletonInstance instanceOperation) { _transientOperation = transientOperation; _scopedOperation = scopedOperation; _singletonOperation = singletonOperation; _singletonInstanceOperation = instanceOperation; } public IOperationTransient _transientOperation { get; } public IOperationScoped _scopedOperation { get; } public IOperationSingleton _singletonOperation { get; } public IOperationSingletonInstance _singletonInstanceOperation { get; } }
然后在Startup.ConfigureServices()服务容器中注册各个生命周期的实例:
public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services) { services.AddTransient<IOperationTransient, Operation>(); services.AddScoped<IOperationScoped, Operation>(); services.AddSingleton<IOperationSingleton, Operation>(); services.AddSingleton<IOperationSingletonInstance>(new Operation(Guid.Empty)); // OperationService depends on each of the other Operation types. services.AddTransient<OperationService, OperationService>(); }
再在IndexModel模块里面调用OnGet方法输出,观察IOperation与OperationService类属性OperationId 值的变化:
public class IndexModel : PageModel { public OperationService _operationService { get; } public IOperationTransient _transientOperation { get; } public IOperationScoped _scopedOperation { get; } public IOperationSingleton _singletonOperation { get; } public IOperationSingletonInstance _singletonInstanceOperation { get; } public IndexModel( OperationService operationService, IOperationTransient transientOperation, IOperationScoped scopedOperation, IOperationSingleton singletonOperation, IOperationSingletonInstance singletonInstanceOperation) { _operationService = operationService; _transientOperation = transientOperation; _scopedOperation = scopedOperation; _singletonOperation = singletonOperation; _singletonInstanceOperation = singletonInstanceOperation; } public void OnGet() { Console.WriteLine("IOperation操作:"); Console.WriteLine("暂时:" + _transientOperation.OperationId.ToString()); Console.WriteLine("作用域:" + _scopedOperation.OperationId.ToString()); Console.WriteLine("单例:" + _singletonOperation.OperationId.ToString()); Console.WriteLine("实例:" + _singletonInstanceOperation.OperationId.ToString()); Console.WriteLine("OperationService操作:"); Console.WriteLine("暂时:" + _operationService._transientOperation.OperationId.ToString()); Console.WriteLine("作用域:" + _operationService._scopedOperation.OperationId.ToString()); Console.WriteLine("单例:" + _operationService._singletonOperation.OperationId.ToString()); Console.WriteLine("实例:" + _operationService._singletonInstanceOperation.OperationId.ToString()); } }
执行IndexModel 类输出结果:
由图总结如下:
2.1 Transient(暂时):每次调用服务的时候都会创建一个新的实例。即在IndexModel类的局部方法或属性中(这里是OnGet方法)实例化一个依赖对象Operation类,伪代码是:
public class IndexModel: PageModel { public void OnGet() { //调用IndexModel类时,实例化了两次Operation类 //第一次 OperationService operationService=new OperationService(); //第二次 IOperationTransient TransientOperation=new Operation(); } }
2.2 Scoped(作用域):一次请求(Action)内对象实例是相同的,但每次请求会产生一个新实例。相当于在IndexModel类的全局中实例化一次依赖对象Operation类,伪代码是:
OperationService operationService = null; public IndexModel() { operationService = new OperationService(); operationService._scopedOperation = new Operation(); } public void OnGet() { operationService._scopedOperation.OperationId; IOperationScoped operationScoped = operationService._scopedOperation; operationScoped.OperationId }
2.3 Singleton(单例):首次请求初始化同一个实例,后续每次请求都使用同一个实例。相当于在整个应用Application中只实例化一次实例,常见的单例模式。
参考文献:
在ASP.NET Core依赖注入
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