Hash Function

Posted Sheryl Wang

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In data structure Hash, hash function is used to convert a string(or any other type) into an integer smaller than hash size and bigger or equal to zero. The objective of designing a hash function is to "hash" the key as unreasonable as possible. A good hash function can avoid collision as less as possible. A widely used hash function algorithm is using a magic number 33, consider any string as a 33 based big integer like follow:

hashcode("abcd") = (ascii(a) * 333 + ascii(b) * 332 + ascii(c) *33 + ascii(d)) % HASH_SIZE 

                              = (97* 333 + 98 * 332 + 99 * 33 +100) % HASH_SIZE

                              = 3595978 % HASH_SIZE

here HASH_SIZE is the capacity of the hash table (you can assume a hash table is like an array with index 0 ~ HASH_SIZE-1).

Given a string as a key and the size of hash table, return the hash value of this key.f

 Lintcode上的一道题,没有什么技术含量,就是根据公式求hash值。但是这种straight forward的方法最后超时了,所以其实取余运算可以进行优化,也即是不在最后进行取余运算,而是在每一步的运算中都取余。代码如下:

class Solution:
    """
    @param key: A String you should hash
    @param HASH_SIZE: An integer
    @return an integer
    """
    def hashCode(self, key, HASH_SIZE):
        if not key:
            return 0
        hashcode = 0
        for s in key:
            hashcode = (hashcode*33 + ord(s))%HASH_SIZE
        return hashcode

这种操作的正确性可以证明,即 (a+b)%c = (a%c+b)%c  从性质(1)可以推出。

(a + b) % p = (a % p + b % p) % p (1)
(a - b) % p = (a % p - b % p) % p (2)
(a * b) % p = (a % p * b % p) % p (3)
(a^b) % p = ((a % p)^b) % p (4)
推论:
若a≡b (% p),则对于任意的c,都有(a + c) ≡ (b + c) (%p);(10)
若a≡b (% p),则对于任意的c,都有(a * c) ≡ (b * c) (%p);(11)
若a≡b (% p),c≡d (% p),则 (a + c) ≡ (b + d) (%p),(a - c) ≡ (b - d) (%p),
(a * c) ≡ (b * d) (%p),(a / c) ≡ (b / d) (%p); (12)
 
费马定理:若p是素数,a是正整数且不能被p整除,则:a^(p-1) mod p = 1 mod p
         推论:若p是素数,a是正整数且不能被p整除,则:a^p mod p = a mod p

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