Ansible
Posted
tags:
篇首语:本文由小常识网(cha138.com)小编为大家整理,主要介绍了Ansible相关的知识,希望对你有一定的参考价值。
一、Ansible简介
Ansible是一个简单的自动化运维管理工具,基于Python语言实现,由Paramiko和PyYAML两个关键模块构建,可用于自动化部署应用、配置、编排task(持续交付、无宕机更新等)。主版本大概每2个月发布一次。
Ansible官网:https://www.ansible.com/
github地址:https://github.com/Ansible
Ansible具有如下特点:
- 部署简单,只需在主控端部署Ansible环境,被控端无需做任何操作;
- 默认使用SSH协议对设备进行管理;
- 主从集中化管理;
- 配置简单、功能强大、扩展性强;
- 支持API及自定义模块,可通过Python轻松扩展;
- 通过Playbooks来定制强大的配置、状态管理;
- 对云计算平台、大数据都有很好的支持;
- 提供一个功能强大、操作性强的Web管理界面和REST API接口——AWX平台。
Ansible与Saltstack最大的区别是Ansible无需在被控主机部署任何客户端代理,默认直接通过SSH通道进行远程命令执行或下发配置:相同点是都具备功能强大、灵活的系统管理、状态配置,两者都提供丰富的模板及API,对云计算平台、大数据都有很好的支持。
Ansible工作机制
Ansible在管理节点将Ansible模块通过SSH协议推送到管理端执行,执行完之后自动删除,可以使用SVN等来管理自定义模块及编排。
二、Ansible安装
实验环境采用Ubuntu16.04 LTS
Control Machine:192.168.65.110 (Ubuntu16.04)
Managed Nodes:192.168.65.245 (CentOS6.6)
192.168.65.246 (CentOS6.6)
源码安装ansible
git clone git://github.com/ansible/ansible.git --recursive
cd ./ansible
source ./hacking/env-setup
apt-get install python-pip
pip install paramiko PyYAML Jinja2 httplib2
问题1:
解决办法:
apt-get install libcff-dev
问题2:
解决办法:
apt-get install libssl-dev
查看ansible版本:
./bin/ansible --version
注意: ansible暂不支持Python3,只能安装Python2.4或以上版本,Ubuntu16.04默认自带的Python版本为Python3.5.1,不过也不用担心,
执行pip install paramiko PyYAML Jinja2 httplib2命令会自动安装并切换Python版本为2.7.11。
另外,ansible默认使用ssh协议管理节点。
三、基本操作
在ansible的安装目录下有两个比较重要的目录,bin目录和examples目录,bin目录下存放着所有的可执行命令,examples目录是配置文件的样板文件。
1、编辑或创建/etc/ansible/hosts文件,添加可管理主机
[ansibleserver]
192.168.65.110
[testservers]
192.168.65.245
192.168.65.246
2、配置无密码登录
[email protected]:~/ansible# ssh-keygen
[email protected]:~/ansible# ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub [email protected]
[email protected]:~/ansible# ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub [email protected]
[email protected]:~/ansible# ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub [email protected]
3、命令操作
ansible all -m ping # ping所有的节点
ansible all -a "/bin/echo hello"
192.168.65.245提示Module failure, 原因是安装的Python版本为3.5.1。ansible不支持Python3,这是一大缺陷!替换为python2.7.11之后执行成功。
ansible testservers -a "/bin/echo hello"
Ansible命令参数(用ansible -h获得):
Usage: ansible <host-pattern> [options] Options: -a MODULE_ARGS, --args=MODULE_ARGS module arguments --ask-vault-pass ask for vault password -B SECONDS, --background=SECONDS run asynchronously, failing after X seconds (default=N/A) -C, --check don‘t make any changes; instead, try to predict some of the changes that may occur -D, --diff when changing (small) files and templates, show the differences in those files; works great with --check -e EXTRA_VARS, --extra-vars=EXTRA_VARS set additional variables as key=value or YAML/JSON -f FORKS, --forks=FORKS specify number of parallel processes to use (default=5) -h, --help show this help message and exit -i INVENTORY, --inventory-file=INVENTORY specify inventory host path (default=/etc/ansible/hosts) or comma separated host list. -l SUBSET, --limit=SUBSET further limit selected hosts to an additional pattern --list-hosts outputs a list of matching hosts; does not execute anything else -m MODULE_NAME, --module-name=MODULE_NAME module name to execute (default=command) -M MODULE_PATH, --module-path=MODULE_PATH specify path(s) to module library (default=None) --new-vault-password-file=NEW_VAULT_PASSWORD_FILE new vault password file for rekey -o, --one-line condense output --output=OUTPUT_FILE output file name for encrypt or decrypt; use - for stdout -P POLL_INTERVAL, --poll=POLL_INTERVAL set the poll interval if using -B (default=15) --syntax-check perform a syntax check on the playbook, but do not execute it -t TREE, --tree=TREE log output to this directory --vault-password-file=VAULT_PASSWORD_FILE vault password file -v, --verbose verbose mode (-vvv for more, -vvvv to enable connection debugging) --version show program‘s version number and exit Connection Options: control as whom and how to connect to hosts -k, --ask-pass ask for connection password --private-key=PRIVATE_KEY_FILE, --key-file=PRIVATE_KEY_FILE use this file to authenticate the connection -u REMOTE_USER, --user=REMOTE_USER connect as this user (default=None) -c CONNECTION, --connection=CONNECTION connection type to use (default=smart) -T TIMEOUT, --timeout=TIMEOUT override the connection timeout in seconds (default=10) --ssh-common-args=SSH_COMMON_ARGS specify common arguments to pass to sftp/scp/ssh (e.g. ProxyCommand) --sftp-extra-args=SFTP_EXTRA_ARGS specify extra arguments to pass to sftp only (e.g. -f, -l) --scp-extra-args=SCP_EXTRA_ARGS specify extra arguments to pass to scp only (e.g. -l) --ssh-extra-args=SSH_EXTRA_ARGS specify extra arguments to pass to ssh only (e.g. -R) Privilege Escalation Options: control how and which user you become as on target hosts -s, --sudo run operations with sudo (nopasswd) (deprecated, use become) -U SUDO_USER, --sudo-user=SUDO_USER desired sudo user (default=root) (deprecated, use become) -S, --su run operations with su (deprecated, use become) -R SU_USER, --su-user=SU_USER run operations with su as this user (default=root) (deprecated, use become) -b, --become run operations with become (does not imply password prompting) --become-method=BECOME_METHOD privilege escalation method to use (default=sudo), valid choices: [ sudo | su | pbrun | pfexec | runas | doas | dzdo ] --become-user=BECOME_USER run operations as this user (default=root) --ask-sudo-pass ask for sudo password (deprecated, use become) --ask-su-pass ask for su password (deprecated, use become) -K, --ask-become-pass ask for privilege escalation password
四、主机清单Inventory
Ansible通过读取默认的主机清单配置文件/etc/ansible/hosts,可以同时连接到多个远程主机上执行任务,默认路径可以通过修改ansible.cfg的hostfile参数指定。
/etc/ansible/hosts文件默认配置格式如下
# This is the default ansible ‘hosts‘ file.
#
# It should live in /etc/ansible/hosts
#
# - Comments begin with the ‘#‘ character
# - Blank lines are ignored
# - Groups of hosts are delimited by [header] elements
# - You can enter hostnames or ip addresses
# - A hostname/ip can be a member of multiple groups
# Ex 1: Ungrouped hosts, specify before any group headers.
## green.example.com
## blue.example.com
## 192.168.100.1
## 192.168.100.10
# Ex 2: A collection of hosts belonging to the ‘webservers‘ group
## [webservers]
## alpha.example.org
## beta.example.org
## 192.168.1.100
## 192.168.1.110
# If you have multiple hosts following a pattern you can specify
# them like this:
## www[001:006].example.com # 支持通配符匹配 001至006
# Ex 3: A collection of database servers in the ‘dbservers‘ group
## [dbservers]
##
## db01.intranet.mydomain.net
## db02.intranet.mydomain.net
## 10.25.1.56
## 10.25.1.57
# Here‘s another example of host ranges, this time there are no
# leading 0s:
## db-[99:101]-node.example.com
五、Ansible常用模块的操作
1、并行性和shell命令
以root用户在testservers组的所有主机运行Python命令(也可以其他用户身份sudo执行命令)
默认情况下,ansible使用的module是command,这个模块并不支持shell变量和管道等,若使用shell来执行模块,需要用-m参数指定shell模块
使用shell模块在远程主机执行命令
2、传输文件
拷贝本地的/etc/hosts文件到192.168.65.245的/tmp目录
file模块允许更改文件的用户及权限
使用file模块创建目录,相当于 mkdir -p
ansible ansibleserver -m file -a "dest=/data/src mode=755 owner=rambo group=rambo state=directory"
使用file模块删除文件或目录
ansible 192.168.65.246 -m file -a "dest=/tmp/hosts state=absent"
未完待续...
学习视频:http://edu.51cto.com/course/course_id-2220.html
以上是关于Ansible的主要内容,如果未能解决你的问题,请参考以下文章
Ansibleansible安装,用户级执行ansible命令,清单构建,配置文件详解