为什么要用序列化组件
当我们做前后端分离的项目~~我们前后端交互一般都选择JSON数据格式,JSON是一个轻量级的数据交互格式。
那么我们给前端数据的时候都要转成json格式,那就需要对我们从数据库拿到的数据进行序列化。
接下来我们看下django序列化和rest_framework序列化的对比~~
Django的序列化方法
class BooksView(View): def get(self, request): book_list = Book.objects.values("id", "title", "chapter", "pub_time", "publisher") book_list = list(book_list) # 如果我们需要取外键关联的字段信息 需要循环获取外键 再去数据库查然后拼接成我们想要的 ret = [] for book in book_list: pub_dict = {} pub_obj = Publish.objects.filter(pk=book["publisher"]).first() pub_dict["id"] = pub_obj.pk pub_dict["title"] = pub_obj.title book["publisher"] = pub_dict ret.append(book) ret = json.dumps(book_list, ensure_ascii=False, cls=MyJson) return HttpResponse(ret) # json.JSONEncoder.default() # 解决json不能序列化时间字段的问题 class MyJson(json.JSONEncoder): def default(self, field): if isinstance(field, datetime.datetime): return field.strftime(‘%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S‘) elif isinstance(field, datetime.date): return field.strftime(‘%Y-%m-%d‘) else: return json.JSONEncoder.default(self, field)
from django.core import serializers # 能够得到我们要的效果 结构有点复杂 class BooksView(View): def get(self, request): book_list = Book.objects.all() ret = serializers.serialize("json", book_list) return HttpResponse(ret)
DRF序列化的方法
首先,我们要用DRF的序列化,就要遵循人家框架的一些标准,
-- Django我们CBV继承类是View,现在DRF我们要用APIView
-- Django中返回的时候我们用HTTPResponse,JsonResponse,render ,DRF我们用Response
为什么这么用~我们之后会详细讲~~我们继续来看序列化~~
序列化
class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer): id = serializers.IntegerField() title = serializers.CharField(max_length=32) CHOICES = ((1, "Linux"), (2, "Django"), (3, "Python")) chapter = serializers.ChoiceField(choices=CHOICES, source="get_chapter_display") pub_time = serializers.DateField()
from rest_framework.views import APIView from rest_framework.response import Response class BookView(APIView): def get(self, request): book_list = Book.objects.all() ret = BookSerializer(book_list, many=True) return Response(ret.data)
外键关系的序列化
# by gaoxin from rest_framework import serializers from .models import Book class PublisherSerializer(serializers.Serializer): id = serializers.IntegerField(read_only=True) title = serializers.CharField(max_length=32) class UserSerializer(serializers.Serializer): id = serializers.IntegerField(read_only=True) name = serializers.CharField(max_length=32) age = serializers.IntegerField() class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer): id = serializers.IntegerField(read_only=True) title = serializers.CharField(max_length=32) CHOICES = ((1, "Linux"), (2, "Django"), (3, "Python")) chapter = serializers.ChoiceField(choices=CHOICES, source="get_chapter_display", read_only=True) pub_time = serializers.DateField() publisher = PublisherSerializer(read_only=True) user = UserSerializer(many=True, read_only=True)
反序列化
当前端给我们发post的请求的时候~前端给我们传过来的数据~我们要进行一些校验然后保存到数据库~
这些校验以及保存工作,DRF的Serializer也给我们提供了一些方法了~~
首先~我们要写反序列化用的一些字段~有些字段要跟序列化区分开~~
Serializer提供了.is_valid() 和.save()方法~~
# serializers.py 文件 class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer): id = serializers.IntegerField(read_only=True) title = serializers.CharField(max_length=32) CHOICES = ((1, "Linux"), (2, "Django"), (3, "Python")) chapter = serializers.ChoiceField(choices=CHOICES, source="get_chapter_display", read_only=True) w_chapter = serializers.IntegerField(write_only=True) pub_time = serializers.DateField() publisher = PublisherSerializer(read_only=True) user = UserSerializer(many=True, read_only=True) users = serializers.ListField(write_only=True) publisher_id = serializers.IntegerField(write_only=True) def create(self, validated_data): book = Book.objects.create(title=validated_data["title"], chapter=validated_data["w_chapter"], pub_time=validated_data["pub_time"], publisher_id=validated_data["publisher_id"]) book.user.add(*validated_data["users"]) return book
class BookView(APIView): def get(self, request): book_list = Book.objects.all() ret = BookSerializer(book_list, many=True) return Response(ret.data) def post(self, request): # book_obj = request.data print(request.data) serializer = BookSerializer(data=request.data) if serializer.is_valid(): print(12341253) serializer.save() return Response(serializer.validated_data) else: return Response(serializer.errors)
当前端给我们发送patch请求的时候,前端传给我们用户要更新的数据,我们要对数据进行部分验证~~
class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer): id = serializers.IntegerField(read_only=True) title = serializers.CharField(max_length=32) CHOICES = ((1, "Linux"), (2, "Django"), (3, "Python")) chapter = serializers.ChoiceField(choices=CHOICES, source="get_chapter_display", read_only=True) w_chapter = serializers.IntegerField(write_only=True) pub_time = serializers.DateField() publisher = PublisherSerializer(read_only=True) user = UserSerializer(many=True, read_only=True) users = serializers.ListField(write_only=True) publisher_id = serializers.IntegerField(write_only=True) def create(self, validated_data): book = Book.objects.create(title=validated_data["title"], chapter=validated_data["w_chapter"], pub_time=validated_data["pub_time"], publisher_id=validated_data["publisher_id"]) book.user.add(*validated_data["users"]) return book def update(self, instance, validated_data): instance.title = validated_data.get("title", instance.title) instance.chapter = validated_data.get("w_chapter", instance.chapter) instance.pub_time = validated_data.get("pub_time", instance.pub_time) instance.publisher_id = validated_data.get("publisher_id", instance.publisher_id) if validated_data.get("users"): instance.user.set(validated_data.get("users")) instance.save() return instance
class BookView(APIView): def patch(self, request): print(request.data) book_id = request.data["id"] book_info = request.data["book_info"] book_obj = Book.objects.filter(pk=book_id).first() serializer = BookSerializer(book_obj, data=book_info, partial=True) if serializer.is_valid(): serializer.save() return Response(serializer.data) else: return Response(serializer.errors)
验证
如果我们需要对一些字段进行自定义的验证~DRF也给我们提供了钩子方法~~
class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer): id = serializers.IntegerField(read_only=True) title = serializers.CharField(max_length=32) # 省略了一些字段 跟上面代码里一样的 # 。。。。。 def validate_title(self, value): if "python" not in value.lower(): raise serializers.ValidationError("标题必须含有Python") return value
class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer): id = serializers.IntegerField(read_only=True) title = serializers.CharField(max_length=32) CHOICES = ((1, "Linux"), (2, "Django"), (3, "Python")) chapter = serializers.ChoiceField(choices=CHOICES, source="get_chapter_display", read_only=True) w_chapter = serializers.IntegerField(write_only=True) pub_time = serializers.DateField() date_added = serializers.DateField(write_only=True) # 新增了一个上架时间字段 # 省略一些字段。。都是在原基础代码上增加的 # 。。。。。。 # 对多个字段进行验证 要求上架日期不能早于出版日期 上架日期要大 def validate(self, attrs): if attrs["pub_time"] > attrs["date_added"]: raise serializers.ValidationError("上架日期不能早于出版日期") return attrs
def my_validate(value): if "敏感词汇" in value.lower: raise serializers.ValidationError("包含敏感词汇,请重新提交") return value class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer): id = serializers.IntegerField(read_only=True) title = serializers.CharField(max_length=32, validators=[my_validate]) # 。。。。。。
ModelSerializer
现在我们已经清楚了Serializer的用法,会发现我们所有的序列化跟我们的模型都紧密相关~
那么,DRF也给我们提供了跟模型紧密相关的序列化器~~ModelSerializer~~
-- 它会根据模型自动生成一组字段
-- 它简单的默认实现了.update()以及.create()方法
定义一个ModelSerializer序列化器
class BookSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer): class Meta: model = Book fields = "__all__" # fields = ["id", "title", "pub_time"] # exclude = ["user"] # 分别是所有字段 包含某些字段 排除某些字段
外键关系的序列化
注意:当序列化类MATE中定义了depth时,这个序列化类中引用字段(外键)则自动变为只读
class BookSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer): class Meta: model = Book fields = "__all__" # fields = ["id", "title", "pub_time"] # exclude = ["user"] # 分别是所有字段 包含某些字段 排除某些字段 depth = 1 # depth 代表找嵌套关系的第几层
自定义字段
我们可以声明一些字段来覆盖默认字段,来进行自定制~
比如我们的选择字段,默认显示的是选择的key,我们要给用户展示的是value。
class BookSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer): chapter = serializers.CharField(source="get_chapter_display", read_only=True) class Meta: model = Book fields = "__all__" # fields = ["id", "title", "pub_time"] # exclude = ["user"] # 分别是所有字段 包含某些字段 排除某些字段 depth = 1
Meta中其它关键字参数
class BookSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer): chapter = serializers.CharField(source="get_chapter_display", read_only=True) class Meta: model = Book fields = "__all__" # fields = ["id", "title", "pub_time"] # exclude = ["user"] # 分别是所有字段 包含某些字段 排除某些字段 depth = 1 read_only_fields = ["id"] extra_kwargs = {"title": {"validators": [my_validate,]}}
post以及patch请求
由于depth会让我们外键变成只读,所以我们再定义一个序列化的类,其实只要去掉depth就可以了~~
class BookSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer): chapter = serializers.CharField(source="get_chapter_display", read_only=True) class Meta: model = Book fields = "__all__" # fields = ["id", "title", "pub_time"] # exclude = ["user"] # 分别是所有字段 包含某些字段 排除某些字段 read_only_fields = ["id"] extra_kwargs = {"title": {"validators": [my_validate,]}}
SerializerMethodField
外键关联的对象有很多字段我们是用不到的~都传给前端会有数据冗余~就需要我们自己去定制序列化外键对象的哪些字段~~
class BookSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer): chapter = serializers.CharField(source="get_chapter_display", read_only=True) user = serializers.SerializerMethodField() publisher = serializers.SerializerMethodField() def get_user(self, obj): # obj是当前序列化的book对象 users_query_set = obj.user.all() return [{"id": user_obj.pk, "name": user_obj.name} for user_obj in users_query_set] def get_publisher(self, obj): publisher_obj = obj.publisher return {"id": publisher_obj.pk, "title": publisher_obj.title} class Meta: model = Book fields = "__all__" # fields = ["id", "title", "pub_time"] # exclude = ["user"] # 分别是所有字段 包含某些字段 排除某些字段 read_only_fields = ["id"] extra_kwargs = {"title": {"validators": [my_validate,]}}
用ModelSerializer改进上面Serializer的完整版
class BookSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer): dis_chapter = serializers.SerializerMethodField(read_only=True) users = serializers.SerializerMethodField(read_only=True) publishers = serializers.SerializerMethodField(read_only=True) def get_users(self, obj): # obj是当前序列化的book对象 users_query_set = obj.user.all() return [{"id": user_obj.pk, "name": user_obj.name} for user_obj in users_query_set] def get_publishers(self, obj): publisher_obj = obj.publisher return {"id": publisher_obj.pk, "title": publisher_obj.title} def get_dis_chapter(self, obj): return obj.get_chapter_display() class Meta: model = Book # fields = "__all__" # 字段是有序的 fields = ["id", "title","dis_chapter", "pub_time", "publishers", "users","chapter", "user", "publisher"] # exclude = ["user"] # 分别是所有字段 包含某些字段 排除某些字段 read_only_fields = ["id", "dis_chapter", "users", "publishers"] extra_kwargs = {"title": {"validators": [my_validate,]}, "user": {"write_only": True}, "publisher": {"write_only": True}, "chapter": {"write_only": True}}
Django Rest Framework 视图和路由
DRF的视图
APIView
我们django中写CBV的时候继承的是View,rest_framework继承的是APIView,那么他们两个有什么不同呢~~~
urlpatterns = [ url(r ‘^book$‘ , BookView.as_view()), url(r ‘^book/(?P<id>d+)$‘ , BookEditView.as_view()), ] |
我们可以看到,不管是View还是APIView最开始调用的都是as_view()方法~~那我们走进源码看看~~
我们能看到,APIView继承了View, 并且执行了View中的as_view()方法,最后把view返回了,用csrf_exempt()方法包裹后去掉了csrf的认证。
那我们看看View中的as_view()方法做了什么~
我们看到了~在View中的as_view方法返回了view函数,而view函数执行了self.dispatch()方法~~但是这里的dispatch方法应该是我们APIView中的~~
我们去initialize_request中看下把什么赋值给了request,并且赋值给了self.request, 也就是我们在视图中用的request.xxx到底是什么~~
我们看到,这个方法返回的是Request这个类的实例对象~~我们注意我们看下这个Request类中的第一个参数request,是我们走我们django的时候的原来的request~
我们看到了,这个Request类把原来的request赋值给了self._request, 也就是说以后_request是我们老的request,新的request是我们这个Request类~~
那我们继承APIView之后请求来的数据都在哪呢~~
我们用了rest_framework框架以后,我们的request是重新封装的Request类~
request.query_params 存放的是我们get请求的参数
request.data 存放的是我们所有的数据,包括post请求的以及put,patch请求~~~
相比原来的django的request,我们现在的request更加精简,清晰了~~~
现在我们知道了APIView和View的一些区别~~当然还有~~后面我们还会说~~
我们写的视图可能对多个表进行增删改查,就导致我们的视图特别多重复的代码~~
那么我们尝试着来进行封装一下~~
第一次封装
class BookView(APIView): def get(self, request): query_set = Book.objects.all() book_ser = BookSerializer(query_set, many=True) return Response(book_ser.data) def post(self, request): query_set = request.data book_ser = BookSerializer(data=query_set) if book_ser.is_valid(): book_ser.save() return Response(book_ser.validated_data) else: return Response(book_ser.errors) class BookEditView(APIView): def get(self, request, id): query_set = Book.objects.filter(id=id).first() book_ser = BookSerializer(query_set) return Response(book_ser.data) def patch(self, request, id): query_set = Book.objects.filter(id=id).first() book_ser = BookSerializer(query_set, data=request.data, partial=True) if book_ser.is_valid(): book_ser.save() return Response(book_ser.validated_data) else: return Response(book_ser.errors) def delete(self, request, id): query_set = Book.objects.filter(id=id).first() if query_set: query_set.delete() return Response("") else: return Response("删除的书籍不存在")
class GenericAPIView(APIView): queryset = None serializer_class = None def get_queryset(self): return self.queryset.all() def get_serializer(self, *args, **kwargs): return self.serializer_class(*args, **kwargs) class ListModelMixin(object): def list(self, request, *args, **kwargs): queryset = self.get_queryset() serializer = self.get_serializer(queryset, many=True) return Response(serializer.data) class CreateModelMixin(object): def create(self, request, *args, **kwargs): serializer = self.get_serializer(data=request.data) if serializer.is_valid(): serializer.save() return Response(serializer.validated_data) else: return Response(serializer.errors) class RetrieveModelMixin(object): def retrieve(self, request, id, *args, **kwargs): book_obj = self.get_queryset().filter(pk=id).first() book_ser = self.get_serializer(book_obj) return Response(book_ser.data) class UpdateModelMixin(object): def update(self, request, id, *args, **kwargs): book_obj = self.get_queryset().filter(pk=id).first() book_ser = self.get_serializer(book_obj, data=request.data, partial=True) if book_ser.is_valid(): book_ser.save() return Response(book_ser.validated_data) else: return Response(book_ser.errors) class DestroyModelMixin(object): def destroy(self, request, id, *args, **kwargs): queryset = self.get_queryset() try: queryset.get(pk=id).delete() return Response("") except Exception as e: return Response("信息有误") # 我们把公共的部分抽出来 这样不管写多少表的增删改查都变的很简单 # 这样封装后我们的视图会变成这样 class BookView(GenericAPIView, ListModelMixin, CreateModelMixin): queryset = Book.objects.all() serializer_class = BookSerializer def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs): return self.list(request, *args, **kwargs) def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs): return self.create(request, *args, **kwargs) class BookEditView(GenericAPIView, RetrieveModelMixin, UpdateModelMixin, DestroyModelMixin): queryset = Book.objects.all() serializer_class = BookSerializer def get(self, request, id, *args, **kwargs): return self.retrieve(request, id, *args, **kwargs) def patch(self, request, id, *args, **kwargs): return self.update(request, id, *args, **kwargs) def destroy(self, request, id, *args, **kwargs): return self.delete(request, id, *args, **kwargs)
我们封装的GenericAPIView,包括封装每个方法的类,其实框架都帮我们封装好了~~
我们可以直接继承这些类~~来实现上面的视图~~可是还有没有更简单的方法呢~我们再次封装一下~~
第二次封装
# 上面我们写的继承类太长了~~我们再改改 class ListCreateAPIView(GenericAPIView, ListModelMixin, CreateModelMixin): pass class RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView(GenericAPIView, RetrieveModelMixin, UpdateModelMixin, DestroyModelMixin): pass class BookView(ListCreateAPIView): queryset = Book.objects.all() serializer_class = BookSerializer def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs): return self.list(request, *args, **kwargs) def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs): return self.create(request, *args, **kwargs) class BookEditView(RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView): queryset = Book.objects.all() serializer_class = BookSerializer def get(self, request, id, *args, **kwargs): return self.retrieve(request, id, *args, **kwargs) def patch(self, request, id, *args, **kwargs): return self.update(request, id, *args, **kwargs) def delete(self, request, id, *args, **kwargs): return self.delete(request, id, *args, **kwargs)
这次我们只是让继承变的简单了一点而已,好像并没有什么大的进步~~
我们可不可以把这两个视图合并成一个视图呢~~~框架给我们提供了一个路由传参的方法~~
我们看下ViewSetMixin
actions这个默认参数其实就是我们路由可以进行传参了~~~
下面这个循环~可以看出~我们要传的参数是一个字段~key应该是我们的请求方式,value应该对应我们处理的方法~
这样我们每个视图就不用在写函数了~因为已经和内部实现的函数相对应了~
第三次封装
urlpatterns = [ # url(r‘^book$‘, BookView.as_view()), # url(r‘^book/(?P<id>d+)$‘, BookEditView.as_view()), url(r‘^book$‘, BookView.as_view({"get": "list", "post": "create"})), url(r‘^book/(?P<pk>d+)$‘, BookView.as_view({"get": "retrieve", "patch": "update", "delete": "destroy"})), ]
from rest_framework.viewsets import ViewSetMixin # class BookView(ViewSetMixin, ListCreateAPIView, RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView): # queryset = Book.objects.all() # serializer_class = BookSerializer # 如果我们再定义一个类 class ModelViewSet(ViewSetMixin, ListCreateAPIView, RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView): pass class BookView(ModelViewSet): queryset = Book.objects.all() serializer_class = BookSerializer
我们现在的视图就只要写两行就可以了~~~
其实我们写的所有的视图~框架都帮我们封装好了~
注意一点~~用框架封装的视图~我们url上的那个关键字参数要用pk~~系统默认的~~
奉献一张图来看下我们的继承顺序~~~
DRF的路由
我们上面的路由传参写的特别多~~框架也帮我们封装好了~
from .views import BookView from rest_framework.routers import DefaultRouter router = DefaultRouter() router.register(r"book", BookView) urlpatterns = [ # url(r‘^book$‘, BookView.as_view()), # url(r‘^book/(?P<id>d+)$‘, BookEditView.as_view()), # url(r‘^book$‘, BookView.as_view({"get": "list", "post": "create"})), # url(r‘^book/(?P<pk>d+)$‘, BookView.as_view({"get": "retrieve", "patch": "update", "delete": "destroy"})), ] urlpatterns += router.urls
我们可以看到~~通过框架我们可以把路由视图都变的非常简单~~
但是需要自定制的时候还是需要我们自己用APIView写~~当不需要那么多路由的时候~也不要用这种路由注册~~
总之~~一切按照业务需要去用~~~