五十六. playbook基础 playbook进阶
Posted luwei0915
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1.playbook练习
安装Apache并修改监听端口为8080
修改ServerName配置,执行apachectl -t命令不报错
设置默认主页hello world
启动服务并设开机自启
***********
json数据格式:
{} 集合,里面存放多组键值对
[ ] 数组,存放多个值,可以是集合
两者可以互相嵌套
{ "all":[
{ "a1": "A1","a2": "A2" },
{ "b1": "B1","b2": "B2" },
{ "c1": "C1","c2": "C2" }
]
}
************
YAML数据格式:
--- ,表示一个文件的开始
数组:-空格
键值对::空格
#表示注释
不要用tab键,分隔必须是英文符号
"all":
-
"a1": "A1"
"a2": "A2"
-
"b1": "B1"
"b2": "B2"
-
"c1": "C1"
"c2": "C2"
************
Jinja2语法规则
{{ 表达式 }}
{% 控制语句 %}
{# 注释 #}
调用变量 {{var}}
计算 {{2+3}}
判断 {{ 1 in [1,2,3]}}
{% if "name" == "aa" %}
"aa"
{% elif "name" == "bb" %}
"bb"
{% for "BB" in [AA,BB,CC] %}
{{ do method }}
{% endfor %}
{% else %}
"cc"
{% endif %}
对abc哈希加密
{{ "abc" | hash(‘md5‘) }}
把一个列表用逗号连接起来
{{ list | join(‘,‘) }}
************
playbook构成
Target 远程主机组
Variable 定义playbook运行时需要使用的变量
Tasks 定义将要在远程主机上执行的任务列表(命令的集合)
Handler 定义Task执行任务完成以后需要调用的任务
红色表示失败,绿色表示成功
主机与主机之间运行命令是并发的
命令是按顺序执行的
---
- hosts: all
remote_user: root
tasks:(此处有空格)
- ping:(此处有空格)
ansible ~]# ansible-playbook ping.yml -f 5
-空格ping:空格参数
-f 并发进程数量,默认是5
hosts 一个或多个组或主机的patterns,以逗号为分隔符
remote_user 账户名
每个task命令批量执行于hosts里所有主机,所有task依次执行
************
1.1 playbook的ping脚本检测
ansible]# vim ping.yml
---
- hosts: all
remote_user: root
tasks:
- ping:
ansible]# ansible-playbook ping.yml //输出结果
注意:如果检测的时候出错,会在当前的目录生成一个新的文件(以.retry结尾),可以去这个文件里面看是哪个主机的错
1.2 用playbook安装Apache,修改端口,配置ServerName,修改主页,设置开机自启
[[email protected] ansible]# vim http.yml
---
- hosts: cache
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: install one specific version of Apache
yum:
name: httpd //安装Apache
state: installed
- lineinfile:
path: /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
regexp: ‘^Listen ‘
line: ‘Listen 8080‘ //修改端口为8080
- replace:
path: /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
regexp: ‘^#(ServerName).*‘ //配置ServerName
replace: ‘1 localhost‘
- service:
name: httpd
enabled: yes //开机自启
state: restarted
- copy:
src: /root/index.html //修改主页,可以自己写个页面
dest: /var/www/html/index.html
ansible]# ansible-playbook http.yml
ansible]# curl 192.168.1.56:8080
hello world
ansible]# ssh cache
cache ~]# apachectl -t
Syntax OK
2. 变量练习
练习使用user模块添加用户
练习使用变量简化task,让play通用性更强
练习使用过滤器
2.1 用user模块添加用户,并修改密码
ansible]# vim user.yml
---
- hosts: cache
remote_user: root
vars:
username: lisi
tasks:
- name: create user "{{username}}"
user: group=wheel uid=1000 name={{username}}
- shell: echo 123456 | passwd --stdin {{username}}
- shell: chage -d 0 {{username}}
ansible]# ansible-playbook user.yml //执行结果
2.2 变量过滤器,创建一个用户,设置密码
ansible模块添加用户,如果用户不存在,则自动创建用户,如果用户存在,则执行下一步。
ansible]# vim user1.yml
---
- hosts: cache
remote_user: root
tasks:
- user:
name: zhangsan
group: root
password: "{{‘123456‘ | password_hash(‘sha512‘)}}"
- shell: chage -d 0 zhangsan
password_hash 过滤器 {{调用变量|过滤器}}
变量在vars:下面定义
变量名:变量值
ansible]# ansible-playbook user1.yml
2.3 定义一个变量创建用户,设置密码
ansible]# vim user2.yml
---
- hosts: cache
remote_user: root
vars:
user: wangwu
tasks:
- user:
name: "{{user}}"
group: root
password: "{{‘123456‘ | password_hash(‘sha512‘)}}"
- shell: chage -d 0 "{{user}}"
ansible]# ansible-playbook user2.yml
3. handlers练习(定义触发脚本)
安装Apache软件
配置文件,重新载入配置文件让服务生效
使用handlers来实现
3.1 error
playbook从上往下顺序执行,若报错,后面的命令不会在执行,若想解决有两种方法:
1)当返回值为假时,显示true: - shell: setenforce 0 || true
ansible]# vim user4.yml
---
- hosts: cache
remote_user: root
vars:
user: bb
tasks:
- shell: setenforce 0 || true
- user:
name: "{{user}}"
group: root
password: "{{‘123456‘ | password_hash(‘sha512‘)}}"
- shell: chage -d 0 "{{user}}"
作用:报错不提示
ansible]# ansible-playbook user4.yml
2) 忽略:ignoring_errors: True
(推荐使用这个,会有报错信息,告诉你错误忽略,继续执行下面的命令)
ansible]# vim user5.yml
---
- hosts: cache
remote_user: root
vars:
user: bb
tasks:
- shell: setenforce 0
ignore_errors: True
- user:
name: "{{user}}"
group: root
password: "{{‘123456‘ | password_hash(‘sha512‘)}}"
- shell: chage -d 0 "{{user}}"
ansible]# ansible-playbook user5.yml
...ignoring...
3.2 handlers
关注的资源发生变化时采取的操作(有所变化,就执行handlsers的操作)
1) 使用handlers来配置文件,重新载入配置文件让服务生效
ansible]# vim adhttp.yml
---
- hosts: cache
remote_user: root
tasks:
- copy:
src: /root/httpd.conf
dest: /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
owner: root
group: root
mode: 0644
notify:
- restart httpd
handlers:
- name: restart httpd
service: name=httpd state=restarted
ansible]# ansible-playbook adhttp.yml
ansible]# ssh cache apachectl -t
Syntax OK
ansible]# curl 192.168.1.56:8080
hello world
2)使用脚本调用变量更改服务
ansible]# vim adhttp2.yml
---
- hosts: cache
remote_user: root
vars:
server: httpd
tasks:
- copy:
src: /root/httpd.conf
dest: /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
owner: root
group: root
mode: 0644
notify:
- restart "{{server}}"
handlers:
- name: restart "{{server}}"
service: name=httpd state=restarted
ansible]# ansible-playbook adhttp2.yml
4.编写playbook
把所有监听端口是8080的Apache服务全部停止
4.1 把监听端口是8080的Apache服务全部停止
]# vim ad.yml
---
- hosts: cache
remote_user: root
tasks:
- shell: netstat -atunlp | awk ‘{print $4}‘| awk ‘-F:‘ ‘{print $2}‘
register: result
- service:
name: httpd
state: stopped
ansible]# ansible-playbook ad.yml
4.2 when条件判断
1)当系统负载超过0.7时,则关掉httpd
ansible]# vim when.yml
---
- hosts: cache
remote_user: root
tasks:
- shell: uptime | awk ‘{printf("%.2f",$(NF-2))}‘
register: result
- service:
name: httpd
state: stopped
when: result.stdout|float < 0.7
(此处写<,方便查看效果)
ansible]# ansible-playbook when.yml
4.3 with_items标准循环
1)为不同用户定义不同组
(批量创建用户,分别设置用户组)
ansible]# vim add.yml
---
- hosts: web2
remote_user: root
tasks:
- user:
name: "{{item.name}}"
group: "{{item.group}}"
password: "{{‘123456‘|password_hash(‘sha512‘)}}"
with_items:
- {name: "aa", group: "users"}
- {name: "bb", group: "mail" }
- {name: "cc", group: "wheel"}
- {name: "dd", group: "root" }
ansible]# ansible-playbook add.yml
2) 嵌套循环,循环添加多用户
ansible]# vim add1.yml
---
- hosts: web2
remote_user: root
vars:
un: [a, b, c]
id: [1, 2, 3]
tasks:
- name: add users
shell: echo {{item}}
with_nested:
- "{{un}}"
- "{{id}}"
ansible]# ansible-playbook add1.yml
*
changed: [web2] => (item=[u‘a‘, 1])
changed: [web2] => (item=[u‘a‘, 2])
changed: [web2] => (item=[u‘a‘, 3])
changed: [web2] => (item=[u‘b‘, 1])
changed: [web2] => (item=[u‘b‘, 2])
changed: [web2] => (item=[u‘b‘, 3])
changed: [web2] => (item=[u‘c‘, 1])
changed: [web2] => (item=[u‘c‘, 2])
changed: [web2] => (item=[u‘c‘, 3])
4.4 tags给指定的任务定义一个调用标识
以后不用重复整个过程,只需要执行tags标签的部分
1)tags 样例
ansible]# vim adhttp.yml
---
- hosts: cache
remote_user: root
tasks:
- copy:
src: /root/httpd.conf
dest: /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
owner: root
group: root
mode: 0644
tags: config_httpd
notify:
- restart httpd
handlers:
- name: restart httpd
service: name=httpd state=restarted
2)调用方式
ansible]# ansible-playbook adhttp.yml --tags=config_httpd
3)include and roles
在编写playbook的时候随着项目越来越大,playbook越来越复杂。可以把一些play、task 或 handler放到其他文件中,通过包含进来是一个不错的选择
roles像是加强版的include,它可以引入一个项目的文件和目录
一般所需的目录层级有
vars:变量层
tasks:任务层
handlers:触发条件
files:文件
template:模板
default:默认,优先级最低
...
tasks:
- include: tasks/setup.yml
- include: tasks/users.yml user=plj
//users.yml 中可以通过{{ user }}来使用这些变量
handlers:
- include: handlers/handlers.yml
4.5 debug检测
ansible]# ansible-playbook --syntax-check http.yml //检测语法
playbook: http.yml
ansible]# ansible-playbook -C http.yml //测试运行
ansible]# ansible-playbook http.yml --list-tasks
ansible]# vim debug.yml
---
- hosts: cache
remote_user: root
tasks:
- shell: uptime |awk ‘{printf("%f
",$(NF-2))}‘
register: result
- shell: touch /tmp/isreboot
when: result.stdout|float > 0.5
- name: Show debug info
debug: var=result
ansible]# ansible-playbook debug.yml //运行
...
"result": {
"changed": true,
"cmd": "uptime |awk ‘{printf("%f\n",$(NF-2))}‘",
"delta": "0:00:00.004577",
"end": "2019-02-27 16:58:50.151040",
"failed": false,
"rc": 0,
"start": "2019-02-27 16:58:50.146463",
"stderr": "",
"stderr_lines": [],
"stdout": "0.080000",
"stdout_lines": [
"0.080000"
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