如果类具有析构函数/ delete [],则成员运算符new []的参数“size”会增加
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以下代码中的4个类:A,B,C和D.
他们都有一个成员operator new[]
。
除了,
- B有一个构造函数;
- C有一个析构函数;
- D有一个成员
operator delete[]
。
成员size
的参数operator new[]
和4个类的sizeof
输出:
new[] A 40
new[] B 40
new[] C 48
new[] D 48
sizeof(A) 4
sizeof(B) 4
sizeof(C) 4
sizeof(D) 4
size
差异的原因是什么?
代码(丑陋我知道):
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class A {
int i;
public:
static void* operator new[](std::size_t size) throw(std::bad_alloc) {
cout << "new[] A " << size << endl;
return malloc(size);
}
};
class B {
int i;
public:
static void* operator new[](std::size_t size) throw(std::bad_alloc) {
cout << "new[] B " << size << endl;
return malloc(size);
}
B() {}
};
class C {
int i;
public:
static void* operator new[](std::size_t size) throw(std::bad_alloc) {
cout << "new[] C " << size << endl;
return malloc(size);
}
~C() {}
};
class D {
int i;
public:
static void* operator new[](std::size_t size) throw(std::bad_alloc) {
cout << "new[] D " << size << endl;
return malloc(size);
}
static void operator delete[](void* p, std::size_t size) {
free(p);
}
};
int main() {
A* a = new A[10];
B* b = new B[10];
C* c = new C[10];
D* d = new D[10];
cout << "sizeof(A) " << sizeof(A) << endl;
cout << "sizeof(B) " << sizeof(B) << endl;
cout << "sizeof(C) " << sizeof(C) << endl;
cout << "sizeof(D) " << sizeof(D) << endl;
}
关于OS和编译器:
编译:clang ++和g ++的结果相同
clang++ test.cpp -o test -std=c++11
g++ test.cpp -o test -std=c++11
操作系统:Linux Mint 18.2 Cinnamon 64位
编译:
clang++ -v
clang version 3.8.0-2ubuntu4 (tags/RELEASE_380/final)
Target: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
Thread model: posix
InstalledDir: /usr/bin
Found candidate GCC installation: /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.9
Found candidate GCC installation: /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.9.3
Found candidate GCC installation: /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5.4.0
Found candidate GCC installation: /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/6.0.0
Found candidate GCC installation: /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.9
Found candidate GCC installation: /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.9.3
Found candidate GCC installation: /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5.4.0
Found candidate GCC installation: /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/6.0.0
Selected GCC installation: /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5.4.0
Candidate multilib: .;@m64
Selected multilib: .;@m64
Found CUDA installation: /usr/local/cuda
g++ -v
Using built-in specs.
COLLECT_GCC=g++
COLLECT_LTO_WRAPPER=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/lto-wrapper
Target: x86_64-linux-gnu
Configured with: ../src/configure -v --with-pkgversion='Ubuntu 5.4.0-6ubuntu1~16.04.4' --with-bugurl=file:///usr/share/doc/gcc-5/README.Bugs --enable-languages=c,ada,c++,java,go,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --prefix=/usr --program-suffix=-5 --enable-shared --enable-linker-build-id --libexecdir=/usr/lib --without-included-gettext --enable-threads=posix --libdir=/usr/lib --enable-nls --with-sysroot=/ --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --with-default-libstdcxx-abi=new --enable-gnu-unique-object --disable-vtable-verify --enable-libmpx --enable-plugin --with-system-zlib --disable-browser-plugin --enable-java-awt=gtk --enable-gtk-cairo --with-java-home=/usr/lib/jvm/java-1.5.0-gcj-5-amd64/jre --enable-java-home --with-jvm-root-dir=/usr/lib/jvm/java-1.5.0-gcj-5-amd64 --with-jvm-jar-dir=/usr/lib/jvm-exports/java-1.5.0-gcj-5-amd64 --with-arch-directory=amd64 --with-ecj-jar=/usr/share/java/eclipse-ecj.jar --enable-objc-gc --enable-multiarch --disable-werror --with-arch-32=i686 --with-abi=m64 --with-multilib-list=m32,m64,mx32 --enable-multilib --with-tune=generic --enable-checking=release --build=x86_64-linux-gnu --host=x86_64-linux-gnu --target=x86_64-linux-gnu
Thread model: posix
gcc version 5.4.0 20160609 (Ubuntu 5.4.0-6ubuntu1~16.04.4)
答案
这些额外的8个字节用于存储有关已经分配的内容的信息,以便正确地破坏对象(程序需要知道需要销毁多少个对象),并使用正确的第二个参数调用T::operator delete[]
。根据生成的程序集(参见本答案的结尾),存储的值是元素的数量(这里是10
)。
基本上:
- 对于
A
和B
,析构函数是一个无操作,因此不需要知道必须销毁多少元素,并且您没有用户定义的delete[]
,因此编译器将使用默认值,显然不关心第二个参数; - 对于
C
,析构函数是使用定义的,所以必须调用它(我不知道为什么它没有被优化...),所以程序需要知道将销毁多少个对象; - 对于
D
,你有一个用户定义的D::operator delete[]
,所以程序必须记住分配的大小,以便在必要时将其发送到D::operator delete[]
。
如果将int
属性替换为具有非平凡析构函数的类型(例如std::vector<int>
),则会注意到A
和B
的这8个字节。
您可以查看为C
生成的程序集(g ++ 7.2,无优化):
; C *c = new C[10];
call C::operator new[](unsigned long)
mov QWORD PTR [rax], 10 ; store "10" (allocated objects)
add rax, 8 ; increase pointer by 8
mov QWORD PTR [rbp-24], rax
; delete[] c;
cmp QWORD PTR [rbp-24], 0
je .L5
mov rax, QWORD PTR [rbp-24] ; this is c
sub rax, 8
mov rax, QWORD PTR [rax] ; retrieve the number of objects
lea rdx, [0+rax*4] ; retrieve the associated size (* sizeof(C))
mov rax, QWORD PTR [rbp-24]
lea rbx, [rdx+rax]
.L7:
cmp rbx, QWORD PTR [rbp-24] ; loops to destruct allocated objects
je .L6
sub rbx, 4
mov rdi, rbx
call C::~C()
jmp .L7
.L6:
mov rax, QWORD PTR [rbp-24]
sub rax, 8
mov rax, QWORD PTR [rax] ; retrieve the number of allocated objects
add rax, 2 ; add 2 = 8 bytes / sizeof(C)
lea rdx, [0+rax*4] ; number of allocated bytes
mov rax, QWORD PTR [rbp-24]
sub rax, 8
mov rsi, rdx
mov rdi, rax
call operator delete[](void*, unsigned long)
如果你不熟悉汇编,这里有一个安排的C ++版本的内幕:
// C *c = new C[10];
char *c_ = (char*)malloc(10 * sizeof(C) + sizeof(std::size_t)); // inside C::operator new[]
*reinterpret_cast<std::size_t*>(c_) = 10; // stores the number of allocated objects
C *c = (C*)(c_ + sizeof(std::size_t)); // retrieve the "correct" pointer
// delete[] c; -- destruction of the allocated objects
char *c_ = (char*)c;
c_ -= sizeof(std::size_t); // retrieve the original pointer
std::size_t n = // retrieve the number of allocated objects
*reinterpret_cast<std::size_t*>(c_);
n = n * sizeof(C); // = n * 4, retrieve the allocated size
c_ = (char*)c + n; // retrieve the "end" pointer
while (c_ != (char*)c) {
c_ -= sizeof(C); // next object
(*reinterpret_cast<C*>(c_)).~C(); // destruct the object
}
// delete[] c; -- freeing of the memory
char *c_ = (char*)c;
c_ -= sizeof(std::size_t);
std::size_t n =
*reinterpret_cast<std::size_t*>(c_); // retrieve the number of allocated objects
n = n * sizeof(C) + sizeof(std::size_t); // note: compiler does funky computation instead of
// this, but I found this clearer
::operator delete[](c_, n);
现在您很高兴知道编译器会为您完成所有这些;)
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