集合字典哈希算法变量的缓存机制小数据池强制类型转换
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1、集合
1.1 定义:set表示集合,用{}表示,内部的数据用逗号隔开,如果是一个空的集合,需要定义成setvar = set{},
1.2 特点:集合是无序的,没有索引的概念,不能去除索引内单个的值;集合是可变类型,集合内的元素必须是不可变类型;集合内的元素必须是不重复的,所以利用集合可以去重
1.3 作用:去重、关系运算
1.4集合关系运算演示
(1)并运算:|符号代表集合的并运算
a = {"牛肉","青菜","鸡蛋","米饭","牛奶"} b = {"猪肉","蔬菜","鸭蛋","米饭","牛奶"} res = a|b print(res) # {‘蔬菜‘, ‘牛奶‘, ‘鸭蛋‘, ‘米饭‘, ‘鸡蛋‘, ‘青菜‘, ‘猪肉‘, ‘牛肉‘}
(2)交运算:&符号代表集合的交运算
a = {"牛肉","青菜","鸡蛋","米饭","牛奶"} b = {"猪肉","蔬菜","鸭蛋","米饭","牛奶"} res = a&b print(res) # {‘牛奶‘, ‘米饭‘}
(3)减运算:- 代表集合的减法操作,减掉一样的,剩下自己独有的
a = {"牛肉","青菜","鸡蛋","米饭","牛奶"} b = {"猪肉","蔬菜","鸭蛋","米饭","牛奶"} res = a-b print(res) # {‘青菜‘, ‘牛肉‘, ‘鸡蛋‘}
(4)对称差集:去掉两个集合重复的部分
a = {"牛肉","青菜","鸡蛋","米饭","牛奶"} b = {"猪肉","蔬菜","鸭蛋","米饭","牛奶"} res = a^b print(res) # {‘蔬菜‘, ‘鸭蛋‘, ‘猪肉‘, ‘青菜‘, ‘鸡蛋‘, ‘牛肉‘}
(5)判断两个集合是否相等:==
a = {"牛肉","青菜","鸡蛋","米饭","牛奶"} b = {"猪肉","蔬菜","鸭蛋","米饭","牛奶"} res = a==b print(res) # False
(6)判断一个集合是否包含另外一个集合:> (同理,用<符号可以判断一个集合是否属于另一个集合)
a = {"牛肉","青菜","鸡蛋","米饭","牛奶"} b = {"猪肉","蔬菜","鸭蛋","米饭","牛奶"} res = a>b print(res) # False
1.5集合去重演示
注意:集合去重具有局限性,元素必须是不可变类型,并且去重后不能保持原来的顺序
l = ["黄色","蓝色","白色","紫色","蓝色","黄色"] tuplevar = set(l) l = list(tuplevar) print(l) #[‘白色‘, ‘蓝色‘, ‘黄色‘, ‘紫色‘]
2、字典
1.1 定义:以{}来表示,里面的值以键值对表示,键和值之间用冒号连接,键值对之间用逗号表示,如果是一个空的字典,则可直接用dictvar = {}表示
1.2 要求:字典的键必须是不可改变的类型,可以根据字典的键来更改字典的值,如下代码
dictvar = {"name":"bob","age":27,"hobby":"run"} dictvar["hobby"] = "walk" print(dictvar) #{‘name‘: ‘bob‘, ‘age‘: 27, ‘hobby‘: ‘walk‘}
3、哈希算法
3.1 定义:是把任意长度的输入,通过散列算法变成固定长度的输出值,该输出值就是散列值。哈希的输入可以是数据也可以是文件
3.2 特点:(1)哈希算法不可逆,不能根据结果推算出输入值,故称不可逆算法
(2)哈希算法计算速度快,不管输入内容有多大,都可以在很短的时间内得到哈希值
3.3 作用:(1)用于密码存储,在网上所设置的密码基本都是经过哈希算法后再存进数据库的,确保密码不会轻易泄露
(2)用于文件完整性校验,若文件被改动过,则此文件的哈希值也会更改
(3)数字签名
3.4 字典和集合数据存储都是基于哈希算法
字典的key是通过哈希算法得到的哈希值然后按照顺序来存储的,所以当一个字典中有大量的数据,而我们需要查找某一个数据时,通过二分法来找到这个数据对应的哈希值,从而找到这个数据的值,极大的节省了时间,这也是字典查找速度快的原因。
集合里面的数据也都会先经过哈希算法,然后存储,当相同的值进来时,由于哈希值相同,所以集合会自动把相同的值去掉
4、变量的缓存机制(节省内存空间)
(1)整型(int):在-5到正无穷之间的数字,id是一样的,这样设置可以节省内存空间(针对在python3.6版本里,在3.6以上版本里,所有数字的id都是一样的)
a = 10 b = 10 print(id(a),id(b)) #1554284944 1554284944 c = -18 d = -18 print(id(c),id(d)) # 2259626609168 2259626609552
(2)浮点型(float):非负数字的值一样,则id一样
a = 3.3 b = 3.3 c= -12 d = -12 print(id(a),id(b)) # 2600578584960 2600578584960 print(id(c),id(d)) # 2600588331536 2600588331920
(3)布尔值(bool):布尔值一样的,id就是一样的
a = False b = False c = True d = True print(id(a),id(b),id(c),id(d)) # 1553779152 1553779152 1553779120 1553779120
(4)复数(complex):在实数+虚数的情况下,id值必不相同,在只有虚数的情况下,值一样的,id也一样
a = 5+3j b = 5+3j c = 3j d = 3j print(id(a),id(b),id(c),id(d)) # 2284284791632 2284284791600 2284283988880 2284283988880
(5)字符串、空元祖:字符串值一样的,id就一样,空的元祖,id一样
name = "bob" name1 = "bob" set1 = () set2 = () print(id(name),id(name1),id(set1),id(set2)) # 2510279536912 2510279536912 2510249459784 2510249459784
(6)列表、字典、集合在任何情况下id都不一样
(7)小数据池:仅针对于int、str、bool、空元祖()、None
int整型:在-5到256之间的整数,提前驻留在内存的部分空间里,所以在不同文件里,如果定义值是-5到256之间的整数,则id一样
str字符串:如果字符串的长度为0或者1,默认驻留小数据池,
s1 = "a" s2 = "a" print(s1 is s2) #True
如果字符串的长度大于1,且只含有大小写字母、数字、下划线时,默认驻留小数据池
s1 = "sfsjWES__345" s2 = "sfsjWES__345" print(s1 is s2) # True
如果用*得到的字符串,乘数等于1时,默认驻留小数据池,如果乘数大于1时,仅包含数字、字母、下划线、会被缓存,但长度不能大于20
s1 = "我不知道你知不知道" s2 = s1*1 print(s1 is s2) # True s3 = "j_8"*2 s4 ="j_8"*2 print(s3 is s4) # True s5 = "j_8dsd"*20 s6 = "j_8dsd"*20 print(s5 is s6) #False
默认保留小数据池,导入intern函数,可以让两个变量指向同一个值
c = "我现在在敲代码"*10 d = "我现在在敲代码"*10 print(c is d) # False from sys import intern a = intern("我现在在敲代码"*10) b = intern("我现在在敲代码"*10) print(a is b) #True
5、强制类型转换
5.1 number类型(int、float、bool、complex)
5.1.1 int类型:
intvar = 3 floatvar = 3.33 boolvar = True boolvar1 = False complex = 5+3j complex1 = 3j
int2 = int(floatvar) print(int2) #3
int3 = int(boolvar) int4 = int(boolvar1) print(int3) # 1 print(int4) # 0
int5 = int(complex) int6 = int(complex1) print(int5) #TypeError: can‘t convert complex to int print(int6) #TypeError: can‘t convert complex to int
总结:int可以将float、bool转化成int ,其中在将float转成int时,直接将小数部分去掉,在将bool转成int时,True转成1,Flase转成0。int不能转化complex
5.1.2 float类型:
intvar = 3 floatvar = 3.6 boolvar = True boolvar1 = False complex = 5+3j complex1 = 3j floatvar1 = float(intvar) print(floatvar1) #3.0 floatvar2 = float(boolvar) floatvar3 = float(boolvar1) print(floatvar2) #1.0 print(floatvar3) #0.0 floatvar4 = float(complex) floatvar5 = float(complex1) print(floatvar4) #TypeError: can‘t convert complex to float print(floatvar5) #TypeError: can‘t convert complex to float
总结:float可以将int、bool、转化成float,但是不能将complex转化成int
5.1.3 boll类型:
intvar = 3 floatvar = 3.6 boolvar = True boolvar1 = False complex = 5+3j complex1 = 3j bool1 = bool(intvar) print(bool1) # True bool2 = bool(floatvar) print(bool2) #True bool3 = bool(complex) bool4 = bool(complex1) print(bool3) #True print(bool4) # True
总结:bool可以将int、float、complex转化成bool,结果都为True
在以下十种情况下,bool转化的值为假:
0、0.0、0j、Flase、[]、set{}、()、{}、空字符串、None
5.1.2 complex类型:
intvar = 3 floatvar = 3.6 boolvar = True boolvar1 = False complex1 = 5+3j complex2 = 3j complexvar = complex(intvar) print(complexvar) # (3+0j) complexvar1 = complex(floatvar) print(complexvar1) # (3.6+0j) complexvar2 = complex(boolvar) complexvar3 = complex(boolvar1) print(complexvar2) # (1+0j) print(complexvar3) # 0j
总结:complex可以将int、float、bool转化成complex
5.2 number类型运算:自动类型转化仅针对于number类型,将精确度低的转化为精确度高的,然后再计算
int1 = 3 float1 = 4.5 print(int1+float1) #7.5 int1 = 3 float1 = 4.5 bool1 = True complex1 = 2+3j print(int1+float1+bool1+complex1) # (10.5+3j)
精确度从低到高:bool < int < float < complex
5.2 容器类型
5.2.1 str类型:
str1 = "我是一朵向日葵" list1= ["桃花","梅花","荷花","梨花"] tuple1 = ("水仙花","玫瑰花","太阳花") set1 = {"郁金香","康乃馨","满天星"} dict1 = {"红色":"枸杞","白色":"桂圆"} strvar1 = str(list1) print(strvar1) # [‘桃花‘, ‘梅花‘, ‘荷花‘, ‘梨花‘] strvar2 = repr(strvar1) print(strvar2) # "[‘桃花‘, ‘梅花‘, ‘荷花‘, ‘梨花‘]" #repr()可以原型化输出字符串,不转义,显示出引号 strvar3 = str(tuple1) print(strvar3) # (‘水仙花‘, ‘玫瑰花‘, ‘太阳花‘) strvar4 = str(set1) print(strvar4) # {‘康乃馨‘, ‘满天星‘, ‘郁金香‘} strvar5 = str(dict1) print(strvar5) #{‘红色‘: ‘枸杞‘, ‘白色‘: ‘桂圆‘
总结:str可以将容器类型转化为字符串,包括number类型
5.2.2 列表类型:
str1 = "我是一朵向日葵" list1= ["桃花","梅花","荷花","梨花"] tuple1 = ("水仙花","玫瑰花","太阳花") set1 = {"郁金香","康乃馨","满天星"} dict1 = {"红色":"枸杞","白色":"桂圆"} listvar1 = list(str1) print(listvar1) # [‘我‘, ‘是‘, ‘一‘, ‘朵‘, ‘向‘, ‘日‘, ‘葵‘] listvar2 = list(tuple1) print(listvar2) # [‘水仙花‘, ‘玫瑰花‘, ‘太阳花‘] listvar3 = list(set1) print(listvar3) # [‘郁金香‘, ‘康乃馨‘, ‘满天星‘] listvar4 = list(dict1) print(listvar4) # [‘红色‘, ‘白色‘]
总结:list可以将容器类型和number类型转化成list,如果是字符串,就把每一个单独的字符作为一个元素放到列表中,如果是字典,就只会将字典的key放到列表中
5.2.3 元祖类型:
str1 = "我是一朵向日葵" list1= ["桃花","梅花","荷花","梨花"] tuple1 = ("水仙花","玫瑰花","太阳花") set1 = {"郁金香","康乃馨","满天星"} dict1 = {"红色":"枸杞","白色":"桂圆"} tuplevar1 = tuple(str1) print(tuplevar1) # (‘我‘, ‘是‘, ‘一‘, ‘朵‘, ‘向‘, ‘日‘, ‘葵‘) tuplevar2 = tuple(tuple1) print(tuplevar2) # (‘水仙花‘, ‘玫瑰花‘, ‘太阳花‘) tuplevar3 = tuple(set1) print(tuplevar3) # (‘康乃馨‘, ‘郁金香‘, ‘满天星‘) tuplevar4 = tuple(dict1) print(tuplevar4) # (‘红色‘, ‘白色‘)
总结:tuple可以将其他容器类型转换为元祖,如果是字符串,就把每一个单独的字符作为一个元素放到元祖中,如果是字典,就只会将字典的key放到元祖中
5.2.4 集合类型:
str1 = "我是一朵向日葵" list1= ["桃花","梅花","荷花","梨花"] tuple1 = ("水仙花","玫瑰花","太阳花") set1 = {"郁金香","康乃馨","满天星"} dict1 = {"红色":"枸杞","白色":"桂圆"} setvar1 = set(str1) print(setvar1) # {‘一‘, ‘日‘, ‘朵‘, ‘葵‘, ‘是‘, ‘我‘, ‘向‘} setvar2 = set(tuple1) print(setvar2) # {‘太阳花‘, ‘水仙花‘, ‘玫瑰花‘} setvar3 = set(set1) print(setvar3) # {‘康乃馨‘, ‘满天星‘, ‘郁金香‘} setvar4 = set(dict1) print(setvar4) # {‘红色‘, ‘白色‘}
总结:set可以将其他容器类型转换为集合,如果是字符串,就把每一个单独的字符作为一个元素放到集合中,如果是字典,就只会将字典的key放到集合中。注意:集合有无序性和去重性
5.2.5 字典类型:
要求:必须是等长的二级容器,元素个数为两个
(1)若外层是列表,里层是元祖或者列表(推荐)
l1 = [["红色","枸杞"],("白色","桂圆")] dict1 = dict(l1) print(dict1)
(2)若里面是集合,原则上是可以的,但是不推荐(因为集合是无序的,可能会打乱顺序)
l1 = [{"红色","枸杞"},{"白色","桂圆"}] dict1 = dict(l1) print(dict1) # {‘红色‘: ‘枸杞‘, ‘桂圆‘: ‘白色‘}
(3)若里面用字符串也是可以的,仅限长度为2的字符串,也不推荐
l1 = [("红色","枸杞"),"白色"] dict1 = dict(l1) print(dict1) # {‘红色‘: ‘枸杞‘, ‘白‘: ‘色‘} l1 = [("红色","枸杞"),"白色桂圆"] dict1 = dict(l1) print(dict1) # ValueError: dictionary update sequence element #1 has length 4; 2 is required
(4)若外层是集合,则里层只能放可哈希的元祖类型
l1 = {("红色","枸杞"),("白色","桂圆")} dict1 = dict(l1) print(dict1) # {‘白色‘: ‘桂圆‘, ‘红色‘: ‘枸杞‘} l1 = {("红色","枸杞"),["白色","桂圆"]} dict1 = dict(l1) print(dict1) # TypeError: unhashable type: ‘list‘
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