探秘Tomcat——一个简易的Servlet容器
Posted 杰锅锅(Jackie)
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即便再简陋的服务器也是服务器,今天就来循着书本的第二章来看看如何实现一个servlet容器。
背景知识
既然说到servlet容器这个名词,我们首先要了解它到底是什么。
servlet
相比你或多或少有所了解。servlet是用java编写的服务器端程序,主要功能在于交互式地浏览和修改数据,生成动态Web内容。狭义的Servlet是指Java语言实现的一个接口,广义的Servlet是指任何实现了这个Servlet接口的类,一般情况下,人们将Servlet理解为后者。
容器
容器的概念很大,在这里可以理解为能够管理对象(servlet)的生命周期,对象与对象之间的依赖关系。
基于对以上两个概念的解释,那么对于serelvet容器的概念也就不再那么陌生了。
servlet容器
就是创建、管理servlet规范中相关对象、生命周期的应用程序。
Servlet接口
servlet是一种编程规范,要实现servlet编程需要用到javax.servlet和javax.servlet.http。所有的servlet程序都需要实现或继承自实现了javax.servlet.servlet接口。
Servlet接口的方法
- init():servlet容器的初始化方法,该方法只会被调用一次;
- service():不同于init只会触发一次,service在客户端请求后就会被调用。同时需要传入参数servletRequest和servletResponse。从字面意思就能知道,servletRequest携带了客户端发送的HTTP请求的信息,而servletResponse则用于封装servlet的响应信息。
- destroy():当servlet实例调用完毕要被移除时,destroy方法将被调用。
- getServletConfig():该方法用于取得<servlet> <init-param>配置的参数
- getServletInfo():该方法提供有关servlet的信息,如作者、版本、版权。
servlet容器的职责
- 第一次调用servlet时,需要载入serlvet类并调用init方法;
- 针对客户端的request请求,创建一个servletRequest对象和一个servletResponse对象;
- 传参servletRequest和servletResponse,调用service方法;
- 当关闭servlet类时,调用destroy方法。
简陋的servlet容器
之所以说是简陋的servlet容器,因为这里并没有实现servlet所有的方法,该容器只能支持很简单的servlet,也没有init方法和destroy方法。主要实现功能如下:
- 等待HTTP请求;
- 创建serlvetRequest和servletResponse对象;
- 能够分别处理静态资源和servlet,当客户端请求静态资源时,则调用StaticResourceProcessor对象的process方法;当请求为serlvet则载入请求的servlet类并调用service方法。
主要包括6个类
- HttpServer1:程序的入口,负责创建Request和Response对象,并根据HTTP请求类型将其转给相应的处理器处理;
- Request:用于封装客户端HTTP请求信息;
- Response:用于封装服务器响应信息;
- StaticResourceProcessor:静态资源处理器;
- ServletProcessor1:servlet处理器;
- Constants:用于定义一些常量,如WEB_ROOT
HttpServer1
package day0522; import java.net.Socket; import java.net.ServerSocket; import java.net.InetAddress; import java.io.InputStream; import java.io.OutputStream; import java.io.IOException; public class HttpServer1 { /** WEB_ROOT is the directory where our html and other files reside. * For this package, WEB_ROOT is the "webroot" directory under the working * directory. * The working directory is the location in the file system * from where the java command was invoked. */ // shutdown command private static final String SHUTDOWN_COMMAND = "/SHUTDOWN"; // the shutdown command received private boolean shutdown = false; public static void main(String[] args) { HttpServer1 server = new HttpServer1(); server.await(); } public void await() { ServerSocket serverSocket = null; int port = 8080; try { serverSocket = new ServerSocket(port, 1, InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1")); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); System.exit(1); } // Loop waiting for a request while (!shutdown) { Socket socket = null; InputStream input = null; OutputStream output = null; try { socket = serverSocket.accept(); input = socket.getInputStream(); output = socket.getOutputStream(); // create Request object and parse Request request = new Request(input); request.parse(); // create Response object Response response = new Response(output); response.setRequest(request); // check if this is a request for a servlet or a static resource // a request for a servlet begins with "/servlet/" if (request.getUri().startsWith("/servlet/")) { ServletProcessor1 processor = new ServletProcessor1(); processor.process(request, response); } else { StaticResourceProcessor processor = new StaticResourceProcessor(); processor.process(request, response); } // Close the socket socket.close(); //check if the previous URI is a shutdown command shutdown = request.getUri().equals(SHUTDOWN_COMMAND); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); System.exit(1); } } } }
从代码可以看出,该类主要内容与上篇的HttpServer类似,不同点有:
- await会一直等待HTTP请求,如果等到请求,该方法会根据请求类型分发给对应的处理器来处理;
- 支持静态资源的请求,可以通过类似http://localhost:8080/index.html这样的请求来访问
- index.html页面;
- 支持servlet的请求和解析,可以通过类似http://localhost:8080/PrimitiveServlet来访问PrimitiveServlet
Request与上篇介绍的Request无异,不再介绍,但是需要说明一点,这里的Request实现了ServletRequest接口。
package day0522; import java.io.InputStream; import java.io.IOException; import java.io.BufferedReader; import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException; import java.util.Enumeration; import java.util.Locale; import java.util.Map; import javax.servlet.RequestDispatcher; import javax.servlet.ServletInputStream; import javax.servlet.ServletRequest; public class Request implements ServletRequest { private InputStream input; private String uri; public Request(InputStream input) { this.input = input; } public String getUri() { return uri; } private String parseUri(String requestString) { int index1, index2; index1 = requestString.indexOf(\' \'); if (index1 != -1) { index2 = requestString.indexOf(\' \', index1 + 1); if (index2 > index1) return requestString.substring(index1 + 1, index2); } return null; } public void parse() { // Read a set of characters from the socket StringBuffer request = new StringBuffer(2048); int i; byte[] buffer = new byte[2048]; try { i = input.read(buffer); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); i = -1; } for (int j=0; j<i; j++) { request.append((char) buffer[j]); } System.out.print(request.toString()); uri = parseUri(request.toString()); } /* implementation of the ServletRequest*/ public Object getAttribute(String attribute) { return null; } public Enumeration getAttributeNames() { return null; } public String getRealPath(String path) { return null; } public RequestDispatcher getRequestDispatcher(String path) { return null; } public boolean isSecure() { return false; } public String getCharacterEncoding() { return null; } public int getContentLength() { return 0; } public String getContentType() { return null; } public ServletInputStream getInputStream() throws IOException { return null; } public Locale getLocale() { return null; } public Enumeration getLocales() { return null; } public String getParameter(String name) { return null; } public Map getParameterMap() { return null; } public Enumeration getParameterNames() { return null; } public String[] getParameterValues(String parameter) { return null; } public String getProtocol() { return null; } public BufferedReader getReader() throws IOException { return null; } public String getRemoteAddr() { return null; } public String getRemoteHost() { return null; } public String getScheme() { return null; } public String getServerName() { return null; } public int getServerPort() { return 0; } public void removeAttribute(String attribute) { } public void setAttribute(String key, Object value) { } public void setCharacterEncoding(String encoding) throws UnsupportedEncodingException { } @Override public int getRemotePort() { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return 0; } @Override public String getLocalName() { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return null; } @Override public String getLocalAddr() { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return null; } @Override public int getLocalPort() { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return 0; } }
Response
同理,这里的Response也不在赘述。
package day0522; import java.io.OutputStream; import java.io.IOException; import java.io.FileInputStream; import java.io.FileNotFoundException; import java.io.File; import java.io.PrintWriter; import java.util.Locale; import javax.servlet.ServletResponse; import javax.servlet.ServletOutputStream; public class Response implements ServletResponse { private static final int BUFFER_SIZE = 1024; Request request; OutputStream output; PrintWriter writer; public Response(OutputStream output) { this.output = output; } public void setRequest(Request request) { this.request = request; } /* This method is used to serve a static page */ public void sendStaticResource() throws IOException { byte[] bytes = new byte[BUFFER_SIZE]; FileInputStream fis = null; try { /* request.getUri has been replaced by request.getRequestURI */ File file = new File(Constants.WEB_ROOT, request.getUri()); fis = new FileInputStream(file); /* HTTP Response = Status-Line *(( general-header | response-header | entity-header ) CRLF) CRLF [ message-body ] Status-Line = HTTP-Version SP Status-Code SP Reason-Phrase CRLF */ int ch = fis.read(bytes, 0, BUFFER_SIZE); while (ch!=-1) { output.write(bytes, 0, ch); ch = fis.read(bytes, 0, BUFFER_SIZE); } } catch (FileNotFoundException e) { String errorMessage = "HTTP/1.1 404 File Not Found\\r\\n" + "Content-Type: text/html\\r\\n" + "Content-Length: 23\\r\\n" + "\\r\\n" + "<h1>File Not Found</h1>"; output.write(errorMessage.getBytes()); } finally { if (fis!=null) fis.close(); } } /** implementation of ServletResponse */ public void flushBuffer() throws IOException { } public int getBufferSize() { return 0; } public String getCharacterEncoding() { return null; } public Locale getLocale() { return null; } public ServletOutputStream getOutputStream() throws IOException { return null; } public PrintWriter getWriter() throws IOException { // autoflush is true, println() will flush, // but print() will not. writer = new PrintWriter(output, true); return writer; } public boolean isCommitted() { return false; } public void reset() { } public void resetBuffer() { } public void setBufferSize(int size) { } public void setContentLength(int length) { } public void setContentType(String type) { } public void setLocale(Locale locale) { } @Override public String getContentType() { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return null; } @Override public void setCharacterEncoding(String charset) { // TODO Auto-generated method stub } }
这里的getWriter方法中新建了PrintWriter,其中第二个参数是一个boolean类型,表示是否启动autoFlush。
StaticResourceProcessor
package day0522; import java.io.IOException; public class StaticResourceProcessor { public void process(Request request, Response response) { try { response.sendStaticResource(); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } }
看代码可以看出:
该类相较上篇是新建的类,主要实现的方法有sendStaticResource,实际上这个方法在上篇中也有,只是直接放在Response中出现,并在HttpServer中声明调用,而这里是将两种请求类型分别封装成类。
ServletProcessor
package day0522; import java.net.URL; import java.net.URLClassLoader; import java.net.URLStreamHandler; import java.io.File; import java.io.IOException; import javax.servlet.Servlet; import javax.servlet.ServletRequest; import javax.servlet.ServletResponse; public class ServletProcessor1 { public void process(Request request, Response response) { String uri = request.getUri(); String servletName = uri.substring(uri.lastIndexOf("/") + 1); URLClassLoader loader = null; try { // create a URLClassLoader URL[] urls = new URL[1]; URLStreamHandler streamHandler = null; File classPath = new File(Constants.WEB_ROOT); // the forming of repository is taken from the createClassLoader method in // org.apache.catalina.startup.ClassLoaderFactory String repository = (new URL("file", null, classPath.getCanonicalPath() + File.separator)).toString() ; // the code for forming the URL is taken from the addRepository method in // org.apache.catalina.loader.StandardClassLoader class. urls[0] = new URL(null, repository, streamHandler); loader = new URLClassLoader(urls); } catch (IOException e) { System.out.println(e.toString() ); } Class myClass = null; try { myClass = loader.loadClass(servletName); } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) { System.out.println(e.toString()); } Servlet servlet = null; try { servlet = (Servlet) myClass.newInstance(); servlet.service((ServletRequest) request, (ServletResponse) response); } catch (Exception e) { System.out.println(e.toString()); } catch (Throwable e) { System.out.println(e.toString()); } } }
从代码看出:
- 该类只有一个方法process,接收Request和Response两个参数;
- 通过uri.substring来获取请求的servlet名;
- 通过新建一个类加载器来装载请求的servlet类,用的类加载器为java.net.URLClassLoader;
- 有了类加载器后,通过loadClass方法载入serlvet类;
- 创建一个载入类的实例,并调用其service方法。
至此,我们明白了:
- servlet容器会等待http请求;
- request负责封装http请求信息;
- response负责封装相应信息;
- staticResourceProcessor负责静态资源请求处理;
- servletProcessor负责servlet的请求处理;
- 一个简易的servlet容器的运作原理。
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