OSPF动态路由协议（实验篇）OSPF协议的基本配置与虚链路的配置
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前言：
理论知识我在上一篇博客已经写过了，但光是掌握理论，而不去实践就如同纸上谈兵。只有理论与实践相结合，我们下能更深的理解与记忆。闲话少叙，接下来我会直接演示OSPF协议的具体配置过程。本次实验主要分为两个部分：一、基本配置；二、虚链路的配置。
一、OSPF协议基本配置：
1.实验环境
本次实验是在GNS3-1.3.10版本中进行的，具体拓扑图如下：
需要注意的是R1与R3的接口不够，需要分别添加一个NM-1FE-TX单板。
2.R1的配置
（1）给R1各个接口配上IP地址，并检查是否设置成功。
R1#conf t //进入全局模式
R1(config)#int f0/0 //进入f0/0接口
R1(config-if)#ip add 192.168.20.1 255.255.255.0 //设置IP地址与子网掩码
R1(config-if)#no shut //开启接口
R1(config-if)#int f0/1 //进入f0/1接口
R1(config-if)#ip add 192.168.50.2 255.255.255.0 //设置IP地址与子网掩码
R1(config-if)#no shut //开启接口
R1(config-if)#int f1/0 //进入f1/0接口
R1(config-if)#ip add 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0 //设置IP地址与子网掩码
R1(config-if)#no shut //开启接口
R1(config-if)#exit //退出
R1(config)#do show ip int b //查看接口IP
Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol
FastEthernet0/0 192.168.20.1 YES manual up up
FastEthernet0/1 192.168.50.2 YES manual up up
FastEthernet1/0 192.168.10.1 YES manual up up 
（2）设置回环网卡的IP，并查看是否设置成功。（我只演示一遍，下面我就直接添加router-id了）
R1(config)#int loopback 0 //进入loopback 0 接口
R1(config-if)#ip add 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255 //设置IP地址与子网掩码
R1(config-if)#no shut //开启接口
R1(config-if)#exit //退出
R1(config)#do show ip int b //查看接口IP
Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol
FastEthernet0/0 192.168.20.1 YES manual up up
FastEthernet0/1 192.168.50.2 YES manual up up
FastEthernet1/0 192.168.10.1 YES manual up up
Loopback0 1.1.1.1 YES manual up up 
（3）启用R1的OSPF协议，并进行相关配置。
R1(config)#router ospf 1 //启用OSPF协议，进程号1
R1(config-router)#router-id 1.1.1.1 //设置router-id
R1(config-router)#network 192.168.20.0 0.0.0.255 area 0 //宣告网段，每个网段要宣告在自己的Area内
R1(config-router)#network 192.168.50.0 0.0.0.255 area 0 //宣告网段，每个网段要宣告在自己的Area内
R1(config-router)#network 192.168.10.0 0.0.0.255 area 0 //宣告网段，每个网段要宣告在自己的Area内
R1(config-router)#exit //退出
3.R2的配置
（1）给R2各个接口配上IP地址，并检查是否设置成功。
R2#conf t //进入全局模式
R2(config)#int f0/0 //进入f0/0接口
R2(config-if)#ip add 192.168.20.2 255.255.255.0 //设置IP地址与子网掩码
R2(config-if)#no shut //开启接口
R2(config-if)#int f0/1 //进入f0/1接口
R2(config-if)#ip add 192.168.30.1 255.255.255.0 //设置IP地址与子网掩码
R2(config-if)#no shut //开启接口
R2(config-if)#exit //退出
R2(config)#do show ip int b //查看接口IP
Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol
FastEthernet0/0 192.168.20.2 YES manual up up
FastEthernet0/1 192.168.30.1 YES manual up up 
（2）启用R2的OSPF协议，并进行相关配置。
R2(config)#router ospf 1 //启用OSPF协议，进程号1
R2(config-router)#router-id 2.2.2.2 //设置router-id
R2(config-router)#network 192.168.20.0 0.0.0.255 area 0 //宣告网段，每个网段要宣告在自己的Area内
R2(config-router)#network 192.168.20.0 0.0.0.255 area 0 //宣告网段，每个网段要宣告在自己的Area内
R2(config-router)#exit //退出
4.R3的配置
（1）给R3各个接口配上IP地址，并检查是否设置成功。
R3#conf t //进入全局模式
R3(config)#int f0/0 //进入f0/0接口
R3(config-if)#ip add 192.168.30.2 255.255.255.0 //设置IP地址与子网掩码
R3(config-if)#no shut //开启接口
R3(config-if)#int f0/1 //进入f0/1接口
R3(config-if)#ip add 192.168.40.1 255.255.255.0 //设置IP地址与子网掩码
R3(config-if)#no shut //开启接口
R3(config-if)#int f1/0 //进入f1/0接口
R3(config-if)#ip add 192.168.60.1 255.255.255.0 //设置IP地址与子网掩码
R3(config-if)#no shut //开启接口
R3(config-if)#exit //退出
R3(config)#do show ip int b //查看接口IP
Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol
FastEthernet0/0 192.168.30.2 YES manual up up
FastEthernet0/1 192.168.40.1 YES manual up up
FastEthernet1/0 192.168.60.1 YES manual up up 
（2）启用R3的OSPF协议，并进行相关配置。
R3(config)#router ospf 1 //启用OSPF协议，进程号1
R3(config-router)#router-id 3.3.3.3 //设置router-id
R3(config-router)#network 192.168.30.0 0.0.0.255 area 1 //宣告网段，每个网段要宣告在自己的Area内
R3(config-router)#network 192.168.40.0 0.0.0.255 area 1 //宣告网段，每个网段要宣告在自己的Area内
R3(config-router)#network 192.168.60.0 0.0.0.255 area 1 //宣告网段，每个网段要宣告在自己的Area内
R3(config-router)#exit //退出
4.R4的配置
（1）给R4各个接口配上IP地址，并检查是否设置成功。
R4#conf t //进入全局模式
R4(config)#int f0/0 //进入f0/0接口
R4(config-if)#ip add 192.168.40.2 255.255.255.0 //设置IP地址与子网掩码
R4(config-if)#no shut //开启接口
R4(config-if)#int f0/1 //进入f0/1接口
R4(config-if)#ip add 192.168.50.1 255.255.255.0 //设置IP地址与子网掩码
R4(config-if)#no shut //开启接口
R4(config-if)#exit //退出
R4(config)#do show ip int b //查看接口IP
Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol
FastEthernet0/0 192.168.40.2 YES manual up up
FastEthernet0/1 192.168.50.1 YES manual up up 
（2）启用R4的OSPF协议，并进行相关配置。
R4(config)#router ospf 1 //启用OSPF协议，进程号1
R4(config-router)#router-id 4.4.4.4 //设置router-id
R4(config-router)#network 192.168.40.0 0.0.0.255 area 1 //宣告网段，每个网段要宣告在自己的Area内
R4(config-router)#network 192.168.50.0 0.0.0.255 area 0 //宣告网段，每个网段要宣告在自己的Area内
R4(config-router)#exit //退出
5.查看各路由器的路由表
（1）查看R1路由表，成功学习到所有网段。
R1(config)#do show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
1.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C 1.1.1.1 is directly connected, Loopback0 // C表示直连网段
O IA 192.168.30.0/24 [110/20] via 192.168.20.2, 00:04:43, FastEthernet0/0 //O表示通过ospf协议学习到的，IA表示通过区域间路由（ABR）学习到的
O IA 192.168.60.0/24 [110/21] via 192.168.50.1, 00:00:19, FastEthernet0/1
[110/21] via 192.168.20.2, 00:01:53, FastEthernet0/0
C 192.168.10.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet1/0
O IA 192.168.40.0/24 [110/20] via 192.168.50.1, 00:00:19, FastEthernet0/1
C 192.168.20.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 192.168.50.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
R1(config)#（2）查看R2路由表，成功学习到所有网段。
R2(config)#do show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
C 192.168.30.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
O 192.168.60.0/24 [110/11] via 192.168.30.2, 00:02:16, FastEthernet0/1
O 192.168.10.0/24 [110/11] via 192.168.20.1, 00:05:11, FastEthernet0/0
O 192.168.40.0/24 [110/20] via 192.168.30.2, 00:02:16, FastEthernet0/1
C 192.168.20.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
O 192.168.50.0/24 [110/20] via 192.168.20.1, 00:05:11, FastEthernet0/0
R2(config)#（3）查看R3路由表，成功学习到所有网段。
R3(config)#do show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
C 192.168.30.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 192.168.60.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet1/0
O IA 192.168.10.0/24 [110/21] via 192.168.40.2, 00:01:07, FastEthernet0/1
[110/21] via 192.168.30.1, 00:02:49, FastEthernet0/0
C 192.168.40.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
O IA 192.168.20.0/24 [110/20] via 192.168.30.1, 00:02:49, FastEthernet0/0
O IA 192.168.50.0/24 [110/20] via 192.168.40.2, 00:01:09, FastEthernet0/1
R3(config)#（4）查看R4路由表，成功学习到所有网段。
R4(config)#do show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
O 192.168.30.0/24 [110/20] via 192.168.40.1, 00:01:39, FastEthernet0/0
O 192.168.60.0/24 [110/11] via 192.168.40.1, 00:01:39, FastEthernet0/0
O 192.168.10.0/24 [110/11] via 192.168.50.2, 00:01:24, FastEthernet0/1
C 192.168.40.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
O 192.168.20.0/24 [110/20] via 192.168.50.2, 00:01:24, FastEthernet0/1
C 192.168.50.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
R4(config)#6.PC1与PC2的配置
（1）PC1的配置
PC1>
PC1> ip 192.168.10.2 192.168.10.1 //设置IP地址与网关
Checking for duplicate address...
PC1 : 192.168.10.2 255.255.255.0 gateway 192.168.10.1（2）PC2的配置
PC2>
PC2> ip 192.168.60.2 192.168.60.1 //设置IP地址与网关
Checking for duplicate address...
PC1 : 192.168.60.2 255.255.255.0 gateway 192.168.60.17.实验结果验证
用PC1去pingPC2，结果可以互通，实验成功。
PC1> ping 192.168.60.2
192.168.60.2 icmp_seq=1 timeout
84 bytes from 192.168.60.2 icmp_seq=2 ttl=61 time=61.873 ms
84 bytes from 192.168.60.2 icmp_seq=3 ttl=61 time=56.882 ms
84 bytes from 192.168.60.2 icmp_seq=4 ttl=61 time=62.596 ms
84 bytes from 192.168.60.2 icmp_seq=5 ttl=61 time=59.575 ms二、OSPF协议的虚链路配置
1.实验环境
本次实验是任在GNS3-1.3.10版本中进行的，具体拓扑图如下：
2.R1的配置
（1）给R1各个接口配上IP地址，并检查是否设置成功。
R1#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
R1(config)#int f0/0
R1(config-if)#ip add 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)#no shut
R1(config-if)#
*Mar 1 00:01:01.679: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
*Mar 1 00:01:02.679: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
R1(config-if)#int f0/1
R1(config-if)#ip add 192.168.20.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)#no shut
R1(config-if)#
*Mar 1 00:01:54.047: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up
*Mar 1 00:01:55.047: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up
R1(config-if)#exit（2）启用R1的OSPF协议，并宣告网段。
R1(config)#router ospf 1
R1(config-router)#rout
R1(config-router)#router-id 1.1.1.1
R1(config-router)#netw
R1(config-router)#network 192.168.10.0 0.0.0.255 area 2
R1(config-router)#network 192.168.20.0 0.0.0.255 area 2
R1(config-router)#exit3.R2的配置
（1）给R2各个接口配上IP地址，并检查是否设置成功。
R2#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
R2(config)#int f0/0
R2(config-if)#ip add 192.168.20.2 255.255.255.0
R2(config-if)#no shut
R2(config-if)#int f0/
*Mar 1 00:03:53.775: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
*Mar 1 00:03:54.775: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
R2(config-if)#int f0/1
R2(config-if)#ip add 192.168.30.1 255.255.255.0
R2(config-if)#no shut
R2(config-if)#
*Mar 1 00:04:14.891: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up
*Mar 1 00:04:15.891: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up
R2(config-if)#exit（2）启用R2的OSPF协议，并宣告网段。
R2(config)#router ospf 1
R2(config-router)#route
R2(config-router)#router-id 2.2.2.2
R2(config-router)#netw
R2(config-router)#network 192.168.20.0 0.0.0.255 area 2
*Mar 1 00:05:34.607: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 1.1.1.1 on FastEthernet0/0 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done
R2(config-router)#network 192.168.30.0 0.0.0.255 area 1
R2(config-router)#exit4.R3的配置
（1）给R3各个接口配上IP地址，并检查是否设置成功。
R3#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
R3(config)#int f0/0
R3(config-if)#ip add 192.168.30.2 255.255.255.0
R3(config-if)#no shut
R3(config-if)#int
*Mar 1 00:06:28.107: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
*Mar 1 00:06:29.107: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
R3(config-if)#int f0/1
R3(config-if)#ip add 192.168.40.1 255.255.255.0
R3(config-if)#no shut
R3(config-if)#
*Mar 1 00:06:47.311: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up
*Mar 1 00:06:48.311: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up
R3(config-if)#exit（2）启用R3的OSPF协议，并宣告网段。
R3(config)#router ospf 1
R3(config-router)#router-id 3.3.3.3
R3(config-router)#netw
R3(config-router)#network 192.168.30.0 0.0.0.255 area 1
R3(config-router)#network 192.168.30.0 0.0.0.255 area
*Mar 1 00:07:41.883: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 2.2.2.2 on FastEthernet0/0 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done
R3(config-router)#network 192.168.40.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
R3(config-router)#exit5.R4的配置
（1）给R4各个接口配上IP地址，并检查是否设置成功。
R4#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
R4(config)#int f0/0
R4(config-if)#ip add 192.168.40.2 255.255.255.0
R4(config-if)#no shut
R4(config-if)#
*Mar 1 00:08:46.155: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
*Mar 1 00:08:47.155: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
R4(config-if)#int f0/1
R4(config-if)#ip add 192.168.50.1 255.255.255.0
R4(config-if)#no shut
R4(config-if)#
*Mar 1 00:10:13.107: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up
*Mar 1 00:10:14.107: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up
R4(config-if)#exit（2）启用R4的OSPF协议，并宣告网段。
R4(config)#router ospf 1
R4(config-router)#router-id 4.4.4.4
R4(config-router)#netw
R4(config-router)#network 192.168.40.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
R4(config-router)#network 192.168.50.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
R4(config-router)#
*Mar 1 00:11:48.155: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 3.3.3.3 on FastEthernet0/0 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done
R4(config-router)#exit6.PC1与PC2的配置
（1）PC1的配置
PC1>
PC1> ip 192.168.10.2 192.168.10.1
Checking for duplicate address...
PC1 : 192.168.10.2 255.255.255.0 gateway 192.168.10.1（2）PC2的配置
PC2>
PC2> ip 192.168.50.2 192.168.50.1
Checking for duplicate address...
PC1 : 192.168.60.2 255.255.255.0 gateway 192.168.60.1（3）用PC1去pingPC2，结果不通，因为Area2没有骨干区域（Area0）相连。
PC1> ping 192.168.50.2
*192.168.10.1 icmp_seq=1 ttl=255 time=9.295 ms (ICMP type:3, code:1, Destination host unreachable)
*192.168.10.1 icmp_seq=2 ttl=255 time=9.178 ms (ICMP type:3, code:1, Destination host unreachable)
*192.168.10.1 icmp_seq=3 ttl=255 time=11.967 ms (ICMP type:3, code:1, Destination host unreachable)
*192.168.10.1 icmp_seq=4 ttl=255 time=6.846 ms (ICMP type:3, code:1, Destination host unreachable)
*192.168.10.1 icmp_seq=5 ttl=255 time=7.255 ms (ICMP type:3, code:1, Destination host unreachable)7.查看R1路由表
查看R1路由表，可以看到R1并没有学习到“30、40、50”网段，因为还没有配置虚链路。
R1(config)#do show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
C 192.168.10.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 192.168.20.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
R1(config)#8.配置虚链路
（1）R2的配置
R2(config)#router ospf 1
R2(config-router)#area 1 v
R2(config-router)#area 1 virtual-link 3.3.3.3
R2(config-router)#
*Mar 1 00:48:46.527: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 3.3.3.3 on OSPF_VL0 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done
R2(config-router)#exit
R2(config)#（2）R3的配置
R3(config)#router ospf 1
R3(config-router)#
*Mar 1 00:48:25.207: %OSPF-4-ERRRCV: Received invalid packet: mismatch area ID, from backbone area must be virtual-link but not found from 192.168.30.1, FastEthernet0/0
R3(config-router)#area 1 virtual-link 2.2.2.2
R3(config-router)#
*Mar 1 00:48:45.183: %OSPF-4-ERRRCV: Received invalid packet: mismatch area ID, from backbone area must be virtual-link but not found from 192.168.30.1, FastEthernet0/0
R3(config-router)#
*Mar 1 00:48:46.539: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 2.2.2.2 on OSPF_VL0 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done
R3(config-router)#exit
R2(config)#9.检验虚链路是否设置成功
（1）查看R1路由表，可以看到R1已经学习到所有网段。
R1(config)#do show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
O IA 192.168.30.0/24 [110/20] via 192.168.20.2, 00:05:33, FastEthernet0/1
C 192.168.10.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
O IA 192.168.40.0/24 [110/30] via 192.168.20.2, 00:04:22, FastEthernet0/1
C 192.168.20.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
O IA 192.168.50.0/24 [110/40] via 192.168.20.2, 00:04:22, FastEthernet0/1
R1(config)#（2）用PC1去pingPC2，结果可以互通了，实验成功。
PC1> ping 192.168.50.2
192.168.50.2 icmp_seq=1 timeout
84 bytes from 192.168.50.2 icmp_seq=2 ttl=60 time=90.923 ms
84 bytes from 192.168.50.2 icmp_seq=3 ttl=60 time=81.058 ms
84 bytes from 192.168.50.2 icmp_seq=4 ttl=60 time=78.562 ms
84 bytes from 192.168.50.2 icmp_seq=5 ttl=60 time=77.995 ms（下一篇会综合OSPF、RIP、静态路由、默认路由等，做一个综合的实验，会涉及到路由的重分发）
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