Requests库笔记
Posted 河南骏
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1、概览
1.1、实例引入
# 引入Requests库
import requests
# 发起GET请求
response = requests.get('https://www.baidu.com/')
# 查看响应类型 requests.models.Response
print(type(response))
# 输出状态码
print(response.status_code)
# 输出响应内容类型 text
print(type(response.text))
# 输出响应内容
print(response.text)
# 输出cookies
print(response.cookies)
1.2、各种请求方式
import requests
# 发起POST请求
requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post')
# 发起PUT请求
requests.put('http://httpbin.org/put')
# 发起DELETE请求
requests.delete('http://httpbin.org/delete')
# 发送HEAD请求
requests.head('http://httpbin.org/get')
# 发送OPTION请求
requests.options('http://httpbin.org/get')
2、请求
2.1 、基本GET请求
2.1.1、基本写法
import requests
response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get')
print(response.text)
2.1.2、带参数的GET请求
import requests
response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get?name=jyx&age=18')
print(response.text)
2.1.3、带参数的GET请求(2)
import requests
# 分装GET请求参数
param = 'name':'jyx','age':19
# 设置GET请求参数(Params)
response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get',params=param)
print(response.text)
2.1.4、解析json
import requests
response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get')
# 获取响应内容
print(type(response.text))
# 如果响应内容是json,就将其转为json
print(response.json())
# 输出的是字典类型
print(type(response.json()))
2.1.5、获取二进制数据
import requests
response = requests.get('http://github.com/favicon.ico')
# str,bytes
print(type(response.text),type(response.content))
# 输出响应的文本内容
print(response.text)
# 输出响应的二进制内容
print(response.content)
# 下载二进制数据到本地
with open('favicon.ico','wb') as f:
f.write(response.content)
f.close()
2.1.6、添加headers
import requests
# 设置User-Agent浏览器信息
headers =
"User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (Khtml, like Gecko) Chrome/57.0.2987.133 Safari/537.36"
# 设置请求头信息
response = requests.get('https://www.zhihu.com/explore',headers=headers)
print(response.text)
2.2、基本POST请求
import requests
# 设置传入post表单信息
data= 'name':'jyx', 'age':18
# 设置请求头信息
headers =
"User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/57.0.2987.133 Safari/537.36"
# 设置请求头信息和POST请求参数(data)
response = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data=data, headers=headers)
print(response.text)
3、响应
3.1 response属性
import requests
response = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com/')
# 获取响应状态码
print(type(response.status_code),response.status_code)
# 获取响应头信息
print(type(response.headers),response.headers)
# 获取响应头中的cookies
print(type(response.cookies),response.cookies)
# 获取访问的url
print(type(response.url),response.url)
# 获取访问的历史记录
print(type(response.history),response.history)
3.2、 状态码判断
import requests
response = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com/404.html')
# 使用request内置的字母判断状态码
if not response.status_code == requests.codes.ok:
print('404-1')
response = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com')
# 使用状态码数字判断
if not response.status_code == 200:
print('404-2')
4、高级操作
4.1、文件上传
import requests
files = 'file':open('favicon.ico','rb')
# 往POST请求头中设置文件(files)
response = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post',files=files)
print(response.text)
4.2、获取cookies
import requests
response = requests.get('https://www.baidu.com')
print(response.cookies)
for key,value in response.cookies.items():
print(key,'=====',value)
4.3、会话维持
4.3.1、普通请求
import requests
requests.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/12456')
response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies')
# 本质上是两次不同的请求,session不一致
print(response.text)
4.3.2、会话维持请求
import requests
# 从Requests中获取session
session = requests.session()
# 使用seesion去请求保证了请求是同一个session
session.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/12456')
response = session.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies')
print(response.text)
4.4、证书验证
4.4.1、无证书访问
import requests
response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn')
# 在请求https时,request会进行证书的验证,如果验证失败则会抛出异常
print(response.status_code)
4.4.2、关闭证书验证
import requests
# 关闭验证,但是仍然会报出证书警告
response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn',verify=False)
print(response.status_code)
4.4.3、消除关闭证书验证的警告
from requests.packages import urllib3
import requests
# 关闭警告
urllib3.disable_warnings()
response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn',verify=False)
print(response.status_code)
4.4.4、手动设置证书
import requests
# 设置本地证书
response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn', cert=('/path/server.crt', '/path/key'))
print(response.status_code)
4.5、代理设置
4.5.1、设置普通代理
import requests
proxies =
"http": "http://127.0.0.1:9743",
"https": "https://127.0.0.1:9743",
# 往请求中设置代理(proxies
)
response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies)
print(response.status_code)
4.5.2、设置带有用户名和密码的代理
import requests
proxies =
"http": "http://user:password@127.0.0.1:9743/",
response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies)
print(response.status_code)
4.5.3、设置socks代理
pip3 install 'requests[socks]
import requests
proxies =
'http': 'socks5://127.0.0.1:9742',
'https': 'socks5://127.0.0.1:9742'
response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies)
print(response.status_code)
4.6、超时设置
import requests
from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout
try:
# 设置必须在500ms内收到响应,不然或抛出ReadTimeout异常
response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", timeout=0.5)
print(response.status_code)
except ReadTimeout:
print('Timeout')
4.7、认证设置
import requests
from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth
r = requests.get('http://120.27.34.24:9001', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('user', '123'))
# r = requests.get('http://120.27.34.24:9001', auth=('user', '123'))
print(r.status_code)
4.8、异常处理
import requests
from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout, ConnectionError, RequestException
try:
response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", timeout = 0.5)
print(response.status_code)
except ReadTimeout:
# 超时异常
print('Timeout')
except ConnectionError:
# 连接异常
print('Connection error')
except RequestException:
# 请求异常
print('Error')
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