关于TensorFlow使用GPU加速

Posted 2022-06-27 彭祥.

我们在安装tensorflow-gpu后，其运行时我们可以选定使用gpu来进行加速训练，这无疑会帮助我们加快训练脚步。
（注意：当我们的tensorflow-gpu安装后，其默认会使用gpu来训练)
之前博主已经为自己的python环境安装了tensorflow-gpu，详情参考：
Tensorflow安装
安装完成后，我们以BP神经网络算法实现手写数字识别这个项目为例
首先先对BP神经网络的原理进行简单理解

BP神经网络实现手写数字识别

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

"""
手写数字识别, BP神经网络算法
"""
# -------------------------------------------
'''
使用python解析二进制文件
'''
import numpy as np
import struct
import random
import tensorflow as tf
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split


import os
os.environ["CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES"] = "0"  # 强制使用cpu
import time
T1 = time.clock()
class LoadData(object):
    def __init__(self, file1, file2):
        self.file1 = file1
        self.file2 = file2

    # 载入训练集
    def loadImageSet(self):
        binfile = open(self.file1, 'rb')  # 读取二进制文件
        buffers = binfile.read()  # 缓冲
        head = struct.unpack_from('>IIII', buffers, 0)  # 取前4个整数，返回一个元组
        offset = struct.calcsize('>IIII')  # 定位到data开始的位置

        imgNum = head[1]  # 图像个数
        width = head[2]  # 行数，28行
        height = head[3]  # 列数，28

        bits = imgNum*width*height  # data一共有60000*28*28个像素值
        bitsString = '>' + str(bits) + 'B'  # fmt格式：'>47040000B'
        imgs = struct.unpack_from(bitsString, buffers, offset)  # 取data数据，返回一个元组

        binfile.close()
        imgs = np.reshape(imgs, [imgNum, width*height])
        return imgs, head

    # 载入训练集标签
    def loadLabelSet(self):
        binfile = open(self.file2, 'rb')  # 读取二进制文件
        buffers = binfile.read()  # 缓冲
        head = struct.unpack_from('>II', buffers, 0)  # 取前2个整数，返回一个元组
        offset = struct.calcsize('>II')  # 定位到label开始的位置

        labelNum = head[1]  # label个数
        numString = '>' + str(labelNum) + 'B'
        labels = struct.unpack_from(numString, buffers, offset)  # 取label数据

        binfile.close()
        labels = np.reshape(labels, [labelNum])  # 转型为列表(一维数组)
        return labels, head

    # 将标签拓展为10维向量
    def expand_lables(self):
        labels, head = self.loadLabelSet()
        expand_lables = []
        for label in labels:
            zero_vector = np.zeros((1, 10))
            zero_vector[0, label] = 1
            expand_lables.append(zero_vector)
        return expand_lables

    # 将样本与标签组合成数组[[array(data), array(label)], []...]
    def loadData(self):
        imags, head = self.loadImageSet()
        expand_lables = self.expand_lables()
        data = []
        for i in range(imags.shape[0]):
            imags[i] = imags[i].reshape((1, 784))
            data.append([imags[i], expand_lables[i]])
        return data


file1 = r'train-images.idx3-ubyte'
file2 = r'train-labels.idx1-ubyte'
trainingData = LoadData(file1, file2)
training_data = trainingData.loadData()
file3 = r't10k-images.idx3-ubyte'
file4 = r't10k-labels.idx1-ubyte'
testData = LoadData(file3, file4)
test_data = testData.loadData()
X_train = [i[0] for i in training_data]
y_train = [i[1][0] for i in training_data]
X_test = [i[0] for i in test_data]
y_test = [i[1][0] for i in test_data]

X_train, X_validation, y_train, y_validation = train_test_split(X_train, y_train, test_size=0.1, random_state=7)
# print(np.array(X_test).shape)
# print(np.array(y_test).shape)
# print(np.array(X_train).shape)
# print(np.array(y_train).shape)

INUPUT_NODE = 784
OUTPUT_NODE = 10

LAYER1_NODE = 500
BATCH_SIZE = 200
LERANING_RATE_BASE = 0.005  # 基础的学习率
LERANING_RATE_DACAY = 0.99  # 学习率的衰减率
REGULARZATION_RATE = 0.01  # 正则化项在损失函数中的系数
TRAINING_STEPS = 30000
MOVING_AVERAGE_DECAY = 0.99  # 滑动平均衰减率


# 三层全连接神经网络,滑动平均类
def inference(input_tensor, avg_class, weights1, biases1, weights2, biases2):
    if not avg_class:
        layer1 = tf.nn.relu(tf.matmul(input_tensor, weights1)+biases1)
        # 没有使用softmax层输出
        return tf.matmul(layer1, weights2)+biases2
    else:
        layer1 = tf.nn.relu(tf.matmul(input_tensor, avg_class.average(weights1))+
                            avg_class.average(biases1))
        return tf.matmul(layer1, avg_class.average(weights2))+avg_class.average(biases2)


def train(X_train, X_validation, y_train, y_validation, X_test, y_test):
    x = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, INUPUT_NODE], name="x-input")
    y_ = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, OUTPUT_NODE], name="y-input")

    # 生成隐藏层
    weights1 = tf.Variable(
        tf.truncated_normal([INUPUT_NODE, LAYER1_NODE], stddev=0.1))
    biases1 = tf.Variable(tf.constant(0.1, shape=[LAYER1_NODE]))

    # 生成输出层
    weights2 = tf.Variable(
        tf.truncated_normal([LAYER1_NODE, OUTPUT_NODE], stddev=0.1))
    biases2 = tf.Variable(tf.constant(0.1, shape=[OUTPUT_NODE]))
    y = inference(x, None, weights1, biases1, weights2, biases2)
    global_step = tf.Variable(0, trainable=False)
    variable_averages = tf.train.ExponentialMovingAverage(MOVING_AVERAGE_DECAY, global_step)
    variable_averages_op = variable_averages.apply(tf.trainable_variables())
    average_y = inference(x, variable_averages, weights1, biases1, weights2, biases2)
    cross_entropy = tf.nn.sparse_softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits(logits=y, labels=tf.argmax(y_, 1))
    cross_entropy_mean = tf.reduce_mean(cross_entropy)
    # L2正则化损失
    regularizer = tf.contrib.layers.l2_regularizer(REGULARZATION_RATE)
    regularization = regularizer(weights1) + regularizer(weights2)
    loss = cross_entropy_mean + regularization

    # 指数衰减的学习率
    learning_rate = tf.train.exponential_decay(LERANING_RATE_BASE,
                                               global_step,
                                               len(X_train)/BATCH_SIZE,
                                               LERANING_RATE_DACAY)
    train_step = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(learning_rate).minimize(loss, global_step=global_step)
    with tf.control_dependencies([train_step, variable_averages_op]):
        train_op = tf.no_op(name='train')
    correct_prediction = tf.equal(tf.argmax(average_y, 1), tf.argmax(y_, 1))
    accuracy = tf.reduce_mean(tf.cast(correct_prediction, tf.float32))

    with tf.Session() as sess:
        init_op = tf.global_variables_initializer()
        sess.run(init_op)
        validation_feed = x: X_validation, y_: y_validation
        train_feed = x: X_train, y_: y_train
        test_feed = x: X_test, y_: y_test
        for i in range(TRAINING_STEPS):
            if i % 500 == 0:
                validate_acc = sess.run(accuracy, feed_dict=validation_feed)
                print("after %d training step(s), validation accuracy "
                      "using average model is %g" % (i, validate_acc))
            start = (i * BATCH_SIZE) % len(X_train)
            end = min(start + BATCH_SIZE, len(X_train))
            sess.run(train_op,
                     feed_dict=x: X_train[start:end], y_: y_train[start:end])
            # print('loss:', sess.run(loss))
        test_acc = sess.run(accuracy, feed_dict=test_feed)
        print("after %d training step(s), test accuracy using"
              "average model is %g" % (TRAINING_STEPS, test_acc))

train(X_train, X_validation, y_train, y_validation, X_test, y_test)
T2 = time.clock()
print('程序运行时间:%s毫秒' % ((T2 - T1)*1000))

GPU运行结果

CPU运行结果


从运行结果来看，两者运行时间相差两倍
博主的显卡太拉跨了，看别人的测试两者可谓天差地别，呜呜呜，但好歹也算是有些加速效果吧，拜拜！