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python开发 【五】字符串格式化和模块

简介:

  本文内容包含:

  1) 字符串格式化的两种方式 % 和format

  2)模块:

    1. 模块简介;
    2. 模块使用;
    3. 常用模块的功能方法,如:os、sys、hashlib、用于序列化的json 和 pickle 、shutil、ConfigParser、logging、time、re、random

一.  字符串格式化

Python的字符串格式化有两种方式: 百分号方式、format方式

百分号的方式相对来说比较老,而format方式则是比较先进的方式,企图替换古老的方式,目前两者并存。[PEP-3101]

This PEP proposes a new system for built-in string formatting operations, intended as a replacement for the existing ‘%‘ string formatting operator.

1、百分号方式(%)

%[(name)][flags][width].[precision]typecode

  • (name)      【可选】,用于选择指定的key
  • flags          【可选】,可供选择的值有:
    • +       右对齐;正数前加正好,负数前加负号;
    • -        左对齐;正数前无符号,负数前加负号;
    • 空格    右对齐;正数前加空格,负数前加负号;
    • 0        右对齐;正数前无符号,负数前加负号;用0填充空白处
  •  width         【可选】,占有宽度
  • .precision   【可选】,小数点后保留的位数
  • typecode    必选
    • s,获取传入对象的__str__方法的返回值,并将其格式化到指定位置
    • r,获取传入对象的__repr__方法的返回值,并将其格式化到指定位置
    • c,整数:将数字转换成其unicode对应的值,10进制范围为 0 <= i <= 1114111(py27则只支持0-255);字符:将字符添加到指定位置
    • o,将整数转换成 八  进制表示,并将其格式化到指定位置
    • x,将整数转换成十六进制表示,并将其格式化到指定位置
    • d,将整数、浮点数转换成 十 进制表示,并将其格式化到指定位置
    • e,将整数、浮点数转换成科学计数法,并将其格式化到指定位置(小写e)
    • E,将整数、浮点数转换成科学计数法,并将其格式化到指定位置(大写E)
    • f, 将整数、浮点数转换成浮点数表示,并将其格式化到指定位置(默认保留小数点后6位)
    • F,同上
    • g,自动调整将整数、浮点数转换成 浮点型或科学计数法表示(超过6位数用科学计数法),并将其格式化到指定位置(如果是科学计数则是e;)
    • G,自动调整将整数、浮点数转换成 浮点型或科学计数法表示(超过6位数用科学计数法),并将其格式化到指定位置(如果是科学计数则是E;)
    • %,当字符串中存在格式化标志时,需要用 %%表示一个百分号

注:Python中百分号格式化是不存在自动将整数转换成二进制表示的方式

常用格式化:

tpl = "i am %s" % "name1"
 
tpl = "i am %s age %d" % ("name1", 18)
 
tpl = "i am %(name)s age %(age)d" % {"name": "name1", "age": 18}
 
tpl = "percent %.2f" % 99.97623
 
tpl = "i am %(pp).2f" % {"pp": 123.425556, }
 
tpl = "i am %.2f %%" % 123.425556  

2、Format方式

[[fill]align][sign][#][0][width][,][.precision][type]

  • fill           【可选】空白处填充的字符
  • align        【可选】对齐方式(需配合width使用)
    •   <,内容左对齐
    •   >,内容右对齐(默认)
    •   =,内容右对齐,将符号放置在填充字符的左侧,且只对数字类型有效。 即使:符号+填充物+数字
    •   ^,内容居中
  • sign         【可选】有无符号数字
    •   +,正号加正,负号加负;
    •    -,正号不变,负号加负;
    •   空格 ,正号空格,负号加负;
  • #             【可选】对于二进制、八进制、十六进制,如果加上#,会显示 0b/0o/0x,否则不显示
  • ,            【可选】为数字添加分隔符,如:1,000,000
  • width       【可选】格式化位所占宽度
  • .precision 【可选】小数位保留精度
  • type         【可选】格式化类型
    • 传入” 字符串类型 “的参数
      • s,格式化字符串类型数据
      • 空白,未指定类型,则默认是None,同s
    • 传入“ 整数类型 ”的参数
      • b,将10进制整数自动转换成2进制表示然后格式化
      • c,将10进制整数自动转换为其对应的unicode字符
      • d,十进制整数
      • o,将10进制整数自动转换成8进制表示然后格式化;
      • x,将10进制整数自动转换成16进制表示然后格式化(小写x)
      • X,将10进制整数自动转换成16进制表示然后格式化(大写X)
    • 传入“ 浮点型或小数类型 ”的参数
      • e, 转换为科学计数法(小写e)表示,然后格式化;
      • E, 转换为科学计数法(大写E)表示,然后格式化;
      • f , 转换为浮点型(默认小数点后保留6位)表示,然后格式化;
      • F, 转换为浮点型(默认小数点后保留6位)表示,然后格式化;
      • g, 自动在e和f中切换
      • G, 自动在E和F中切换
      • %,显示百分比(默认显示小数点后6位)

 常用格式化:

tpl = "i am {}, age {}, {}".format("seven", 18, ‘name1‘)
  
tpl = "i am {}, age {}, {}".format(*["seven", 18, ‘name1‘])
  
tpl = "i am {0}, age {1}, really {0}".format("seven", 18)
  
tpl = "i am {0}, age {1}, really {0}".format(*["seven", 18])
  
tpl = "i am {name}, age {age}, really {name}".format(name="seven", age=18)
  
tpl = "i am {name}, age {age}, really {name}".format(**{"name": "seven", "age": 18})
  
tpl = "i am {0[0]}, age {0[1]}, really {0[2]}".format([1, 2, 3], [11, 22, 33])
  
tpl = "i am {:s}, age {:d}, money {:f}".format("seven", 18, 88888.1)
  
tpl = "i am {:s}, age {:d}".format(*["seven", 18])
  
tpl = "i am {name:s}, age {age:d}".format(name="seven", age=18)
  
tpl = "i am {name:s}, age {age:d}".format(**{"name": "seven", "age": 18})
 
tpl = "numbers: {:b},{:o},{:d},{:x},{:X}, {:%}".format(15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15.87623, 2)
 
tpl = "numbers: {:b},{:o},{:d},{:x},{:X}, {:%}".format(15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15.87623, 2)
 
tpl = "numbers: {0:b},{0:o},{0:d},{0:x},{0:X}, {0:%}".format(15)
 
tpl = "numbers: {num:b},{num:o},{num:d},{num:x},{num:X}, {num:%}".format(num=15)

 

更多格式化操作:    https://docs.python.org/3/library/string.html

迭代器和生成器

1、迭代器

迭代器是访问集合元素的一种方式。迭代器对象从集合的第一个元素开始访问,直到所有的元素被访问完结束。迭代器只能往前不会后退,不过这也没什么,因为人们很少在迭代途中往后退。另外,迭代器的一大优点是不要求事先准备好整个迭代过程中所有的元素。迭代器仅仅在迭代到某个元素时才计算该元素,而在这之前或之后,元素可以不存在或者被销毁。这个特点使得它特别适合用于遍历一些巨大的或是无限的集合,比如几个G的文件

特点:

  1. 访问者不需要关心迭代器内部的结构,仅需通过next()方法不断去取下一个内容
  2. 不能随机访问集合中的某个值 ,只能从头到尾依次访问
  3. 访问到一半时不能往回退
  4. 便于循环比较大的数据集合,节省内存
>>> a = iter([1,2,3,4,5])
>>> a
<list_iterator object at 0x101402630>
>>> a.__next__()
1
>>> a.__next__()
2
>>> a.__next__()
3
>>> a.__next__()
4
>>> a.__next__()
5
>>> a.__next__()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
StopIteration

2、生成器

一个函数调用时返回一个迭代器,那这个函数就叫做生成器(generator);如果函数中包含yield语法,那这个函数就会变成生成器;

def func():
    yield 1
    yield 2
    yield 3
    yield 4

上述代码中:func是函数称为生成器,当执行此函数func()时会得到一个迭代器。

>>> temp = func()
>>> temp.__next__()
1
>>> temp.__next__()
2
>>> temp.__next__()
3
>>> temp.__next__()
4
>>> temp.__next__()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
StopIteration

3、实例

a、利用生成器自定义range

def nrange(num):

    temp = -1
    while True:
        temp = temp + 1
        if temp >= num:
            return
        else:
            yield temp

m = nrange(4)
for i in m:
    print(i)
# 执行结果:
0
1
2
3

b、利用迭代器访问nrange;

m = nrange(4)
print(m.__next__())
print(m.__next__())
print(m.__next__())
print(m.__next__())
# 执行结果:
0
1
2
3

如果,继续执行,超出迭代范围就会报错:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "E:/liuhailong/student13/s13/day4/test2.py", line 45, in <module>
    print(m.__next__())
StopIteration

二. 模块

模块,用一砣代码实现了某个功能的代码集合。 

类似于函数式编程和面向过程编程,函数式编程则完成一个功能,其他代码用来调用即可,提供了代码的重用性和代码间的耦合。而对于一个复杂的功能来,可能需要多个函数才能完成(函数又可以在不同的.py文件中),n个 .py 文件组成的代码集合就称为模块。

如:os 是系统相关的模块;file是文件操作相关的模块

模块分为三种:

  • 自定义模块
  • 内置模块
  • 开源模块

自定义模块

1、定义模块:

自定义模块也要有个标准,随便写,就感觉乱做一团了;

标准1: 必须是一个.py结尾的Python程序,可以被Python执行使用;

标准2: 模块要写在,执行文件的同级目录下,模块可以写在目录里,也可以是多个.py文件;

标准3: 不同作用的模块,分目录存储,比如:配置相关的写到conf目录里,功能相关的写到lib目录里,主程序使用manage,核心执行程序写到core目录里等;

2、导入模块

Python之所以应用越来越广泛,在一定程度上也依赖于其为程序员提供了大量的模块以供使用,如果想要使用模块,则需要导入。导入模块有一下几种方法:

import module
from module.xx.xx import xx
from module.xx.xx import xx as rename  
from module.xx.xx import *

导入模块其实就是告诉Python解释器去解释那个py文件

  • 导入一个py文件,解释器解释该py文件
  • 导入一个包,解释器解释该包下的 __init__.py 文件

那么问题来了,导入模块时是根据那个路径作为基准来进行的呢?即:sys.path

import sys
print(sys.path)

# 执行结果:
[‘E:\\\\liuhailong\\\\student13\\\\s13\\\\day4‘, ‘E:\\\\liuhailong\\\\student13\\\\s13‘, ‘E:\\\\liuhailong\\\\python3\\\\python35.zip‘, ‘E:\\\\liuhailong\\\\python3\\\\DLLs‘, ‘E:\\\\liuhailong\\\\python3\\\\lib‘, ‘E:\\\\liuhailong\\\\python3‘, ‘E:\\\\liuhailong\\\\python3\\\\lib\\\\site-packages‘]

如果sys.path路径列表没有你想要的路径,可以通过 sys.path.append(‘路径‘) 添加。
通过os模块可以获取各种目录,例如:

import sys
import os

pre_path = os.path.abspath(../)
sys.path.append(pre_path)

开源模块

一、下载安装

下载安装有两种方式:

方式一:

yum 
pip
apt-get
...
方式二:
下载源码
解压源码
进入目录
编译源码    python setup.py build
安装源码    python setup.py install

注:在使用源码安装时,需要使用到gcc编译和python开发环境,所以,需要先执行:

yum install gcc
yum install python-devel
或
apt-get python-dev

安装成功后,模块会自动安装到 sys.path 中的某个目录中,如:

/usr/lib/python3.5/site-packages/

二、导入模块

同自定义模块中导入的方式

三、模块 paramiko

paramiko是一个用于做远程控制的模块,使用该模块可以对远程服务器进行命令或文件操作,值得一说的是,fabric和ansible内部的远程管理就是使用的paramiko来现实。

1、下载安装

# pycrypto,由于 paramiko 模块内部依赖pycrypto,所以先下载安装pycrypto
 
# 下载安装 pycrypto
wget http://files.cnblogs.com/files/wupeiqi/pycrypto-2.6.1.tar.gz
tar -xvf pycrypto-2.6.1.tar.gz
cd pycrypto-2.6.1
python setup.py build
python setup.py install
 
# 进入python环境,导入Crypto检查是否安装成功
 
# 下载安装 paramiko
wget http://files.cnblogs.com/files/wupeiqi/paramiko-1.10.1.tar.gz
tar -xvf paramiko-1.10.1.tar.gz
cd paramiko-1.10.1
python setup.py build
python setup.py install
 
# 进入python环境,导入paramiko检查是否安装成功

2、使用模块

  • 执行命令 - 通过用户名和密码连接服务器
#!/usr/bin/env python
#coding:utf-8

import paramiko

ssh = paramiko.SSHClient()
ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())
ssh.connect(‘192.168.1.108‘, 22, ‘alex‘, ‘123‘)
stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command(‘df‘)
print (stdout.read())
ssh.close();
  • 执行命令 - 过密钥链接服务器
import paramiko

private_key_path = ‘/home/auto/.ssh/id_rsa‘
key = paramiko.RSAKey.from_private_key_file(private_key_path)

ssh = paramiko.SSHClient()
ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())
ssh.connect(‘主机名 ‘, 端口, ‘用户名‘, key)

stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command(‘df‘)
print(stdout.read())
ssh.close()
  • 上传或者下载文件 - 通过用户名和密码
import os,sys
import paramiko

t = paramiko.Transport((‘182.92.219.86‘,22))
t.connect(username=‘wupeiqi‘,password=‘123‘)
sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(t)
sftp.put(‘/tmp/test.py‘,‘/tmp/test.py‘) 
t.close()


import os,sys
import paramiko

t = paramiko.Transport((‘182.92.219.86‘,22))
t.connect(username=‘wupeiqi‘,password=‘123‘)
sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(t)
sftp.get(‘/tmp/test.py‘,‘/tmp/test2.py‘)
t.close()

上传或者下载文件 - 通过用户名和密码
  • 上传或下载文件 - 通过密钥
import paramiko

pravie_key_path = ‘/home/auto/.ssh/id_rsa‘
key = paramiko.RSAKey.from_private_key_file(pravie_key_path)

t = paramiko.Transport((‘182.92.219.86‘,22))
t.connect(username=‘wupeiqi‘,pkey=key)

sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(t)
sftp.put(‘/tmp/test3.py‘,‘/tmp/test3.py‘) 

t.close()

import paramiko

pravie_key_path = ‘/home/auto/.ssh/id_rsa‘
key = paramiko.RSAKey.from_private_key_file(pravie_key_path)

t = paramiko.Transport((‘182.92.219.86‘,22))
t.connect(username=‘wupeiqi‘,pkey=key)

sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(t)
sftp.get(‘/tmp/test3.py‘,‘/tmp/test4.py‘) 

t.close()

上传或下载文件 - 通过密钥

内置模块

一、OS

用于提供系统级别的操作

os.getcwd() 获取当前工作目录,即当前python脚本工作的目录路径
os.chdir("dirname")  改变当前脚本工作目录;相当于shell下cd
os.curdir  返回当前目录: (‘.‘)
os.pardir  获取当前目录的父目录字符串名:(‘..‘)
os.makedirs(‘dirname1/dirname2‘)    可生成多层递归目录
os.removedirs(‘dirname1‘)    若目录为空,则删除,并递归到上一级目录,如若也为空,则删除,依此类推
os.mkdir(‘dirname‘)    生成单级目录;相当于shell中mkdir dirname
os.rmdir(‘dirname‘)    删除单级空目录,若目录不为空则无法删除,报错;相当于shell中rmdir dirname
os.listdir(‘dirname‘)    列出指定目录下的所有文件和子目录,包括隐藏文件,并以列表方式打印
os.remove()  删除一个文件
os.rename("oldname","newname")  重命名文件/目录
os.stat(‘path/filename‘)  获取文件/目录信息
os.sep    输出操作系统特定的路径分隔符,win下为"\\\\",Linux下为"/"
os.linesep    输出当前平台使用的行终止符,win下为"\\t\\n",Linux下为"\\n"
os.pathsep    输出用于分割文件路径的字符串
os.name    输出字符串指示当前使用平台。win->‘nt‘; Linux->‘posix‘
os.system("bash command")  运行shell命令,直接显示
os.environ  获取系统环境变量
os.path.abspath(path)  返回path规范化的绝对路径
os.path.split(path)  将path分割成目录和文件名二元组返回
os.path.dirname(path)  返回path的目录。其实就是os.path.split(path)的第一个元素
os.path.basename(path)  返回path最后的文件名。如何path以/或\\结尾,那么就会返回空值。即os.path.split(path)的第二个元素
os.path.exists(path)  如果path存在,返回True;如果path不存在,返回False
os.path.isabs(path)  如果path是绝对路径,返回True
os.path.isfile(path)  如果path是一个存在的文件,返回True。否则返回False
os.path.isdir(path)  如果path是一个存在的目录,则返回True。否则返回False
os.path.join(path1[, path2[, ...]])  将多个路径组合后返回,第一个绝对路径之前的参数将被忽略
os.path.getatime(path)  返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后存取时间
os.path.getmtime(path)  返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后修改时间

更多功能: https://docs.python.org/2/library/os.html?highlight=os#module-os

二、sys

用于提供对解释器相关的操作

sys.argv           命令行参数List,第一个元素是程序本身路径
sys.exit(n)        退出程序,正常退出时exit(0)
sys.version        获取Python解释程序的版本信息
sys.maxint         最大的Int值
sys.path           返回模块的搜索路径,初始化时使用PYTHONPATH环境变量的值
sys.platform       返回操作系统平台名称
sys.stdout.write(‘please:‘)
val = sys.stdin.readline()[:-1]

更多功能:  https://docs.python.org/2/library/sys.html?highlight=sys#module-sys

三、hashlib 

用于加密相关的操作,代替了md5模块和sha模块,主要提供 SHA1, SHA224, SHA256, SHA384, SHA512 ,MD5 算法

import hashlib
 
# ######## md5 ########
 
hash = hashlib.md5()
hash.update(‘admin‘)
print (hash.hexdigest())
 
# ######## sha1 ########
 
hash = hashlib.sha1()
hash.update(‘admin‘)
print (hash.hexdigest())
 
# ######## sha256 ########
 
hash = hashlib.sha256()
hash.update(‘admin‘)
print (hash.hexdigest())
 
 
# ######## sha384 ########
 
hash = hashlib.sha384()
hash.update(‘admin‘)
print (hash.hexdigest())
 
# ######## sha512 ########
 
hash = hashlib.sha512()
hash.update(‘admin‘)
print (hash.hexdigest())

以上加密算法虽然依然非常厉害,但时候存在缺陷,即:通过撞库可以反解。所以,有必要对加密算法中添加自定义key再来做加密。

import hashlib
 
# ######## md5 ########
 
hash = hashlib.md5(‘898oaFs09f‘)
hash.update(‘admin‘)
print (hash.hexdigest())

还不够吊?python 还有一个 hmac 模块,它内部对我们创建 key 和 内容 再进行处理然后再加密

import hmac
h = hmac.new(‘wueiqi‘)
h.update(‘hellowo‘)
print (h.hexdigest()) 

不能再牛逼了!!!

四、json 和 pickle 

用于序列化的两个模块

  • json,用于字符串 和 python数据类型间进行转换
  • pickle,用于python特有的类型 和 python的数据类型间进行转换

Json模块提供了四个功能:dumps、dump、loads、load

1、json将数据类型转为字符串,再将字符串转为数据类型,实例:

import json

li = [123,456]
r = json.dumps(li)
print(r,type(r))
ret = json.loads(r)
print(ret,type(ret))

# 执行结果:
[123, 456] <class ‘str‘>
[123, 456] <class ‘list‘>

2、json将数据类型转为字符串后,存入文件内;然后从文件中读取,将字符串类型,转为正常数据类型;

import json

adict = {"k1":"v1","k2":"v2"}
with open(‘db.txt‘,‘w‘) as f:
    r = json.dump(adict,f)

with open(‘db.txt‘,‘r‘) as f:
    r = json.load(f)
print(r,type(r))

执行结果:

{k2: v2, k1: v1} <class dict>

# 执行打开db.txt,只写后,json.dump将adict内容由字典类型转为字符串类型,并写入打开的文件; 此时生成一个包含adict内容的db.txt文件;

# 以只读的方式打开db.txt文件,json.load将文件内容由字符串类型转为数据类型格式;

# 打印出结果;

pickle模块提供了四个功能:dumps、dump、loads、load

1、pickle将Python数据类型转为pickle字节类型数据,再将pickle字节型数据转为Python数据类型,实例:

import pickle

adict = {"k1":"v1","k2":"v2"}
r = pickle.dumps(adict)
print(r,type(r))

ret = pickle.loads(r)
print(ret,type(ret))

执行结果:

b\\x80\\x03}q\\x00(X\\x02\\x00\\x00\\x00k2q\\x01X\\x02\\x00\\x00\\x00v2q\\x02X\\x02\\x00\\x00\\x00k1q\\x03X\\x02\\x00\\x00\\x00v1q\\x04u. <class bytes>
{k2: v2, k1: v1} <class dict>

2、pickle将Python数据类型转为pickle字节类型数据,存入文件;再将文件里的pickle字节型数据转为Python数据类型,实例:

import pickle

adict = {"k1":"v1","k2":"v2"}
with open(‘db.txt‘,‘wb‘) as f:
    r = pickle.dump(adict,f)

with open(‘db.txt‘,‘rb‘) as f:
    r = pickle.load(f)
print(r,type(r))

执行结果:

{k2: v2, k1: v1} <class dict>

# 以只写方式打开db.txt,pickle.dump将adict内容由字典类型转为pickle字节型数据,并写入打开的文件; 此时生成一个包含adict内容的db.txt文件;
# 文件内容 : ?}q (X   k1qX   v1qX   k2qX   v2qu.

# 以只读的方式打开db.txt文件,pickle.load将文件内容由pickle字符串类型转为数据类型格式;

# 打印出结果;

五、执行系统命令

可以执行shell命令的相关模块和函数有:

  • os.system
  • os.spawn*
  • os.popen*          --废弃
  • popen2.*           --废弃
  • commands.*      --废弃,3.x中被移除
import commands

result = commands.getoutput(‘cmd‘)
result = commands.getstatus(‘cmd‘)
result = commands.getstatusoutput(‘cmd‘)

以上执行shell命令的相关的模块和函数的功能均在 subprocess 模块中实现,并提供了更丰富的功能。

call 

执行命令,返回状态码

ret = subprocess.call(["ls", "-l"], shell=False)
ret = subprocess.call("ls -l", shell=True)

shell = True ,允许 shell 命令是字符串形式

check_call

执行命令,如果执行状态码是 0 ,则返回0,否则抛异常

subprocess.check_call(["ls", "-l"])
subprocess.check_call("exit 1", shell=True)

check_output

执行命令,如果状态码是 0 ,则返回执行结果,否则抛异常

subprocess.check_output(["echo", "Hello World!"])
subprocess.check_output("exit 1", shell=True)

subprocess.Popen(...)

用于执行复杂的系统命令

参数:

    • args:shell命令,可以是字符串或者序列类型(如:list,元组)
    • bufsize:指定缓冲。0 无缓冲,1 行缓冲,其他 缓冲区大小,负值 系统缓冲
    • stdin, stdout, stderr:分别表示程序的标准输入、输出、错误句柄
    • preexec_fn:只在Unix平台下有效,用于指定一个可执行对象(callable object),它将在子进程运行之前被调用
    • close_sfs:在windows平台下,如果close_fds被设置为True,则新创建的子进程将不会继承父进程的输入、输出、错误管道。
      所以不能将close_fds设置为True同时重定向子进程的标准输入、输出与错误(stdin, stdout, stderr)。
    • shell:同上
    • cwd:用于设置子进程的当前目录
    • env:用于指定子进程的环境变量。如果env = None,子进程的环境变量将从父进程中继承。
    • universal_newlines:不同系统的换行符不同,True -> 同意使用 \\n
    • startupinfo与createionflags只在windows下有效
      将被传递给底层的CreateProcess()函数,用于设置子进程的一些属性,如:主窗口的外观,进程的优先级等等
import subprocess
ret1 = subprocess.Popen(["mkdir","t1"])
ret2 = subprocess.Popen("mkdir t2", shell=True)

终端输入的命令分为两种:

  • 输入即可得到输出,如:ifconfig
  • 输入进行某环境,依赖再输入,如:python
1.
import subprocess

obj = subprocess.Popen("mkdir t3", shell=True, cwd=‘/home/dev‘,)

2.
import subprocess

obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
obj.stdin.write(‘print 1 \\n ‘)
obj.stdin.write(‘print 2 \\n ‘)
obj.stdin.write(‘print 3 \\n ‘)
obj.stdin.write(‘print 4 \\n ‘)
obj.stdin.close()

cmd_out = obj.stdout.read()
obj.stdout.close()
cmd_error = obj.stderr.read()
obj.stderr.close()

print (cmd_out)
print (cmd_error)

3.
import subprocess

obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
obj.stdin.write(‘print 1 \\n ‘)
obj.stdin.write(‘print 2 \\n ‘)
obj.stdin.write(‘print 3 \\n ‘)
obj.stdin.write(‘print 4 \\n ‘)

out_error_list = obj.communicate()
print (out_error_list)

4.
import subprocess

obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
out_error_list = obj.communicate(‘print "hello"‘)
print (out_error_list)

更多: https://docs.python.org/2/library/subprocess.html?highlight=subprocess#frequently-used-arguments

六、shutil

高级的 文件、文件夹、压缩包 处理模块

shutil.copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst[, length])
将文件内容拷贝到另一个文件中,可以部分内容

def copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst, length=16*1024):
    """copy data from file-like object fsrc to file-like object fdst"""
    while 1:
        buf = fsrc.read(length)
        if not buf:
            break
        fdst.write(buf)

shutil.copyfile(src, dst)
拷贝文件

def copyfile(src, dst):
    """Copy data from src to dst"""
    if _samefile(src, dst):
        raise Error("`%s` and `%s` are the same file" % (src, dst))

    for fn in [src, dst]:
        try:
            st = os.stat(fn)
        except OSError:
            # File most likely does not exist
            pass
        else:
            # XXX What about other special files? (sockets, devices...)
            if stat.S_ISFIFO(st.st_mode):
                raise SpecialFileError("`%s` is a named pipe" % fn)

    with open(src, ‘rb‘) as fsrc:
        with open(dst, ‘wb‘) as fdst:
            copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst)

shutil.copymode(src, dst)
仅拷贝权限。内容、组、用户均不变

def copymode(src, dst):
    """Copy mode bits from src to dst"""
    if hasattr(os, ‘chmod‘):
        st = os.stat(src)
        mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode)
        os.chmod(dst, mode)

shutil.copystat(src, dst)
拷贝状态的信息,包括:mode bits, atime, mtime, flags

def copystat(src, dst):
    """Copy all stat info (mode bits, atime, mtime, flags) from src to dst"""
    st = os.stat(src)
    mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode)
    if hasattr(os, ‘utime‘):
        os.utime(dst, (st.st_atime, st.st_mtime))
    if hasattr(os, ‘chmod‘):
        os.chmod(dst, mode)
    if hasattr(os, ‘chflags‘) and hasattr(st, ‘st_flags‘):
        try:
            os.chflags(dst, st.st_flags)
        except OSError, why:
            for err in ‘EOPNOTSUPP‘, ‘ENOTSUP‘:
                if hasattr(errno, err) and why.errno == getattr(errno, err):
                    break
            else:
                raise

shutil.copy(src, dst)
拷贝文件和权限

def copy(src, dst):
    """Copy data and mode bits ("cp src dst").

    The destination may be a directory.

    """
    if os.path.isdir(dst):
        dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src))
    copyfile(src, dst)
    copymode(src, dst)

shutil.copy2(src, dst)
拷贝文件和状态信息

def copy2(src, dst):
    """Copy data and all stat info ("cp -p src dst").

    The destination may be a directory.

    """
    if os.path.isdir(dst):
        dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src))
    copyfile(src, dst)
    copystat(src, dst)

shutil.ignore_patterns(*patterns)
shutil.copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None)
递归的去拷贝文件

例如:copytree(source, destination, ignore=ignore_patterns(‘*.pyc‘, ‘tmp*‘))

def ignore_patterns(*patterns):
    """Function that can be used as copytree() ignore parameter.

    Patterns is a sequence of glob-style patterns
    that are used to exclude files"""
    def _ignore_patterns(path, names):
        ignored_names = []
        for pattern in patterns:
            ignored_names.extend(fnmatch.filter(names, pattern))
        return set(ignored_names)
    return _ignore_patterns

def copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None):
    """Recursively copy a directory tree using copy2().

    The destination directory must not already exist.
    If exception(s) occur, an Error is raised with a list of reasons.

    If the optional symlinks flag is true, symbolic links in the
    source tree result in symbolic links in the destination tree; if
    it is false, the contents of the files pointed to by symbolic
    links are copied.

    The optional ignore argument is a callable. If given, it
    is called with the `src` parameter, which is the directory
    being visited by copytree(), and `names` which is the list of
    `src` contents, as returned by os.listdir():

        callable(src, names) -> ignored_names

    Since copytree() is called recursively, the callable will be
    called once for each directory that is copied. It returns a
    list of names relative to the `src` directory that should
    not be copied.

    XXX Consider this example code rather than the ultimate tool.

    """
    names = os.listdir(src)
    if ignore is not None:
        ignored_names = ignore(src, names)
    else:
        ignored_names = set()

    os.makedirs(dst)
    errors = []
    for name in names:
        if name in ignored_names:
            continue
        srcname = os.path.join(src, name)
        dstname = os.path.join(dst, name)
        try:
            if symlinks and os.path.islink(srcname):
                linkto = os.readlink(srcname)
                os.symlink(linkto, dstname)
            elif os.path.isdir(srcname):
                copytree(srcname, dstname, symlinks, ignore)
            else:
                # Will raise a SpecialFileError for unsupported file types
                copy2(srcname, dstname)
        # catch the Error from the recursive copytree so that we can
        # continue with other files
        except Error, err:
            errors.extend(err.args[0])
        except EnvironmentError, why:
            errors.append((srcname, dstname, str(why)))
    try:
        copystat(src, dst)
    except OSError, why:
        if WindowsError is not None and isinstance(why, WindowsError):
            # Copying file access times may fail on Windows
            pass
        else:
            errors.append((src, dst, str(why)))
    if errors:
        raise Error, errors

shutil.rmtree(path[, ignore_errors[, onerror]])
递归的去删除文件

def rmtree(path, ignore_errors=False, onerror=None):
    """Recursively delete a directory tree.

    If ignore_errors is set, errors are ignored; otherwise, if onerror
    is set, it is called to handle the error with arguments (func,
    path, exc_info) where func is os.listdir, os.remove, or os.rmdir;
    path is the argument to that function that caused it to fail; and
    exc_info is a tuple returned by sys.exc_info().  If ignore_errors
    is false and onerror is None, an exception is raised.

    """
    if ignore_errors:
        def onerror(*args):
            pass
    elif onerror is None:
        def onerror(*args):
            raise
    try:
        if os.path.islink(path):
            # symlinks to directories are forbidden, see bug #1669
            raise OSError("Cannot call rmtree on a symbolic link")
    except OSError:
        onerror(os.path.islink, path, sys.exc_info())
        # can‘t continue even if onerror hook returns
        return
    names = []
    try:
        names = os.listdir(path)
    except os.error, err:
        onerror(os.listdir, path, sys.exc_info())
    for name in names:
        fullname = os.path.join(path, name)
        try:
            mode = os.lstat(fullname).st_mode
        except os.error:
            mode = 0
        if stat.S_ISDIR(mode):
            rmtree(fullname, ignore_errors, onerror)
        else:
            try:
                os.remove(fullname)
            except os.error, err:
                onerror(os.remove, fullname, sys.exc_info())
    try:
        os.rmdir(path)
    except os.error:
        onerror(os.rmdir, path, sys.exc_info())

shutil.move(src, dst)
递归的去移动文件

def move(src, dst):
    """Recursively move a file or directory to another location. This is
    similar to the Unix "mv" command.

    If the destination is a directory or a symlink to a directory, the source
    is moved inside the directory. The destination path must not already
    exist.

    If the destination already exists but is not a directory, it may be
    overwritten depending on os.rename() semantics.

    If the destination is on our current filesystem, then rename() is used.
    Otherwise, src is copied to the destination and then removed.
    A lot more could be done here...  A look at a mv.c shows a lot of
    the issues this implementation glosses over.

    """
    real_dst = dst
    if os.path.isdir(dst):
        if _samefile(src, dst):
            # We might be on a case insensitive filesystem,
            # perform the rename anyway.
            os.rename(src, dst)
            return

        real_dst = os.path.join(dst, _basename(src))
        if os.path.exists(real_dst):
            raise Error, "Destination path ‘%s‘ already exists" % real_dst
    try:
        os.rename(src, real_dst)
    except OSError:
        if os.path.isdir(src):
            if _destinsrc(src, dst):
                raise Error, "Cannot move a directory ‘%s‘ into itself ‘%s‘." % (src, dst)
            copytree(src, real_dst, symlinks=True)
            rmtree(src)
        else:
            copy2(src, real_dst)
            os.unlink(src)

shutil.make_archive(base_name, format,...)

创建压缩包并返回文件路径,例如:zip、tar

    • base_name: 压缩包的文件名,也可以是压缩包的路径。只是文件名时,则保存至当前目录,否则保存至指定路径,
      如:www                        =>保存至当前路径
      如:/Users/wupeiqi/www =>保存至/Users/wupeiqi/
    • format: 压缩包种类,“zip”, “tar”, “bztar”,“gztar”
    • root_dir: 要压缩的文件夹路径(默认当前目录)
    • owner: 用户,默认当前用户
    • group: 组,默认当前组
    • logger: 用于记录日志,通常是logging.Logger对象
#将 /Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test 下的文件打包放置当前程序目录
 
import shutil
ret = shutil.make_archive("wwwwwwwwww", ‘gztar‘, root_dir=‘/Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test‘)
 
 
#将 /Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test 下的文件打包放置 /Users/wupeiqi/目录
import shutil
ret = shutil.make_archive("/Users/wupeiqi/wwwwwwwwww", ‘gztar‘, root_dir=‘/Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test‘)
def make_archive(base_name, format, root_dir=None, base_dir=None, verbose=0,
                 dry_run=0, owner=None, group=None, logger=None):
    """Create an archive file (eg. zip or tar).

    ‘base_name‘ is the name of the file to create, minus any format-specific
    extension; ‘format‘ is the archive format: one of "zip", "tar", "bztar"
    or "gztar".

    ‘root_dir‘ is a directory that will be the root directory of the
    archive; ie. we typically chdir into ‘root_dir‘ before creating the
    archive.  ‘base_dir‘ is the directory where we start archiving from;
    ie. ‘base_dir‘ will be the common prefix of all files and
    directories in the archive.  ‘root_dir‘ and ‘base_dir‘ both default
    to the current directory.  Returns the name of the archive file.

    ‘owner‘ and ‘group‘ are used when creating a tar archive. By default,
    uses the current owner and group.
    """
    save_cwd = os.getcwd()
    if root_dir is not None:
        if logger is not None:
            logger.debug("changing into ‘%s‘", root_dir)
        base_name = os.path.abspath(base_name)
        if not dry_run:
            os.chdir(root_dir)

    if base_dir is None:
        base_dir = os.curdir

    kwargs = {‘dry_run‘: dry_run, ‘logger‘: logger}

    try:
        format_info = _ARCHIVE_FORMATS[format]
    except KeyError:
        raise ValueError, "unknown archive format ‘%s‘" % format

    func = format_info[0]
    for arg, val in format_info[1]:
        kwargs[arg] = val

    if format != ‘zip‘:
        kwargs[‘owner‘] = owner
        kwargs[‘group‘] = group

    try:
        filename = func(base_name, base_dir, **kwargs)
    finally:
        if root_dir is not None:
            if logger is not None:
                logger.debug("changing back to ‘%s‘", save_cwd)
            os.chdir(save_cwd)

    return filename

shutil 对压缩包的处理是调用 ZipFile 和 TarFile 两个模块来进行的,详细:

import zipfile

# 压缩
z = zipfile.ZipFile(‘laxi.zip‘, ‘w‘)
z.write(‘a.log‘)
z.write(‘data.data‘)
z.close()

# 解压
z = zipfile.ZipFile(‘laxi.zip‘, ‘r‘)
z.extractall()
z.close()
  • tarfile 压缩解压
import tarfile

# 压缩
tar = tarfile.open(‘your.tar‘,‘w‘)
tar.add(‘/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/bbs2.zip‘, arcname=‘bbs2.zip‘)
tar.add(‘/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/cmdb.zip‘, arcname=‘cmdb.zip‘)
tar.close()

# 解压
tar = tarfile.open(‘your.tar‘,‘r‘)
tar.extractall()  # 可设置解压地址
tar.close()
  • ZipFile
class ZipFile(object):
    """ Class with methods to open, read, write, close, list zip files.

    z = ZipFile(file, mode="r", compression=ZIP_STORED, allowZip64=False)

    file: Either the path to the file, or a file-like object.
          If it is a path, the file will be opened and closed by ZipFile.
    mode: The mode can be either read "r", write "w" or append "a".
    compression: ZIP_STORED (no compression) or ZIP_DEFLATED (requires zlib).
    allowZip64: if True ZipFile will create files with ZIP64 extensions when
                needed, otherwise it will raise an exception when this would
                be necessary.

    """

    fp = None                   # Set here since __del__ checks it

    def __init__(self, file, mode="r", compression=ZIP_STORED, allowZip64=False):
        """Open the ZIP file with mode read "r", write "w" or append "a"."""
        if mode not in ("r", "w", "a"):
            raise RuntimeError(‘ZipFile() requires mode "r", "w", or "a"‘)

        if compression == ZIP_STORED:
            pass
        elif compression == ZIP_DEFLATED:
            if not zlib:
                raise RuntimeError,                      "Compression requires the (missing) zlib module"
        else:
            raise RuntimeError, "That compression method is not supported"

        self._allowZip64 = allowZip64
        self._didModify = False
        self.debug = 0  # Level of printing: 0 through 3
        self.NameToInfo = {}    # Find file info given name
        self.filelist = []      # List of ZipInfo instances for archive
        self.compression = compression  # Method of compression
        self.mode = key = mode.replace(‘b‘, ‘‘)[0]
        self.pwd = None
        self._comment = ‘‘

        # Check if we were passed a file-like object
        if isinstance(file, basestring):
            self._filePassed = 0
            self.filename = file
            modeDict = {‘r‘ : ‘rb‘, ‘w‘: ‘wb‘, ‘a‘ : ‘r+b‘}
            try:
                self.fp = open(file, modeDict[mode])
            except IOError:
                if mode == ‘a‘:
                    mode = key = ‘w‘
                    self.fp = open(file, modeDict[mode])
                else:
                    raise
        else:
            self._filePassed = 1
            self.fp = file
            self.filename = getattr(file, ‘name‘, None)

        try:
            if key == ‘r‘:
                self._RealGetContents()
            elif key == ‘w‘:
                # set the modified flag so central directory gets written
                # even if no files are added to the archive
                self._didModify = True
            elif key == ‘a‘:
                try:
                    # See if file is a zip file
                    self._RealGetContents()
                    # seek to start of directory and overwrite
                    self.fp.seek(self.start_dir, 0)
                except BadZipfile:
                    # file is not a zip file, just append
                    self.fp.seek(0, 2)

                    # set the modified flag so central directory gets written
                    # even if no files are added to the archive
                    self._didModify = True
            else:
                raise RuntimeError(‘Mode must be "r", "w" or "a"‘)
        except:
            fp = self.fp
            self.fp = None
            if not self._filePassed:
                fp.close()
            raise

    def __enter__(self):
        return self

    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
        self.close()

    def _RealGetContents(self):
        """Read in the table of contents for the ZIP file."""
        fp = self.fp
        try:
            endrec = _EndRecData(fp)
        except IOError:
            raise BadZipfile("File is not a zip file")
        if not endrec:
            raise BadZipfile, "File is not a zip file"
        if self.debug > 1:
            print endrec
        size_cd = endrec[_ECD_SIZE]             # bytes in central directory
        offset_cd = endrec[_ECD_OFFSET]         # offset of central directory
        self._comment = endrec[_ECD_COMMENT]    # archive comment

        # "concat" is zero, unless zip was concatenated to another file
        concat = endrec[_ECD_LOCATION] - size_cd - offset_cd
        if endrec[_ECD_SIGNATURE] == stringEndArchive64:
            # If Zip64 extension structures are present, account for them
            concat -= (sizeEndCentDir64 + sizeEndCentDir64Locator)

        if self.debug > 2:
            inferred = concat + offset_cd
            print "given, inferred, offset", offset_cd, inferred, concat
        # self.start_dir:  Position of start of central directory
        self.start_dir = offset_cd + concat
        fp.seek(self.start_dir, 0)
        data = fp.read(size_cd)
        fp = cStringIO.StringIO(data)
        total = 0
        while total < size_cd:
            centdir = fp.read(sizeCentralDir)
            if len(centdir) != sizeCentralDir:
                raise BadZipfile("Truncated central directory")
            centdir = struct.unpack(structCentralDir, centdir)
            if centdir[_CD_SIGNATURE] != stringCentralDir:
                raise BadZipfile("Bad magic number for central directory")
            if self.debug > 2:
                print centdir
            filename = fp.read(centdir[_CD_FILENAME_LENGTH])
            # Create ZipInfo instance to store file information
            x = ZipInfo(filename)
            x.extra = fp.read(centdir[_CD_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH])
            x.comment = fp.read(centdir[_CD_COMMENT_LENGTH])
            x.header_offset = centdir[_CD_LOCAL_HEADER_OFFSET]
            (x.create_version, x.create_system, x.extract_version, x.reserved,
                x.flag_bits, x.compress_type, t, d,
                x.CRC, x.compress_size, x.file_size) = centdir[1:12]
            x.volume, x.internal_attr, x.external_attr = centdir[15:18]
            # Convert date/time code to (year, month, day, hour, min, sec)
            x._raw_time = t
            x.date_time = ( (d>>9)+1980, (d>>5)&0xF, d&0x1F,
                                     t>>11, (t>>5)&0x3F, (t&0x1F) * 2 )

            x._decodeExtra()
            x.header_offset = x.header_offset + concat
            x.filename = x._decodeFilename()
            self.filelist.append(x)
            self.NameToInfo[x.filename] = x

            # update total bytes read from central directory
            total = (total + sizeCentralDir + centdir[_CD_FILENAME_LENGTH]
                     + centdir[_CD_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH]
                     + centdir[_CD_COMMENT_LENGTH])

            if self.debug > 2:
                print "total", total


    def namelist(self):
        """Return a list of file names in the archive."""
        l = []
        for data in self.filelist:
            l.append(data.filename)
        return l

    def infolist(self):
        """Return a list of class ZipInfo instances for files in the
        archive."""
        return self.filelist

    def printdir(self):
        """Print a table of contents for the zip file."""
        print "%-46s %19s %12s" % ("File Name", "Modified    ", "Size")
        for zinfo in self.filelist:
            date = "%d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d" % zinfo.date_time[:6]
            print "%-46s %s %12d" % (zinfo.filename, date, zinfo.file_size)

    def testzip(self):
        """Read all the files and check the CRC."""
        chunk_size = 2 ** 20
        for zinfo in self.filelist:
            try:
                # Read by chunks, to avoid an OverflowError or a
                # MemoryError with very large embedded files.
                with self.open(zinfo.filename, "r") as f:
                    while f.read(chunk_size):     # Check CRC-32
                        pass
            except BadZipfile:
                return zinfo.filename

    def getinfo(self, name):
        """Return the instance of ZipInfo given ‘name‘."""
        info = self.NameToInfo.get(name)
        if info is None:
            raise KeyError(
                ‘There is no item named %r in the archive‘ % name)

        return info

    def setpassword(self, pwd):
        """Set default password for encrypted files."""
        self.pwd = pwd

    @property
    def comment(self):
        """The comment text associated with the ZIP file."""
        return self._comment

    @comment.setter
    def comment(self, comment):
        # check for valid comment length
        if len(comment) > ZIP_MAX_COMMENT:
            import warnings
            warnings.warn(‘Archive comment is too long; truncating to %d bytes‘
                          % ZIP_MAX_COMMENT, stacklevel=2)
            comment = comment[:ZIP_MAX_COMMENT]
        self._comment = comment
        self._didModify = True

    def read(self, name, pwd=None):
        """Return file bytes (as a string) for name."""
        return self.open(name, "r", pwd).read()

    def open(self, name, mode="r", pwd=None):
        """Return file-like object for ‘name‘."""
        if mode not in ("r", "U", "rU"):
            raise RuntimeError, ‘open() requires mode "r", "U", or "rU"‘
        if not self.fp:
            raise RuntimeError,                   "Attempt to read ZIP archive that was already closed"

        # Only open a new file for instances where we were not
        # given a file object in the constructor
        if self._filePassed:
            zef_file = self.fp
            should_close = False
        else:
            zef_file = open(self.filename, ‘rb‘)
            should_close = True

        try:
            # Make sure we have an info object
            if isinstance(name, ZipInfo):
                # ‘name‘ is already an info object
                zinfo = name
            else:
                # Get info object for name
                zinfo = self.getinfo(name)

            zef_file.seek(zinfo.header_offset, 0)

            # Skip the file header:
            fheader = zef_file.read(sizeFileHeader)
            if len(fheader) != sizeFileHeader:
                raise BadZipfile("Truncated file header")
            fheader = struct.unpack(structFileHeader, fheader)
            if fheader[_FH_SIGNATURE] != stringFileHeader:
                raise BadZipfile("Bad magic number for file header")

            fname = zef_file.read(fheader[_FH_FILENAME_LENGTH])
            if fheader[_FH_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH]:
                zef_file.read(fheader[_FH_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH])

            if fname != zinfo.orig_filename:
                raise BadZipfile,                         ‘File name in directory "%s" and header "%s" differ.‘ % (
                            zinfo.orig_filename, fname)

            # check for encrypted flag & handle password
            is_encrypted = zinfo.flag_bits & 0x1
            zd = None
            if is_encrypted:
                if not pwd:
                    pwd = self.pwd
                if not pwd:
                    raise RuntimeError, "File %s is encrypted, "                         "password required for extraction" % name

                zd = _ZipDecrypter(pwd)
                # The first 12 bytes in the cypher stream is an encryption header
                #  used to strengthen the algorithm. The first 11 bytes are
                #  completely random, while the 12th contains the MSB of the CRC,
                #  or the MSB of the file time depending on the header type
                #  and is used to check the correctness of the password.
                bytes = zef_file.read(12)
                h = map(zd, bytes[0:12])
                if zinfo.flag_bits & 0x8:
                    # compare against the file type from extended local headers
                    check_byte = (zinfo._raw_time >> 8) & 0xff
                else:
                    # compare against the CRC otherwise
                    check_byte = (zinfo.CRC >> 24) & 0xff
                if ord(h[11]) != check_byte:
                    raise RuntimeError("Bad password for file", name)

            return ZipExtFile(zef_file, mode, zinfo, zd,
                    close_fileobj=should_close)
        except:
            if should_close:
                zef_file.close()
            raise

    def extract(self, member, path=None, pwd=None):
        """Extract a member from the archive to the current working directory,
           using its full name. Its file information is 

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