二.图形验证码
Posted dbslinux
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# 图形验证码: - 作用：注册页面 - 实现思路： - 生成4位字符串--产生随机数 - 绘制图片--python的PIL包,但这里我不用它，我用第三包captcha来绘制 - 响应，--告诉浏览器--指定数据类型为image/png - pip install Pillow - 解压拷贝capcha到libs中 - 实现： - 配置路由规则 - 定义视图，调用capcha的方法 - 视图的逻辑： - 调用captcha生成图片数据 - 保存文本到redis中 - 输出图片数据
1.创建验证应用：
归根结底本质上就是显示一张图片,html中加一个img标签并指定src就行，但是注意它不是一张固定图片，思路：直接去请求一个视图，视图中去画一张图片出来，并在图片中写文字，再把图片保存到response响应对象中就可返回给浏览器.但有个问题，浏览器怎么知道你返回的是一张图片？--mime type数据格式---我们告诉浏览器我给你的二进制是图片imgae/jpg
capcha包中的capcha.py文件解说:
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- # refer to `https://bitbucket.org/akorn/wheezy.captcha` import random import string import os.path from io import BytesIO from PIL import Image #image相当于一张纸 from PIL import ImageFilter from PIL.ImageDraw import Draw #draw相当于一根笔 from PIL.ImageFont import truetype #truetype是字体 class Bezier: #封装绘图功能 def __init__(self): self.tsequence = tuple([t / 20.0 for t in range(21)]) self.beziers = {} def pascal_row(self, n): """ Returns n-th row of Pascal‘s triangle """ result = [1] x, numerator = 1, n for denominator in range(1, n // 2 + 1): x *= numerator x /= denominator result.append(x) numerator -= 1 if n & 1 == 0: result.extend(reversed(result[:-1])) else: result.extend(reversed(result)) return result def make_bezier(self, n): """ Bezier curves: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9zier_curve#Generalization """ try: return self.beziers[n] except KeyError: combinations = self.pascal_row(n - 1) result = [] for t in self.tsequence: tpowers = (t ** i for i in range(n)) upowers = ((1 - t) ** i for i in range(n - 1, -1, -1)) coefs = [c * a * b for c, a, b in zip(combinations, tpowers, upowers)] result.append(coefs) self.beziers[n] = result return result class Captcha(object): def __init__(self): self._bezier = Bezier() self._dir = os.path.dirname(__file__) # self._captcha_path = os.path.join(self._dir, ‘..‘, ‘static‘, ‘captcha‘) @staticmethod def instance(): if not hasattr(Captcha, "_instance"): Captcha._instance = Captcha() return Captcha._instance def initialize(self, width=200, height=75, color=None, text=None, fonts=None): # self.image = Image.new(‘RGB‘, (width, height), (255, 255, 255)) self._text = text if text else random.sample(string.ascii_uppercase + string.ascii_uppercase + ‘3456789‘, 4) self.fonts = fonts if fonts else [os.path.join(self._dir, ‘fonts‘, font) for font in [‘Arial.ttf‘, ‘Georgia.ttf‘, ‘actionj.ttf‘]] self.width = width self.height = height self._color = color if color else self.random_color(0, 200, random.randint(220, 255)) @staticmethod def random_color(start, end, opacity=None): red = random.randint(start, end) green = random.randint(start, end) blue = random.randint(start, end) if opacity is None: return red, green, blue return red, green, blue, opacity # draw image def background(self, image): Draw(image).rectangle([(0, 0), image.size], fill=self.random_color(238, 255)) return image @staticmethod def smooth(image): return image.filter(ImageFilter.SMOOTH) def curve(self, image, width=4, number=6, color=None): dx, height = image.size dx /= number path = [(dx * i, random.randint(0, height)) for i in range(1, number)] bcoefs = self._bezier.make_bezier(number - 1) points = [] for coefs in bcoefs: points.append(tuple(sum([coef * p for coef, p in zip(coefs, ps)]) for ps in zip(*path))) Draw(image).line(points, fill=color if color else self._color, width=width) return image def noise(self, image, number=50, level=2, color=None): width, height = image.size dx = width / 10 width -= dx dy = height / 10 height -= dy draw = Draw(image) for i in range(number): x = int(random.uniform(dx, width)) y = int(random.uniform(dy, height)) draw.line(((x, y), (x + level, y)), fill=color if color else self._color, width=level) return image def text(self, image, fonts, font_sizes=None, drawings=None, squeeze_factor=0.75, color=None): color = color if color else self._color fonts = tuple([truetype(name, size) for name in fonts for size in font_sizes or (65, 70, 75)]) draw = Draw(image) char_images = [] for c in self._text: font = random.choice(fonts) c_width, c_height = draw.textsize(c, font=font) char_image = Image.new(‘RGB‘, (c_width, c_height), (0, 0, 0)) char_draw = Draw(char_image) char_draw.text((0, 0), c, font=font, fill=color) char_image = char_image.crop(char_image.getbbox()) for drawing in drawings: d = getattr(self, drawing) char_image = d(char_image) char_images.append(char_image) width, height = image.size offset = int((width - sum(int(i.size[0] * squeeze_factor) for i in char_images[:-1]) - char_images[-1].size[0]) / 2) for char_image in char_images: c_width, c_height = char_image.size mask = char_image.convert(‘L‘).point(lambda i: i * 1.97) image.paste(char_image, (offset, int((height - c_height) / 2)), mask) offset += int(c_width * squeeze_factor) return image # draw text @staticmethod def warp(image, dx_factor=0.27, dy_factor=0.21): width, height = image.size dx = width * dx_factor dy = height * dy_factor x1 = int(random.uniform(-dx, dx)) y1 = int(random.uniform(-dy, dy)) x2 = int(random.uniform(-dx, dx)) y2 = int(random.uniform(-dy, dy)) image2 = Image.new(‘RGB‘, (width + abs(x1) + abs(x2), height + abs(y1) + abs(y2))) image2.paste(image, (abs(x1), abs(y1))) width2, height2 = image2.size return image2.transform( (width, height), Image.QUAD, (x1, y1, -x1, height2 - y2, width2 + x2, height2 + y2, width2 - x2, -y1)) @staticmethod def offset(image, dx_factor=0.1, dy_factor=0.2): width, height = image.size dx = int(random.random() * width * dx_factor) dy = int(random.random() * height * dy_factor) image2 = Image.new(‘RGB‘, (width + dx, height + dy)) image2.paste(image, (dx, dy)) return image2 @staticmethod def rotate(image, angle=25): return image.rotate( random.uniform(-angle, angle), Image.BILINEAR, expand=1) def captcha(self, path=None, fmt=‘JPEG‘): """Create a captcha. Args: path: save path, default None. fmt: image format, PNG / JPEG. Returns: A tuple, (name, text, StringIO.value). For example: (‘fXZJN4AFxHGoU5mIlcsdOypa‘, ‘JGW9‘, ‘x89PNG x1a x00x00x00 ...‘) """ image = Image.new(‘RGB‘, (self.width, self.height), (255, 255, 255)) image = self.background(image) image = self.text(image, self.fonts, drawings=[‘warp‘, ‘rotate‘, ‘offset‘]) image = self.curve(image) image = self.noise(image) image = self.smooth(image) name = "".join(random.sample(string.ascii_lowercase + string.ascii_uppercase + ‘3456789‘, 24)) text = "".join(self._text) out = BytesIO() image.save(out, format=fmt) if path: image.save(os.path.join(path, name), fmt) return name, text, out.getvalue() def generate_captcha(self): self.initialize() return self.captcha("") #那怎么用这个绘图功能呢？ captcha = Captcha.instance() #实例化对象 if __name__ == ‘__main__‘: print(captcha.generate_captcha()) #这样调用就能生成验证码数据 ‘‘‘ 怎么用呢？--它里边有这个__main__函数，所以直接单击这个文件右键---run就可输出如下了 (‘oNFHu6a9MyWvRtDQmTwhCXJY‘, ‘M5JK‘, ====>图片中的字符 图片的二进制数据==》b‘xffxd8xffxe0x00x10JFIFx00x01x01x00x00x01x00x01x00x00xffxdbx00Cx00x08x06x06x07x06x05x08x07x07x07 x08 x0cx14 x0cx0bx0bx0cx19x12x13x0fx14x1dx1ax1fx1ex1dx1ax1cx1c $.‘ ",#x1cx1c(7),01444x1f‘9=82<.342xffxdbx00Cx01 x0cx0bx0cx18 x182!x1c!22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222xffxc0x00x11x08x00Kx00xc8x03x01"x00x02x11x01x03x11x01xffxc4x00x1fx00x00x01x05x01x01x01x01x01x01x00x00x00x00x00x00x00x00x01x02x03x04x05x06x07x08 x0bxffxc4x00xb5x10x00x02x01x03x03x02x04x03x05x05x04x04x00x00x01}x01x02x03x00x04x11x05x12!1Ax06x13Qax07"qx142x81x91xa1x08#Bxb1xc1x15Rxd1xf0$3brx82 x16x17x18x19x1a%&‘()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyzx83x84x85x86x87x88x89x8ax92x93x94x95x96x97x98x99x9axa2xa3xa4xa5xa6xa7xa8xa9xaaxb2xb3xb4xb5xb6xb7xb8xb9xbaxc2xc3xc4xc5xc6xc7xc8xc9xcaxd2xd3xd4xd5xd6xd7xd8xd9xdaxe1xe2xe3xe4xe5xe6xe7xe8xe9xeaxf1xf2xf3xf4xf5xf6xf7xf8xf9xfaxffxc4x00x1fx01x00x03x01x01x01x01x01x01x01x01x01x00x00x00x00x00x00x01x02x03x04x05x06x07x08 x0bxffxc4x00xb5x11x00x02x01x02x04x04x03x04x07x05x04x04x00x01x02wx00x01x02x03x11x04x05!1x06x12AQx07aqx13"2x81x08x14Bx91xa1xb1xc1 #3Rxf0x15brxd1 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上述文件中，对象给我们创建好了，所以我们直接拿到这个对象调方法就好了，所以我接下来就写个视图，接收客户端的请求，来调类的方法，返回一个数据就完了。
我单独创建一个应用--专负责验证的，因为我这个验证在注册模块用到，但别的模块也会用到.
verifycations/urls.py中:
这个url不是随便写的，这个js当中写好的，直接复制用就行
from django.conf.urls import url
from . import views
import uuid
urlpatterns = [
url(‘^image_codes/(?P<uuid>[w-]+)/$‘, views.ImageCodeView.as_view()),
]
根urls.py中包含：
from django.contrib import admin from django.conf.urls import url,include urlpatterns = [ url(r‘^admin/‘, admin.site.urls), url(r‘^‘, include(‘users.urls‘)), url(‘^‘,include(‘verifycations.urls‘)), ]
views.py中:
from django.shortcuts import render from django.views import View from meiduo_mall.libs.captcha.captcha import captcha #导入captcha对象 from django_redis import get_redis_connection #连接redis from . import constants from django import http class ImageCodeView(View): def get(self, request, uuid): # 接收 # 验证 # 处理： # 1.生成图片的文本、数据 text, code, image = captcha.generate_captcha() # 2.保存图片文本，用于后续与用户输入值对比 redis_cli = get_redis_connection(‘image_code‘) #连接缓存中配的image_code缓存 redis_cli.setex(uuid, constants.IMAGE_CODE_EXPIRES, code)#往redis中写数据,键是uuid唯一标识，过期时间，值是code # 响应：输出图片数据 return http.HttpResponse(image, content_type=‘image/png‘)#告诉浏览器这是图片类型
去注册:dev.py中追加:
INSTALLED_APPS = [ .......‘verifycations.apps.VerifycationsConfig‘, ]
dev.py中增加图片验证的缓存项:
"image_code": { # 图形验证码 "BACKEND": "django_redis.cache.RedisCache", "LOCATION": "redis://127.0.0.1:6379/2", "OPTIONS": { "CLIENT_CLASS": "django_redis.client.DefaultClient", } },
新建verifycations/constants.py过期时间文件:
#图片验证码在redis中的过期时间，单位是秒 IMAGE_CODE_EXPIRES = 60 * 5
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