Ansible详解基础安装和配置

Posted 2020-11-21

ansible 是一款轻量级自动化运维工具，由的 Python 语言开发，结合了多种自动化运维工具的特性，实现了批量系统配置，批量程序部署，批量命令执行等功能; ansible 是基于模块化实现批量操作的。

一、安装

控制机器

pip install ansible==2.5.5

yum install sshpass

受控机器

yum install libselinux-python

yum install python2-simplejson

version<python2.4

测试

echo 127.0.0.1>host

ansible all -m ping -i hosts --ask -pass

二、管理协议

Ansible 通过 ssh 协议对受控机器管理，可使用口令和秘钥对两种方式进行权限验证，默认使用密钥对方式。

秘钥对

1.在控制机器生成秘钥对

ssh -keygen -t rsa -b 4096 -C*kk

2.添加公钥到受控机器

拷贝添加：ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub [email protected]

本地添加：cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub>>~/.ssh/authorized_keys

3.测试

ssh [email protected]

ansible all -m ping -i hosts

三、配置

inventory

1.ansible 管理主机信息的配置

2.配置文件格式

ini

yaml

3.配置文件路径

通过命令行参数制定：ansible -i

通过环境变量制定：export ANSIBLE_INVENTORY

默认配置路径：/ect/ansible/hosts

4.配置内容

4.1基本配置

host_v1.ini

127.0.0.1
ip

host_v1.yaml

---
all:
 hosts:
   127.0.0.1:
   ip:

测试

ansible all -m ping -i hosts -i host_v1.ini

ansible all -m ping -i hosts -i host_v1.yaml

ansible 127.0.0.1 -m ping -i hosts -i host_v1.ini

ansible ip -m ping -i hosts -i host_v1.yaml

主机参数配置

1.参数项

alias 主机别名

ansible_connection

默认 smart

可选值：local、smart、ssh、paramiko

ansilbe_host 登录主机地址

ansilbe_port 默认 22

ansilbe_user 登录主机用户名

ansible_become

是否启用 sudo 权限

默认： false

可选值 ：true、false

ansible_become_pass

登录主机用户密码，用于切换 sudo 权限

建议使用 ansible 命令行参数 ask_become_pass 替换

ansible_become_user

切换 sudo 后 执行进程中使用的用户名

ansible_ssh_pass

登录主机使用密码

建议使用 ansible 命令行参数 ask_pass 替换

ansible_ssh_private_key_file

登录主机使用私钥

ansible_python_interpreter

受控机器执行 Python 解释器

默认 /bin/env/python

hosts_v2.ini

localhost ansible_connect=local
mystest ansible_connect=smart 
ansible_host="ip" 
ansible_port=22 
ansible_user="silence" 
ansible_become_user="root" 
ansible_python_interpreter="/bin/env python2.6"

hosts_v2.yaml

---
all:
 hosts:
   localhost:
     ansible_connect: local
   mytest:
     ansible_connect: smart
     ansible_host: ip
     ansible_port: 22
     ansible_user: silence
     ansible_become_user: root
     ansible_python_interpreter: "/bin/env python2.6"

组&组变量

可对主机进行分组并命名，批量对主机进行操作

一个主机可属于多个组

host_v3.ini

localhost ansible_connect=local

[webserver]
mytest ansible_host="ip" ansible_user="silence"

[webserver:vars]
ansible_connect=smart
ansible_port=22
ansible_become_user="root"
ansible_python_interpreter="/bin/env python2.6"

host_v3.yaml

---
all:
 hosts:
   localhost:
     ansible_connect: local
 children:
     webserver:
         hosts:
           mytest:
             ansible_host: ip
             ansible_user: silence
         vars:
           ansible_connect: smart
           ansible_port: 22
           ansible_become_user: root
           ansible_python_interpreter: "/bin/env python2.6"

测试

ansible ip -m ping -i hosts -i host_v3.yaml

ansible webserver -m command -a ‘sleep 30‘ -i host_v3.ini --become --ask-become-pass

组中组

host_v4.ini

localhost ansible_connect=local

[webserver]
mytest ansible_host="ip" ansible_user="silence"

[webserver:vars]
ansible_connect=smart
ansible_port=22
ansible_become_user="root"
ansible_python_interpreter="/bin/env python2.6"

[test:children]
webserver

host_v4.yaml

---
all:
 hosts:
   localhost:
     ansible_connect: local
 children:
     webserver:
         hosts:
            mytest:
             ansible_host: ip
             ansible_user: silence
         vars:
           ansible_connect: smart
           ansible_port: 22
           ansible_become_user: root
           ansible_python_interpreter: "/bin/env python2.6"
     test:
       children:
         webserver:

测试

ansible test --list hosts -i host_v4.yaml

ansible test -m ping -i hosts -i host_v4.yaml

配置分割

在 hosts 文件中值配置主机分组信息，主机配置与组配置分别存储在 host_vars 和 group_vars 目录

主机配置存储在 host_vars 目录中，文件名使用别名.yaml

组配置存储在 group_vars 目录中，文件名使用组名.yaml

host_v5.ini

localhost

[webserver]
mytest

[test:children]
webserver

host_v5.yaml

---
all:
 hosts:
   localhost:
 children:
     webserver:
         hosts:
           mytestm:
     test:
       children:
         webserver:

host_vars

host_vars/localhost.yaml

---
ansible_connect: local

host_vars/mytest.yaml

---
ansible_host: ip
ansible_user: silence

group_vars

group_vars/webserver.yaml

---
ansible_connect: smart
ansible_port: 22
ansible_become_user: root
ansible_python_interpreter: "/bin/env python2.6"

测试

ansible test -m ping -i host_v5.yaml

ansible test -m setup -i host_v5.yaml

ansible test -m command -a ‘sleep 30‘ -i host_v5.ini --become --ask-become-pass

动态 inventory

文件 inventory.py 脚本内容

#!/bin/env python3
#encoding: utf-8

inventory = {
   ‘_meta‘ : {
       ‘hostvars‘ : {
           ‘localhost‘ : {
               ‘ansible_connect‘ : ‘local‘,
           },
           ‘51reboot‘ : {
               ‘ansible_host‘ : ‘112.74.164.107‘,
               ‘ansible_user‘ : ‘silence‘,
           }
       }
   },
   ‘all‘ : {
       ‘hosts‘ : [
           ‘localhost‘
       ]
   },
   ‘webserver‘ : {
       ‘hosts‘ : [
           ‘51reboot‘
       ],
       ‘vars‘ : {
           ‘ansible_connect‘ : ‘smart‘,
           ‘ansible_port‘ : 22,
           ‘ansible_become_user‘ : ‘root‘,
           ‘ansible_python_interpreter‘ : ‘/bin/env python2.6‘
       }
   }
}

if __name__ == ‘__main__‘:
   import json, sys
   print(json.dumps(inventory))
   sys.exit(0)

初始化权限

xhmod +x inventory.py

测试

ansible all --list -hosts -i inventory.py

ansible all -m ping -i inventory.py

ansible.cfg

1.配置文件路径

export ANSIBLE_CONFIG=~/ansible.cfg

ansible.cfg

~/.ansible.cfg

/etc/ansible/ansible.cfg

2.默认配置

https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ansible/ansible/devel/examples/ansible.cfg

ansible-config list

ansible-config dump

3.配置项

host_key_checking

是否检查控制密钥存在于 know_hosts 列表

默认值 ：true

可选值：true、false

未完待续......

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