菜鸟之路——机器学习之KNN算法个人理解及Python实现
Posted Albert-YZP
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KNN（K Nearest Neighbor）
还是先记几个关键公式
距离：一般用Euclidean distance E(x,y)√∑(xi-yi)2 。名字这么高大上，就是初中学的两点间的距离嘛。
还有其他距离的衡量公式，余弦值（cos），相关度（correlation） 曼哈顿距离（manhatann distance）。我觉得针对于KNN算法还是Euclidean distance最好，最直观。
然后就选择最近的K个点。根据投票原则分类出结果。
首先利用sklearn自带的的iris数据集和KNN算法运行一下
1 from sklearn import neighbors #knn算法在neighbor包里 2 from sklearn import datasets #包含常用的机器学习的包 3 4 knn=neighbors.KNeighborsClassifier() #新建knn算法类 5 6 iris=datasets.load_iris() #加载虹膜这种花的数据 7 #print(iris) #这是个字典有data，target，target_name，这三个key，太多了，就打印出来了 8 9 knn.fit(iris.data,iris.target) 10 print(knn.fit(iris.data,iris.target)) #我也不知道为什么要这样fit一下形成一个模型。打印一下看看我觉得应该是为了记录一下数据的信息吧 11 12 13 predictedLabel=knn.predict([[0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4]])#预测一下 14 print(predictedLabel) 15 print("predictedName:",iris.target_names[predictedLabel[0]])
然后就自己写KNN算法啦
1 import csv 2 import random 3 import math 4 import operator 5 6 #加载数据的 7 def LoadDataset(filename,split):#split这个参数是用来分开训练集与测试集的，split属于[0,1]。即有多大的概率将所有数据选取为训练集 8 trainingSet=[] 9 testSet=[] 10 with open(filename,‘rt‘) as csvfile: 11 lines=csv.reader(csvfile) 12 dataset=list(lines) 13 for x in range(len(dataset)-1): 14 for y in range(4): 15 dataset[x][y]=float(dataset[x][y]) 16 if random.random()<split: #random.random()生成一个[0,1]之间的随机数 17 trainingSet.append(dataset[x]) 18 else: 19 testSet.append(dataset[x]) 20 return [trainingSet,testSet] 21 22 #此函数用来计算两点之间的距离 23 def enclideanDinstance(instance1,instance2,length):#legdth为维度 24 distance=0 25 for x in range(length): 26 distance+=pow((instance1[x]-instance2[x]),2) 27 return math.sqrt(distance) 28 29 #此函数选取K个离testInstance最近的trainingSet里的实例 30 def getNeighbors(trainingSet,testInstance,k): 31 distances=[] 32 length=len(testInstance)-1 33 for x in range(len(trainingSet)): 34 dist=enclideanDinstance(testInstance,trainingSet[x],length) 35 distances.append([trainingSet[x],dist]) 36 distances.sort(key=operator.itemgetter(1))#operator.itemgetter函数获取的不是值，而是定义了一个函数，取列表的第几个域的函数。 37 # sort中的key也是用来指定取待排序元素的哪一项进行排序 38 #这句的意思就是按照distances的第二个域进行排序 39 neighbors=[] 40 for x in range(k): 41 neighbors.append(distances[x][0]) 42 return neighbors 43 44 #这个函数就是从K的最邻近的实例中利用投票原则分类出结果 45 def getResponce(neighbors): 46 classVotes={} 47 for x in range(len(neighbors)): 48 responce=neighbors[x][-1] 49 if responce in classVotes: 50 classVotes[responce]+=1 51 else: 52 classVotes[responce] = 1 53 sortedVotes=sorted(classVotes.items(),key=operator.itemgetter(1),reverse=True) 54 return sortedVotes[0][0] 55 56 #这个函数从测试结果与真实结果中得出正确率 57 def getAccuracy(testSet,predictions): 58 corrrect=0 59 for x in range(len(testSet)): 60 if testSet[x][-1] ==predictions[x]: 61 corrrect+=1 62 return (corrrect/float(len(testSet)))*100 63 64 def main(): 65 split=0.67 #将选取67%的数据作为训练集 66 [trainingSet,testSet]=LoadDataset(‘irisdata.txt‘,split) 67 print("trainingSet:",len(trainingSet),trainingSet) 68 print("testSet",len(testSet),testSet) 69 70 predictions=[] 71 k=3 #选取三个最邻近的实例 72 #测试所有测试集 73 for x in range(len(testSet)): 74 neighbors=getNeighbors(trainingSet,testSet[x],k) 75 result=getResponce(neighbors) 76 predictions.append(result) 77 print(">predicted",result,",actual=",testSet[x][-1]) 78 79 accuracy=getAccuracy(testSet,predictions) 80 print("Accuracy:",accuracy,r"%") 81 82 if __name__ == ‘__main__‘: 83 main()
里面有我对代码的理解
运行结果为
trainingSet: 110 [[4.9, 3.0, 1.4, 0.2, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [4.7, 3.2, 1.3, 0.2, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [5.0, 3.6, 1.4, 0.2, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [5.4, 3.9, 1.7, 0.4, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [4.6, 3.4, 1.4, 0.3, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [4.4, 2.9, 1.4, 0.2, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [4.9, 3.1, 1.5, 0.1, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [5.4, 3.7, 1.5, 0.2, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [4.8, 3.4, 1.6, 0.2, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [4.3, 3.0, 1.1, 0.1, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [5.8, 4.0, 1.2, 0.2, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [5.7, 4.4, 1.5, 0.4, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [5.4, 3.9, 1.3, 0.4, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [5.7, 3.8, 1.7, 0.3, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [5.4, 3.4, 1.7, 0.2, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [4.6, 3.6, 1.0, 0.2, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [4.8, 3.4, 1.9, 0.2, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [5.0, 3.0, 1.6, 0.2, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [5.0, 3.4, 1.6, 0.4, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [5.2, 3.5, 1.5, 0.2, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [4.7, 3.2, 1.6, 0.2, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [4.8, 3.1, 1.6, 0.2, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [5.4, 3.4, 1.5, 0.4, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [5.2, 4.1, 1.5, 0.1, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [4.9, 3.1, 1.5, 0.1, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [5.0, 3.2, 1.2, 0.2, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [5.5, 3.5, 1.3, 0.2, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [4.4, 3.0, 1.3, 0.2, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [5.0, 3.5, 1.3, 0.3, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [4.5, 2.3, 1.3, 0.3, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [4.4, 3.2, 1.3, 0.2, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [5.1, 3.8, 1.9, 0.4, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [4.8, 3.0, 1.4, 0.3, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [5.1, 3.8, 1.6, 0.2, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [4.6, 3.2, 1.4, 0.2, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [5.3, 3.7, 1.5, 0.2, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [7.0, 3.2, 4.7, 1.4, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [6.4, 3.2, 4.5, 1.5, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [5.5, 2.3, 4.0, 1.3, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [6.5, 2.8, 4.6, 1.5, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [5.7, 2.8, 4.5, 1.3, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [4.9, 2.4, 3.3, 1.0, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [6.6, 2.9, 4.6, 1.3, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [5.0, 2.0, 3.5, 1.0, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [5.9, 3.0, 4.2, 1.5, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [6.0, 2.2, 4.0, 1.0, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [5.6, 2.9, 3.6, 1.3, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [6.7, 3.1, 4.4, 1.4, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [5.6, 3.0, 4.5, 1.5, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [5.8, 2.7, 4.1, 1.0, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [5.6, 2.5, 3.9, 1.1, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [5.9, 3.2, 4.8, 1.8, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [6.3, 2.5, 4.9, 1.5, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [6.4, 2.9, 4.3, 1.3, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [6.8, 2.8, 4.8, 1.4, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [6.7, 3.0, 5.0, 1.7, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [6.0, 2.9, 4.5, 1.5, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [5.7, 2.6, 3.5, 1.0, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [5.5, 2.4, 3.8, 1.1, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [5.8, 2.7, 3.9, 1.2, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [6.0, 2.7, 5.1, 1.6, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [5.4, 3.0, 4.5, 1.5, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [6.0, 3.4, 4.5, 1.6, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [6.3, 2.3, 4.4, 1.3, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [5.6, 3.0, 4.1, 1.3, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [5.5, 2.6, 4.4, 1.2, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [6.1, 3.0, 4.6, 1.4, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [5.8, 2.6, 4.0, 1.2, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [5.0, 2.3, 3.3, 1.0, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [5.6, 2.7, 4.2, 1.3, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [5.7, 3.0, 4.2, 1.2, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [5.7, 2.9, 4.2, 1.3, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [6.2, 2.9, 4.3, 1.3, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [5.1, 2.5, 3.0, 1.1, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [5.7, 2.8, 4.1, 1.3, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [6.3, 3.3, 6.0, 2.5, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [5.8, 2.7, 5.1, 1.9, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [7.1, 3.0, 5.9, 2.1, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [6.5, 3.0, 5.8, 2.2, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [7.6, 3.0, 6.6, 2.1, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [4.9, 2.5, 4.5, 1.7, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [6.5, 3.2, 5.1, 2.0, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [6.4, 2.7, 5.3, 1.9, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [5.8, 2.8, 5.1, 2.4, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [6.4, 3.2, 5.3, 2.3, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [6.5, 3.0, 5.5, 1.8, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [7.7, 2.6, 6.9, 2.3, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [6.0, 2.2, 5.0, 1.5, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [6.9, 3.2, 5.7, 2.3, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [7.7, 2.8, 6.7, 2.0, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [6.3, 2.7, 4.9, 1.8, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [7.2, 3.2, 6.0, 1.8, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [6.2, 2.8, 4.8, 1.8, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [6.1, 3.0, 4.9, 1.8, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [6.4, 2.8, 5.6, 2.1, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [7.4, 2.8, 6.1, 1.9, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [6.4, 2.8, 5.6, 2.2, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [6.1, 2.6, 5.6, 1.4, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [7.7, 3.0, 6.1, 2.3, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [6.3, 3.4, 5.6, 2.4, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [6.4, 3.1, 5.5, 1.8, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [6.9, 3.1, 5.4, 2.1, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [6.7, 3.1, 5.6, 2.4, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [6.9, 3.1, 5.1, 2.3, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [5.8, 2.7, 5.1, 1.9, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [6.8, 3.2, 5.9, 2.3, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [6.7, 3.0, 5.2, 2.3, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [6.3, 2.5, 5.0, 1.9, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [6.5, 3.0, 5.2, 2.0, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [6.2, 3.4, 5.4, 2.3, ‘Iris-virginica‘]]
testSet 40 [[5.1, 3.5, 1.4, 0.2, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [4.6, 3.1, 1.5, 0.2, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [5.0, 3.4, 1.5, 0.2, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [4.8, 3.0, 1.4, 0.1, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [5.1, 3.5, 1.4, 0.3, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [5.1, 3.8, 1.5, 0.3, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [5.1, 3.7, 1.5, 0.4, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [5.1, 3.3, 1.7, 0.5, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [5.2, 3.4, 1.4, 0.2, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [5.5, 4.2, 1.4, 0.2, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [4.9, 3.1, 1.5, 0.1, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [5.1, 3.4, 1.5, 0.2, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [5.0, 3.5, 1.6, 0.6, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [5.0, 3.3, 1.4, 0.2, ‘Iris-setosa‘], [6.9, 3.1, 4.9, 1.5, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [6.3, 3.3, 4.7, 1.6, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [5.2, 2.7, 3.9, 1.4, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [6.1, 2.9, 4.7, 1.4, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [6.2, 2.2, 4.5, 1.5, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [6.1, 2.8, 4.0, 1.3, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [6.1, 2.8, 4.7, 1.2, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [6.6, 3.0, 4.4, 1.4, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [5.5, 2.4, 3.7, 1.0, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [6.7, 3.1, 4.7, 1.5, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [5.5, 2.5, 4.0, 1.3, ‘Iris-versicolor‘], [6.3, 2.9, 5.6, 1.8, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [7.3, 2.9, 6.3, 1.8, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [6.7, 2.5, 5.8, 1.8, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [7.2, 3.6, 6.1, 2.5, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [6.8, 3.0, 5.5, 2.1, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [5.7, 2.5, 5.0, 2.0, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [7.7, 3.8, 6.7, 2.2, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [5.6, 2.8, 4.9, 2.0, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [6.7, 3.3, 5.7, 2.1, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [7.2, 3.0, 5.8, 1.6, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [7.9, 3.8, 6.4, 2.0, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [6.3, 2.8, 5.1, 1.5, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [6.0, 3.0, 4.8, 1.8, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [6.7, 3.3, 5.7, 2.5, ‘Iris-virginica‘], [5.9, 3.0, 5.1, 1.8, ‘Iris-virginica‘]]
>predicted Iris-setosa ,actual= Iris-setosa
>predicted Iris-setosa ,actual= Iris-setosa
>predicted Iris-setosa ,actual= Iris-setosa
>predicted Iris-setosa ,actual= Iris-setosa
>predicted Iris-setosa ,actual= Iris-setosa
>predicted Iris-setosa ,actual= Iris-setosa
>predicted Iris-setosa ,actual= Iris-setosa
>predicted Iris-setosa ,actual= Iris-setosa
>predicted Iris-setosa ,actual= Iris-setosa
>predicted Iris-setosa ,actual= Iris-setosa
>predicted Iris-setosa ,actual= Iris-setosa
>predicted Iris-setosa ,actual= Iris-setosa
>predicted Iris-setosa ,actual= Iris-setosa
>predicted Iris-setosa ,actual= Iris-setosa
>predicted Iris-versicolor ,actual= Iris-versicolor
>predicted Iris-versicolor ,actual= Iris-versicolor
>predicted Iris-versicolor ,actual= Iris-versicolor
>predicted Iris-versicolor ,actual= Iris-versicolor
>predicted Iris-versicolor ,actual= Iris-versicolor
>predicted Iris-versicolor ,actual= Iris-versicolor
>predicted Iris-versicolor ,actual= Iris-versicolor
>predicted Iris-versicolor ,actual= Iris-versicolor
>predicted Iris-versicolor ,actual= Iris-versicolor
>predicted Iris-versicolor ,actual= Iris-versicolor
>predicted Iris-versicolor ,actual= Iris-versicolor
>predicted Iris-virginica ,actual= Iris-virginica
>predicted Iris-virginica ,actual= Iris-virginica
>predicted Iris-virginica ,actual= Iris-virginica
>predicted Iris-virginica ,actual= Iris-virginica
>predicted Iris-virginica ,actual= Iris-virginica
>predicted Iris-virginica ,actual= Iris-virginica
>predicted Iris-virginica ,actual= Iris-virginica
>predicted Iris-virginica ,actual= Iris-virginica
>predicted Iris-virginica ,actual= Iris-virginica
>predicted Iris-virginica ,actual= Iris-virginica
>predicted Iris-virginica ,actual= Iris-virginica
>predicted Iris-versicolor ,actual= Iris-virginica
>predicted Iris-virginica ,actual= Iris-virginica
>predicted Iris-virginica ,actual= Iris-virginica
>predicted Iris-virginica ,actual= Iris-virginica
Accuracy: 97.5 %
以下拓展几个知识点
1，random库的一些用法
random.randint(1,10) # 产生 1 到 10 的一个整数型随机数 random.random() # 产生 0 到 1 之间的随机浮点数 random.uniform(1.1,5.4) # 产生 1.1 到 5.4 之间的随机浮点数，区间可以不是整数 random.choice(‘tomorrow‘) # 从序列中随机选取一个元素 random.randrange(1,100,2) # 生成从1到100的间隔为2的随机整数 random.shuffle(a) # 将序列a中的元素顺序打乱
2，排序函数
sorted(exapmle[, cmp[, key[, reverse]]])
example.sort(cmp[, key[, reverse]])
example是和待排序序列
cmp为函数，指定排序时进行比较的函数，可以指定一个函数或者lambda函数
key为函数，指定取待排序元素的哪一项进行排序
reverse实现降序排序，需要提供一个布尔值，默认为False（升序排列）。
程序中的第53行 sortedVotes=sorted(classVotes.items(),key=operator.itemgetter(1),reverse=True)就是按照sortedVotes的第二个域进行降序排列
key=operator.itemgetter(n)就是按照第n+1个域
写完喽，图书馆也该闭馆了。学习的感觉真舒服。接下来就是最出名的SVM算法啦
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