爬虫工具篇汇总

Posted 2021-11-23 carlous

Requests

Requests 是使用 Apache2 Licensed 许可证的 基于Python开发的HTTP 库，其在Python内置模块的基础上进行了高度的封装，从而使得Pythoner进行网络请求时，变得美好了许多，使用Requests可以轻而易举的完成浏览器可有的任何操作。

功能特性：

• Keep-Alive & 连接池
• 国际化域名和 URL
• 带持久 Cookie 的会话
• 浏览器式的 SSL 认证
• 自动内容解码
• 基本/摘要式的身份认证
• 优雅的 key/value Cookie
• 自动解压
• Unicode 响应体
• HTTP(S) 代理支持
• 文件分块上传
• 流下载
• 连接超时
• 分块请求
• 支持 .netrc

 

 1 from . import sessions
 2 
 3 # 方法 
 4 def request(method, url, **kwargs):
 5    “”很长的一段注释“”
 6     with sessions.Session() as session:
 7         return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
 8 
 9 # 下面的方法都基于request实现
10 def get(url, params=None, **kwargs):
11     pass
12 
13 def options(url, **kwargs):
14     pass
15 
16 def head(url, **kwargs):
17     pass
18 
19 def post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs):
20     pass
21 
22 def put(url, data=None, **kwargs):
23     pass
24 
25 def patch(url, data=None, **kwargs):
26     pass
27 
28 def delete(url, **kwargs):
29     pass

01.requests.api

 1 def request(method, url, **kwargs):
 2     """Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`.
 3 
 4     :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.
 5     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
 6     :param params: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples or bytes to send
 7         in the body of the :class:`Request`.
 8     :param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like
 9         object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
10     :param json: (optional) A JSON serializable Python object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
11     :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`.
12     :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`.
13     :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``‘name‘: file-like-objects`` (or ``{‘name‘: file-tuple}``) for multipart encoding upload.
14         ``file-tuple`` can be a 2-tuple ``(‘filename‘, fileobj)``, 3-tuple ``(‘filename‘, fileobj, ‘content_type‘)``
15         or a 4-tuple ``(‘filename‘, fileobj, ‘content_type‘, custom_headers)``, where ``‘content-type‘`` is a string
16         defining the content type of the given file and ``custom_headers`` a dict-like object containing additional headers
17         to add for the file.
18     :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
19     :param timeout: (optional) How many seconds to wait for the server to send data
20         before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read
21         timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
22     :type timeout: float or tuple
23     :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Enable/disable GET/OPTIONS/POST/PUT/PATCH/DELETE/HEAD redirection. Defaults to ``True``.
24     :type allow_redirects: bool
25     :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.
26     :param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify
27             the server‘s TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path
28             to a CA bundle to use. Defaults to ``True``.
29     :param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded.
30     :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, (‘cert‘, ‘key‘) pair.
31     :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
32     :rtype: requests.Response
33 
34     Usage::
35 
36       >>> import requests
37       >>> req = requests.request(‘GET‘, ‘https://httpbin.org/get‘)
38       <Response [200]>
39     """
40 
41     # By using the ‘with‘ statement we are sure the session is closed, thus we
42     # avoid leaving sockets open which can trigger a ResourceWarning in some
43     # cases, and look like a memory leak in others.
44     with sessions.Session() as session:
45         return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)

02.request参数列表

  1 def param_method_url():
  2     # requests.request(method=‘get‘, url=‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘)
  3     # requests.request(method=‘post‘, url=‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘)
  4     pass
  5 
  6 
  7 def param_param():
  8     # - 可以是字典
  9     # - 可以是字符串
 10     # - 可以是字节（ascii编码以内）
 11 
 12     # requests.request(method=‘get‘,
 13     # url=‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘,
 14     # params={‘k1‘: ‘v1‘, ‘k2‘: ‘水电费‘})
 15 
 16     # requests.request(method=‘get‘,
 17     # url=‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘,
 18     # params="k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3")
 19 
 20     # requests.request(method=‘get‘,
 21     # url=‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘,
 22     # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=k2&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding=‘utf8‘))
 23 
 24     # 错误
 25     # requests.request(method=‘get‘,
 26     # url=‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘,
 27     # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding=‘utf8‘))
 28     pass
 29 
 30 
 31 def param_data():
 32     # 可以是字典
 33     # 可以是字符串
 34     # 可以是字节
 35     # 可以是文件对象
 36 
 37     # requests.request(method=‘POST‘,
 38     # url=‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘,
 39     # data={‘k1‘: ‘v1‘, ‘k2‘: ‘水电费‘})
 40 
 41     # requests.request(method=‘POST‘,
 42     # url=‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘,
 43     # data="k1=v1; k2=v2; k3=v3; k3=v4"
 44     # )
 45 
 46     # requests.request(method=‘POST‘,
 47     # url=‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘,
 48     # data="k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4",
 49     # headers={‘Content-Type‘: ‘application/x-www-form-urlencoded‘}
 50     # )
 51 
 52     # requests.request(method=‘POST‘,
 53     # url=‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘,
 54     # data=open(‘data_file.py‘, mode=‘r‘, encoding=‘utf-8‘), # 文件内容是：k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4
 55     # headers={‘Content-Type‘: ‘application/x-www-form-urlencoded‘}
 56     # )
 57     pass
 58 
 59 
 60 def param_json():
 61     # 将json中对应的数据进行序列化成一个字符串，json.dumps(...)
 62     # 然后发送到服务器端的body中，并且Content-Type是 {‘Content-Type‘: ‘application/json‘}
 63     requests.request(method=‘POST‘,
 64                      url=‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘,
 65                      json={‘k1‘: ‘v1‘, ‘k2‘: ‘水电费‘})
 66 
 67 
 68 def param_headers():
 69     # 发送请求头到服务器端
 70     requests.request(method=‘POST‘,
 71                      url=‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘,
 72                      json={‘k1‘: ‘v1‘, ‘k2‘: ‘水电费‘},
 73                      headers={‘Content-Type‘: ‘application/x-www-form-urlencoded‘}
 74                      )
 75 
 76 
 77 def param_cookies():
 78     # 发送Cookie到服务器端
 79     requests.request(method=‘POST‘,
 80                      url=‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘,
 81                      data={‘k1‘: ‘v1‘, ‘k2‘: ‘v2‘},
 82                      cookies={‘cook1‘: ‘value1‘},
 83                      )
 84     # 也可以使用CookieJar（字典形式就是在此基础上封装）
 85     from http.cookiejar import CookieJar
 86     from http.cookiejar import Cookie
 87 
 88     obj = CookieJar()
 89     obj.set_cookie(Cookie(version=0, name=‘c1‘, value=‘v1‘, port=None, domain=‘‘, path=‘/‘, secure=False, expires=None,
 90                           discard=True, comment=None, comment_url=None, rest={‘HttpOnly‘: None}, rfc2109=False,
 91                           port_specified=False, domain_specified=False, domain_initial_dot=False, path_specified=False)
 92                    )
 93     requests.request(method=‘POST‘,
 94                      url=‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘,
 95                      data={‘k1‘: ‘v1‘, ‘k2‘: ‘v2‘},
 96                      cookies=obj)
 97 
 98 
 99 def param_files():
100     # 发送文件
101     # file_dict = {
102     # ‘f1‘: open(‘readme‘, ‘rb‘)
103     # }
104     # requests.request(method=‘POST‘,
105     # url=‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘,
106     # files=file_dict)
107 
108     # 发送文件，定制文件名
109     # file_dict = {
110     # ‘f1‘: (‘test.txt‘, open(‘readme‘, ‘rb‘))
111     # }
112     # requests.request(method=‘POST‘,
113     # url=‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘,
114     # files=file_dict)
115 
116     # 发送文件，定制文件名
117     # file_dict = {
118     # ‘f1‘: (‘test.txt‘, "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf")
119     # }
120     # requests.request(method=‘POST‘,
121     # url=‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘,
122     # files=file_dict)
123 
124     # 发送文件，定制文件名
125     # file_dict = {
126     #     ‘f1‘: (‘test.txt‘, "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf", ‘application/text‘, {‘k1‘: ‘0‘})
127     # }
128     # requests.request(method=‘POST‘,
129     #                  url=‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘,
130     #                  files=file_dict)
131 
132     pass
133 
134 
135 def param_auth():
136     from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth, HTTPDigestAuth
137 
138     ret = requests.get(‘https://api.github.com/user‘, auth=HTTPBasicAuth(‘wupeiqi‘, ‘sdfasdfasdf‘))
139     print(ret.text)
140 
141     # ret = requests.get(‘http://192.168.1.1‘,
142     # auth=HTTPBasicAuth(‘admin‘, ‘admin‘))
143     # ret.encoding = ‘gbk‘
144     # print(ret.text)
145 
146     # ret = requests.get(‘http://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/user/pass‘, auth=HTTPDigestAuth(‘user‘, ‘pass‘))
147     # print(ret)
148     #
149 
150 
151 def param_timeout():
152     # ret = requests.get(‘http://google.com/‘, timeout=1)
153     # print(ret)
154 
155     # ret = requests.get(‘http://google.com/‘, timeout=(5, 1))
156     # print(ret)
157     pass
158 
159 
160 def param_allow_redirects():
161     ret = requests.get(‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘, allow_redirects=False)
162     print(ret.text)
163 
164 
165 def param_proxies():
166     # proxies = {
167     # "http": "61.172.249.96:80",
168     # "https": "http://61.185.219.126:3128",
169     # }
170 
171     # proxies = {‘http://10.20.1.128‘: ‘http://10.10.1.10:5323‘}
172 
173     # ret = requests.get("http://www.proxy360.cn/Proxy", proxies=proxies)
174     # print(ret.headers)
175 
176 
177     # from requests.auth import HTTPProxyAuth
178     #
179     # proxyDict = {
180     # ‘http‘: ‘77.75.105.165‘,
181     # ‘https‘: ‘77.75.105.165‘
182     # }
183     # auth = HTTPProxyAuth(‘username‘, ‘mypassword‘)
184     #
185     # r = requests.get("http://www.google.com", proxies=proxyDict, auth=auth)
186     # print(r.text)
187 
188     pass
189 
190 
191 def param_stream():
192     ret = requests.get(‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘, stream=True)
193     print(ret.content)
194     ret.close()
195 
196     # from contextlib import closing
197     # with closing(requests.get(‘http://httpbin.org/get‘, stream=True)) as r:
198     # # 在此处理响应。
199     # for i in r.iter_content():
200     # print(i)
201 
202 
203 def requests_session():
204     import requests
205 
206     session = requests.Session()
207 
208     ### 1、首先登陆任何页面，获取cookie
209 
210     i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")
211 
212     ### 2、用户登陆，携带上一次的cookie，后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权
213     i2 = session.post(
214         url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
215         data={
216             ‘phone‘: "8615131255089",
217             ‘password‘: "xxxxxx",
218             ‘oneMonth‘: ""
219         }
220     )
221 
222     i3 = session.post(
223         url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589623",
224     )
225     print(i3.text)

03.参数使用示例

 

 

BeautifulSoup

 Beautiful Soup 是一个可以从html或XML文件中提取数据的Python库.它能够通过你喜欢的转换器实现惯用的文档导航,查找,修改文档的方式.Beautiful Soup会帮你节省数小时甚至数天的工作时间.

pip3 install beautifulsoup4  # 注意不要安装错了

 1 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
 2  
 3 html_doc = """
 4 <html><head><title>The Dormouse‘s story</title></head>
 5 <body>
 6 asdf
 7     <div class="title">
 8         <b>The Dormouse‘s story总共</b>
 9         <h1>f</h1>
10     </div>
11 <div class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
12     <a  class="sister0" id="link1">Els<span>f</span>ie</a>,
13     <a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and
14     <a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>;
15 and they lived at the bottom of a well.</div>
16 ad<br/>sf
17 <p class="story">...</p>
18 </body>
19 </html>
20 """
21  
22 soup = BeautifulSoup(html_doc, features="lxml")
23 # 找到第一个a标签
24 tag1 = soup.find(name=‘a‘)
25 # 找到所有的a标签
26 tag2 = soup.find_all(name=‘a‘)
27 # 找到id＝link2的标签
28 tag3 = soup.select(‘#link2‘)

快速上手

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

参考：

1.http://docs.python-requests.org/zh_CN/latest/index.html

2.https://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/6283017.html

3.http://docs.python-requests.org/en/master/

4.https://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/bs4/doc/