django基础之其他拓展操作
Posted jimmyhe
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Django ORM执行原生SQL
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# extra # 在QuerySet的基础上继续执行子语句 # extra(self, select=None, where=None, params=None, tables=None, order_by=None, select_params=None) # select和select_params是一组,where和params是一组,tables用来设置from哪个表 # Entry.objects.extra(select={‘new_id‘: "select col from sometable where othercol > %s"}, select_params=(1,)) # Entry.objects.extra(where=[‘headline=%s‘], params=[‘Lennon‘]) # Entry.objects.extra(where=["foo=‘a‘ OR bar = ‘a‘", "baz = ‘a‘"]) # Entry.objects.extra(select={‘new_id‘: "select id from tb where id > %s"}, select_params=(1,), order_by=[‘-nid‘]) 举个例子: models.UserInfo.objects.extra( select = { ‘newid‘ : ‘select count(1) from app01_usertype where id>%s‘ }, select_params = [ 1 ,], where = [ ‘age>%s‘ ], params = [ 18 ,], order_by = [ ‘-age‘ ], tables = [ ‘app01_usertype‘ ] ) """ select app01_userinfo.id, (select count(1) from app01_usertype where id>1) as newid from app01_userinfo,app01_usertype where app01_userinfo.age > 18 order by app01_userinfo.age desc """ # 执行原生SQL # 更高灵活度的方式执行原生SQL语句 # from django.db import connection, connections # cursor = connection.cursor() # cursor = connections[‘default‘].cursor() # cursor.execute("""SELECT * from auth_user where id = %s""", [1]) # row = cursor.fetchone() |
QuerySet方法大全
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################################################################## # PUBLIC METHODS THAT ALTER ATTRIBUTES AND RETURN A NEW QUERYSET # ################################################################## def all ( self ) # 获取所有的数据对象 def filter ( self , * args, * * kwargs) # 条件查询 # 条件可以是:参数,字典,Q def exclude( self , * args, * * kwargs) # 条件查询 # 条件可以是:参数,字典,Q def select_related( self , * fields) 性能相关:表之间进行join连表操作,一次性获取关联的数据。 总结: 1. select_related主要针一对一和多对一关系进行优化。 2. select_related使用SQL的JOIN语句进行优化,通过减少SQL查询的次数来进行优化、提高性能。 def prefetch_related( self , * lookups) 性能相关:多表连表操作时速度会慢,使用其执行多次SQL查询在Python代码中实现连表操作。 总结: 1. 对于多对多字段(ManyToManyField)和一对多字段,可以使用prefetch_related()来进行优化。 2. prefetch_related()的优化方式是分别查询每个表,然后用Python处理他们之间的关系。 def annotate( self , * args, * * kwargs) # 用于实现聚合group by查询 from django.db.models import Count, Avg, Max , Min , Sum v = models.UserInfo.objects.values( ‘u_id‘ ).annotate(uid = Count( ‘u_id‘ )) # SELECT u_id, COUNT(ui) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id v = models.UserInfo.objects.values( ‘u_id‘ ).annotate(uid = Count( ‘u_id‘ )). filter (uid__gt = 1 ) # SELECT u_id, COUNT(ui_id) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id having count(u_id) > 1 v = models.UserInfo.objects.values( ‘u_id‘ ).annotate(uid = Count( ‘u_id‘ ,distinct = True )). filter (uid__gt = 1 ) # SELECT u_id, COUNT( DISTINCT ui_id) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id having count(u_id) > 1 def distinct( self , * field_names) # 用于distinct去重 models.UserInfo.objects.values( ‘nid‘ ).distinct() # select distinct nid from userinfo 注:只有在PostgreSQL中才能使用distinct进行去重 def order_by( self , * field_names) # 用于排序 models.UserInfo.objects. all ().order_by( ‘-id‘ , ‘age‘ ) def extra( self , select = None , where = None , params = None , tables = None , order_by = None , select_params = None ) # 构造额外的查询条件或者映射,如:子查询 Entry.objects.extra(select = { ‘new_id‘ : "select col from sometable where othercol > %s" }, select_params = ( 1 ,)) Entry.objects.extra(where = [ ‘headline=%s‘ ], params = [ ‘Lennon‘ ]) Entry.objects.extra(where = [ "foo=‘a‘ OR bar = ‘a‘" , "baz = ‘a‘" ]) Entry.objects.extra(select = { ‘new_id‘ : "select id from tb where id > %s" }, select_params = ( 1 ,), order_by = [ ‘-nid‘ ]) def reverse( self ): # 倒序 models.UserInfo.objects. all ().order_by( ‘-nid‘ ).reverse() # 注:如果存在order_by,reverse则是倒序,如果多个排序则一一倒序 def defer( self , * fields): models.UserInfo.objects.defer( ‘username‘ , ‘id‘ ) 或 models.UserInfo.objects. filter (...).defer( ‘username‘ , ‘id‘ ) #映射中排除某列数据 def only( self , * fields): #仅取某个表中的数据 models.UserInfo.objects.only( ‘username‘ , ‘id‘ ) 或 models.UserInfo.objects. filter (...).only( ‘username‘ , ‘id‘ ) def using( self , alias): 指定使用的数据库,参数为别名(setting中的设置) ################################################## # PUBLIC METHODS THAT RETURN A QUERYSET SUBCLASS # ################################################## def raw( self , raw_query, params = None , translations = None , using = None ): # 执行原生SQL models.UserInfo.objects.raw( ‘select * from userinfo‘ ) # 如果SQL是其他表时,必须将名字设置为当前UserInfo对象的主键列名 models.UserInfo.objects.raw( ‘select id as nid from 其他表‘ ) # 为原生SQL设置参数 models.UserInfo.objects.raw( ‘select id as nid from userinfo where nid>%s‘ , params = [ 12 ,]) # 将获取的到列名转换为指定列名 name_map = { ‘first‘ : ‘first_name‘ , ‘last‘ : ‘last_name‘ , ‘bd‘ : ‘birth_date‘ , ‘pk‘ : ‘id‘ } Person.objects.raw( ‘SELECT * FROM some_other_table‘ , translations = name_map) # 指定数据库 models.UserInfo.objects.raw( ‘select * from userinfo‘ , using = "default" ) ################### 原生SQL ################### from django.db import connection, connections cursor = connection.cursor() # cursor = connections[‘default‘].cursor() cursor.execute( """SELECT * from auth_user where id = %s""" , [ 1 ]) row = cursor.fetchone() # fetchall()/fetchmany(..) def values( self , * fields): # 获取每行数据为字典格式 def values_list( self , * fields, * * kwargs): # 获取每行数据为元祖 def dates( self , field_name, kind, order = ‘ASC‘ ): # 根据时间进行某一部分进行去重查找并截取指定内容 # kind只能是:"year"(年), "month"(年-月), "day"(年-月-日) # order只能是:"ASC" "DESC" # 并获取转换后的时间 - year : 年 - 01 - 01 - month: 年 - 月 - 01 - day : 年 - 月 - 日 models.DatePlus.objects.dates( ‘ctime‘ , ‘day‘ , ‘DESC‘ ) def datetimes( self , field_name, kind, order = ‘ASC‘ , tzinfo = None ): # 根据时间进行某一部分进行去重查找并截取指定内容,将时间转换为指定时区时间 # kind只能是 "year", "month", "day", "hour", "minute", "second" # order只能是:"ASC" "DESC" # tzinfo时区对象 models.DDD.objects.datetimes( ‘ctime‘ , ‘hour‘ ,tzinfo = pytz.UTC) models.DDD.objects.datetimes( ‘ctime‘ , ‘hour‘ ,tzinfo = pytz.timezone( ‘Asia/Shanghai‘ )) """ pip3 install pytz import pytz pytz.all_timezones pytz.timezone(‘Asia/Shanghai’) """ def none( self ): # 空QuerySet对象 #################################### # METHODS THAT DO DATABASE QUERIES # #################################### def aggregate( self , * args, * * kwargs): # 聚合函数,获取字典类型聚合结果 from django.db.models import Count, Avg, Max , Min , Sum result = models.UserInfo.objects.aggregate(k = Count( ‘u_id‘ , distinct = True ), n = Count( ‘nid‘ )) = = = > { ‘k‘ : 3 , ‘n‘ : 4 } def count( self ): # 获取个数 def get( self , * args, * * kwargs): # 获取单个对象 def create( self , * * kwargs): # 创建对象 def bulk_create( self , objs, batch_size = None ): # 批量插入 # batch_size表示一次插入的个数 objs = [ models.DDD(name = ‘r11‘ ), models.DDD(name = ‘r22‘ ) ] models.DDD.objects.bulk_create(objs, 10 ) def get_or_create( self , defaults = None , * * kwargs): # 如果存在,则获取,否则,创建 # defaults 指定创建时,其他字段的值 obj, created = models.UserInfo.objects.get_or_create(username = ‘root1‘ , defaults = { ‘email‘ : ‘1111111‘ , ‘u_id‘ : 2 , ‘t_id‘ : 2 }) def update_or_create( self , defaults = None , * * kwargs): # 如果存在,则更新,否则,创建 # defaults 指定创建时或更新时的其他字段 obj, created = models.UserInfo.objects.update_or_create(username = ‘root1‘ , defaults = { ‘email‘ : ‘1111111‘ , ‘u_id‘ : 2 , ‘t_id‘ : 1 }) def first( self ): # 获取第一个 def last( self ): # 获取最后一个 def in_bulk( self , id_list = None ): # 根据主键ID进行查找 id_list = [ 11 , 21 , 31 ] models.DDD.objects.in_bulk(id_list) def delete( self ): # 删除 def update( self , * * kwargs): # 更新 def exists( self ): # 是否有结果 |
Django终端打印SQL语句
在Django项目的settings.py文件中,在最后复制粘贴如下代码:即为你的Django项目配置上一个名为django.db.backends的logger实例即可查看翻译后的SQL语句。
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LOGGING = { ‘version‘ : 1 , ‘disable_existing_loggers‘ : False , ‘handlers‘ : { ‘console‘ :{ ‘level‘ : ‘DEBUG‘ , ‘class‘ : ‘logging.StreamHandler‘ , }, }, ‘loggers‘ : { ‘django.db.backends‘ : { ‘handlers‘ : [ ‘console‘ ], ‘propagate‘ : True , ‘level‘ : ‘DEBUG‘ , }, } } |
在Python脚本中调用Django环境
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import os if __name__ = = ‘__main__‘ : os.environ.setdefault( "DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE" , "BMS.settings" ) import django django.setup() from app01 import models books = models.Book.objects. all () print (books) |
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